Abstract: An electrode including a metal coil and a metal wire is provided. The metal coil includes a metal selected from copper, silver, gold, nickel and aluminium. The turns of the metal coil are separated by a gap. At least part of the metal wire is arranged inside the metal coil. The metal wire and the metal coil are in electrical contact. The metal wire includes a metal selected from copper, silver, gold, nickel and aluminum. The metal wire and the metal coil are made of a same metal. The metal coil has a plurality of turns forming an elongated coil body with a central channel along a central axis of the metal coil. The metal wire extends longitudinally inside the central channel from one end of the metal coil to an other end of the metal coil along the central axis of the metal coil.

Abstract: Examples of the disclosure relate to apparatus, electronic devices, methods and computer programs. The apparatus are configured to obtain at least a first audio signal and a second audio signal wherein the first audio signal and the second audio signal are captured by a microphone array including at least two microphones. The apparatus are also configured to identify at least a first direction and at least a second direction. The first and second directions are identified for a plurality of frequency bands. The first direction and the second direction are identified by using delay parameters between at least the first audio signal and the second audio signal.

Abstract: A system for producing electrodes for lead-acid batteries is disclosed. An electrode that has been produced comprises at least one upper and/or one lower frame element as well as a lattice-shaped region that extends away from said upper or lower frame element and has a plurality of openings, the upper and/or lower frame element being of a greater thickness than the lattice-shaped region. Said system comprises the steps of: a) producing a profiled strip-shaped blank using a casting method in which the strip-shaped blank is formed, solely by means of said casting method, to have a greater thickness on one side in at least one of the regions which should eventually form the upper or lower frame element, than the thickness in regions which should eventually form the lattice-shaped region, and b) producing said lattice-shaped region with the openings in a subsequent expanded metal process.

Abstract: A main object of the present invention is to provide an anode current collector that is capable of inhibiting the reaction with liquid electrolyte. The present invention achieves the object by providing an anode current collector to be used for a fluoride ion battery; and the anode current collector being a simple substance of Fe, Mg, or Ti, or an alloy containing one or more of these metal elements.

Abstract: An electrochemical battery is disclosed. The electrochemical battery has an electrode plate comprising a frame and a generally flat grid connected to the frame, the frame comprising at least a top frame member having a contact lug, wherein the grid comprises a plurality of grid wires and a plurality of window-like open areas between the grid wires, further comprising an active mass within the open areas and/or on the grid wires, wherein the electrode plate comprises on one outer surface or on both opposing outer surfaces of the active mass a pattern of grooves, wherein the grooves extend diagonally from a position closer to the top frame member to a position further away from the top frame member. A method for producing an electrode plate is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing a lithium secondary battery in which peeling of an active substance can be prevented and the generation of metal powder can be prevented when a power collection foil is processed at an electrode production step. The method for producing the lithium secondary battery includes an electrode-producing step of producing a positive electrode and a negative electrode; a step of forming a group of electrodes by layering the positive electrode and the negative electrode on each other through a separator, or winding the positive electrode and the negative electrode through a separator; and a step of immersing the group of the electrodes in an electrolyte. The electrode-producing step has a boring step of forming a plurality of through-holes penetrating a power collection foil and having projected parts projected from at least a rear surface of the power collection foil.

Abstract: The inventive subject matter is directed to continuous electrochemical production of highly pure micro- or nanostructured lead that at least partially encloses the electroprocessing solvent and molecular hydrogen and optional guest compounds to form a mixed matrix. Such compositions are particularly suitable for cold forming of various structures and/or for alloy and composite material production.

Abstract: An electrolyte is introduced into an electrochemical device, passed, via a first corrugation feature, through a first electrode of the electrochemical device, passed through an ion permeable separator, and contacted with a second electrode. The first or second electrode comprises a second corrugation feature in fluid communication with the first corrugation feature to contact the electrolyte across a portion of an active surface of the first or second electrode.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing an aluminum plate which is simple, is high in productiveness, allows the use of arbitrary aluminum materials, and can be suitably used for collectors having excellent adhesiveness to active material layers, a collector for a storage device, and a storage device. The method for manufacturing an aluminum plate of the present invention is a method for manufacturing an aluminum plate having an aluminum substrate having a plurality of through holes in a thickness direction, including an oxidized film-forming step of forming an oxidized film by carrying out an oxidized film-forming treatment on a surface of the aluminum substrate having a thickness in a range of 5 ?m to 1,000 ?m and a through hole-forming step of forming through holes by carrying out an electrochemical dissolution treatment after the oxidized film-forming step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an electrode for a rechargeable battery, including (a) coating electrode slurry including an electrode active material, a binder, and a solvent on one surface of a sheet-shaped current collector; and (b) drying the electrode slurry while applying vacuum in a direction of decreasing agglomeration of the binder due to vaporization of the solvent.

Abstract: A lithium ion battery electrode, cell, or module, and a method and apparatus for making the same, is provided. The cell includes a first electrode foil having a first body and a first tab. The first body has long edges defining a length, and short edges defining a width. A length-to-width ratio of the first body is at least two, but may be at least five. The first tab extends from one of the long edges of the first body, and is entirely between one of the short edges of the first body and a midpoint of the long edge. A first coating is formed of one of an anodic material and a cathodic material, and substantially covers and least one side of the first body of the first electrode foil.

Abstract: The invention relates to a grid arrangement for a plate-shaped battery electrode of an electrochemical accumulator comprising a frame and a grid arranged thereon, wherein the frame comprises at least one upper frame element having a connecting lug of the battery electrode disposed on its side facing away from the grid, wherein the grid comprises grid bars respectively surrounding cutouts of the grid, wherein the majority of the grid bars surrounding the cutouts are respectively disposed in a hexagonal arrangement such that the cutout situated in between forms a hexagon, characterized by one, some or all of the following a), b), c), d), e) features): a) the grid arrangement is coated with a pasty active mass on which liquid-absorbing material designed to absorb liquid electrolyte of the accumulator is disposed, b) the size of the hexagonal cutouts increases toward the upper frame element, c) the grid bars of all the hexagonal cutouts have the same width or the same cross-sectional area, d) none of the grid ba

Abstract: The object of an exemplary embodiment of the invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery having an excellent charge and discharge cycle property. An exemplary embodiment of the invention is a lithium ion secondary battery, comprising a battery assembly in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are stacked through a separator and a package in which the battery assembly and an electrolyte are placed; wherein the negative electrode comprises a negative electrode collector which is composed of a metal and a negative electrode active material layer which is formed on the negative electrode collector and which comprises a negative electrode active material and a binder; wherein the negative electrode collector and the negative electrode active material layer have a crack which is formed so as to be communicated with each of them; and wherein the crack reaches an outer peripheral edge from an inside of the negative electrode.

Abstract: Apparatus, methods and systems are provided for thermal runaway and gas exhaust management for high power batteries. A battery module has a plurality of cell-containing carriers stacked on top of one another to form a cell stack having a front end and a rear end. A duct extends through the cell stack between the front end and the rear end for collecting escaped gases from the battery cells. A self-closing one-way pressure relief valve is located in the duct toward the rear end of the cell stack. The pressure relief valve connects to a piping system for carrying the gases to a remote location where the gases can be safely released and dispersed.

Abstract: An anode compartment for rechargeable lithium or sodium batteries, including: a solid electrolyte; a collector deposited on the solid electrolyte; and an active material made of lithium metal or sodium metal which has been grown between the solid electrolyte and the collector in order to form an electrode made of lithium metal or sodium metal with the collector, in which the collector is made of an amorphous alloy. A method for manufacturing such an anode compartment and a battery including said anode compartment is also presented.

Abstract: Provided is method of preparing an alkali metal cell, the method comprising: (a) combining a quantity of an active material, a quantity of an electrolyte, and a conductive additive to form a deformable and conductive electrode material, wherein the conductive additive, containing conductive filaments, forms a 3D network of electron-conducting pathways and the electrolyte contains an alkali salt and an ion-conducting polymer dissolved or dispersed in a solvent; (b) forming the electrode material into a quasi-solid polymer electrode, wherein the forming includes deforming the electrode material into an electrode shape without interrupting the 3D network of electron-conducting pathways such that the electrode maintains an electrical conductivity no less than 10?6 S/cm; (c) forming a second electrode; and (d) forming an alkali metal cell by combining the quasi-solid electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode may also be a quasi-solid polymer electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of weakening an outline in a thin plastic card and tooling for performing the method. The method may include several operations, including a go punching step by means of a go punch presenting a solid shape substantially identical to the outline and suitable for punching the thin plastic card along a go direction against a die presenting a hollow shape substantially identical to the outline and in alignment with the go punch in order to be able to receive material pushed by the go punch, and a return punching step by means of a return punch presenting a solid shape substantially identical to the outline in alignment with the go punch and suitable for punching the thin plastic card along a return direction opposite to the go direction. Also disclosed is a thin plastic card including at least one outline weakened by such a method.

Abstract: A separator is provided and includes a functional resin layer containing a resin material and an inorganic oxide filler, having a porous interconnected structure in which many pores are mutually interconnected and having a contact angle against an electrolytic solution of not more than 11 degrees.

Abstract: Provided is a method for recycling a lead oxide-containing waste material, comprising: (1) contacting the lead oxide-containing waste material with a desulphurizer under desulphurization reaction conditions, and performing a solid-liquid separation on the mixture after contacting to obtain a filtrate and a filtration residue; (2) performing a conversion reaction on the above-mentioned filtration residue at a temperature of 350-750° C. so as to convert the lead-containing components in the filtration residue into lead oxide; (3) contacting the product obtained from step (2) with an alkaline solution so as to dissolve the PbO therein, and then performing a solid-liquid separation to obtain a PbO-alkaline solution; and (4) crystallizing the PbO-alkaline solution from step (3) to obtain PbO crystals and an alkaline filtrate. The method can reduce the energy consumption.

Abstract: Provided is a method for directly recovering lead oxide used for a lead-acid battery negative electrode from waste lead paste. The method comprises: (1) contacting waste lead paste with a barium-containing desulphurizer under desulphurization reaction conditions, and performing a solid-liquid separation on the mixture after contacting to obtain a filtrate and a filtration residue; and (2) performing a conversion reaction on the above-mentioned filtration residue at a temperature of 350-750° C. so as to convert the lead-containing components in the filtration residue into lead oxide. In the method, the direct recovery of a lead oxide raw material applicable to a lead-acid battery negative electrode from waste lead paste is achieved by quantitatively replenishing a barium sulphate additive in the process of desulphuration thereby substantially decreasing the recovery cost and energy consumption, and improving the comprehensive utilization of waste lead paste.

Abstract: A battery grid is disclosed. The battery grid includes a pattern of grid wires. The pattern includes a grid wire having a first segment with a first corrosion resistance and a second segment with a second corrosion resistance which is less than the first corrosion resistance. The second segment corrodes at a rate which is faster than the corrosion rate of the first segment so as to dynamically release internal stress and control grid growth of the battery grid during its service life. A battery includes said grid and a method of forming said grid are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of making a grid for a battery plate of a lead-acid battery. A substantially planar web is manufactured to include a plurality of spaced apart and interconnected wire segments, which at least partially define substantially planar surfaces, have a plurality of transverse lands, and interconnect at a plurality of nodes to define a plurality of open spaces between the wire segments. The web is reformed to change the cross-sectional shape of the wire segments. Other aspects may include simultaneously reducing the thickness of at least a portion of the web while reshaping the wire segments, and/or providing a controlled surface roughness on at least one of the surfaces of the web to increase surface area of the grid and thereby promote adhesion of an electrochemically active material to the grid.

Abstract: Compact apparatus for the semi-automatic horizontal assembly of photovoltaic panels with solar cells, made up of a multi-function workstation in the form of a pilot system integrating multiple working and conveying means which carry out the various operations concomitantly and in a coordinated way. On the sides of the working surface there is the loading zone of the cells, the loading zone of the conductive ribbons and a pair of longitudinal rails which are intended to guide two mobile gantries, which roto-translate above the working surface, from one loading zone to the other, being equipped for the purpose of assembly. In particular, the compact apparatus is versatile in use and allows to obtain already in the experimental laboratory phases the levels of accuracy and control of an industrial system, for the purpose of optimizing the product and the assembly technologies reducing wastes and faults.

Abstract: An electrode material which has excellent tab weldability, realizes reduction of a contact resistance with an active material layer, and has good adhesion with a conductive material disposed in an island shape, is provided. An electrode material 1 includes a substrate 1a including a metal foil and a conductive material 1b containing carbon, wherein the conductive material 1b is disposed in an island shape on the surface of the substrate 1a when observed with a visual field of 300 ?m square, and the conductive material is fixed to the surface of the substrate together with a hydrophobic resin and a water-soluble resin.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a metal cellular structure includes providing a sol-gel that is a colloid dispersed in a solvent, the colloid including metal-containing regions bound together by polymeric ligands, removing the solvent from the gel using supercritical drying to produce a dry gel of the metal-containing regions bound together by the polymeric ligands, and thermally converting the dry gel to a cellular structure with a coating in at least one step using phase separation of at least two insoluble elements. Also disclosed is a metal cellular structure including interconnected metal ligaments having a cellular structure and a carbon-containing coating around the metal ligaments.

Abstract: A battery includes a positive plate, a negative plate and an insulative separator disposed between the positive plate and the negative plate. Each of the positive plate and the negative plate has a collector and an electrode layer disposed on a surface of the collector. The electrode layer contains an active material. At least one of the positive plate and the negative plate has cracks in a whole area of the electrode layer thereof or at a part of the electrode layer thereof, the part being away from a connector of the one to be coupled to an electrode at least by a predetermined distance. For example, the cracks are formed by drying the electrode layer at a predetermined drying rate.

Abstract: A flexible battery a first electrode layer, a first current collector layer disposed on the first electrode layer, where a plurality of through-holes is defined in the first current collector layer, a separator disposed on the first current collector layer, a second current collector layer disposed on the separator, where a plurality of through-holes is defined in the second current collector layer, and a second electrode layer disposed on the second current collector layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a non-aqueous electrolyte battery for suppressing the swell of a film-shaped exterior material. A gas adsorbing carbon material added to an anode mixture layer 9 of an anode 4 and/or to a cathode mixture layer 13 of a cathode 5 adsorbs a gas generated in the battery to suppress the gas storage in the battery, so that it is possible to suppress the swell of a film-shaped exterior material 3 caused by the storage of the gas generated within the battery.

Abstract: A battery pack and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. A battery pack includes one or more bare cells. A protection circuit module is provided with a circuit portion and disposed parallel to a length direction of at least one of the bare cells. A connection tab is provided with at least one coupling member so as to electrically connect the protection circuit module to the bare cells. The connection tab is integrally formed with a connection end portion connected to the protection circuit module. Accordingly, a certain amount of coupling member is previously coupled to the connection tab, so that it is possible to improve the problem in a welding process and to implement an automated welding process.

Abstract: A battery grid comprising a continuous cast and mechanically deformed lead-based alloy that comprises lead and silver and is essentially free of calcium, wherein the silver is at a concentration that is in a range of about 0.003 to about 0.015 weight percent, and has a predominant equiaxed grain structure that comprises grain sizes that are in a range of about 0.1 to about 5 microns. Other alloy constituents include bismuth at a concentration that is in a range of about 0.003 to about 0.002 weight percent and tin at a concentration that is in a range of about 0.2 to about 1.8 weight percent. A process for making strip of said alloy for use in manufacturing said grid. A battery comprising said grid.

Abstract: An electrochemical battery is disclosed. The electrochemical battery has an electrode plate comprising a frame and a generally flat grid connected to the frame, the frame comprising at least a top frame member having a contact lug, wherein the grid comprises a plurality of grid wires and a plurality of window-like open areas between the grid wires, further comprising an active mass within the open areas and/or on the grid wires, wherein the electrode plate comprises on one outer surface or on both opposing outer surfaces of the active mass a pattern of grooves, wherein the grooves extend diagonally from a position closer to the top frame member to a position further away from the top frame member. A method for producing an electrode plate is also disclosed.

Abstract: A machine for deforming the wires of grids for making electric accumulators, which comprises two lower moulds, and two upper moulds which are positioned above the lower moulds and which are operable to shift between a raised position, in which they are separated from the underlying lower moulds, and a lowered position in which they are pressed against the lower moulds to deform the wires of the grids on a grid strip. The upper moulds comprise respective projecting moulding areas and respective seats which are positioned between the moulding areas of the relative upper mould, and each housing a corresponding piece-detacher element which, when the upper moulds are in the raised position, is suitable to interfere with the grid remaining attached to the corresponding upper mould to separate the grid from such upper mould.

Abstract: A method of making a grid for a battery plate of a lead-acid battery. A substantially planar web is manufactured to include a plurality of spaced apart and interconnected wire segments, which at least partially define substantially planar surfaces, have a plurality of transverse lands, and interconnect at a plurality of nodes to define a plurality of open spaces between the wire segments. The web is reformed to change the cross-sectional shape of the wire segments. Other aspects may include simultaneously reducing the thickness of at least a portion of the web while reshaping the wire segments, and/or providing a controlled surface roughness on at least one of the surfaces of the web to increase surface area of the grid and thereby promote adhesion of an electrochemically active material to the grid.

Abstract: A storage battery grid includes: a frame bone that includes a substantially rectangular shape; a lug portion that is connected to a first side portion of the frame bone and projects outwardly from the frame bone; a main bone that extends from the first side portion to a second side portion which is opposed to the first side portion; and a plurality of first sub-bones that extend obliquely toward the second side portion, at least part of the plurality of first sub-bones branching from the main bone toward both sides, wherein at least part of the plurality of first sub-bones is bent.

Abstract: A grid plate for a lead acid storage battery including a frame section having a pair of quadrangular contour shape, and longitudinal and lateral grid strands forming a frame section grid. The longitudinal and lateral grid strands have thick strands of smaller thickness than the frame section, and thin strands of smaller width and thickness than the thick strands. Strands adjacent to the thick strands are thin strands, and space allows flow of active material to sides of the thick strands. Ends of the thick strands in the thickness direction are positioned further inward from end faces of the frame section in the thickness direction, and the end portions of one end side of the thin strands in the thickness direction are positioned offset to one end side of the thick strands in the thickness direction, and active material is packed into the reverse surface side of the grid plate.

Abstract: A method of making a grid for a battery plate of a lead-acid battery. A substantially planar web is manufactured to include a plurality of spaced apart and interconnected wire segments, which at least partially define substantially planar surfaces, have a plurality of transverse lands, and interconnect at a plurality of nodes to define a plurality of open spaces between the wire segments. The web is reformed to change the cross-sectional shape of the wire segments. Other aspects may include simultaneously reducing the thickness of at least a portion of the web while reshaping the wire segments, and/or providing controlled surface roughness on at least one of the surfaces of the web to increase surface area of the grid and thereby promote adhesion of an electrochemically active material to the grid.

Abstract: A system for the automated coiling of a jelly roll electrode assembly for controlled assembly and tensioning of jelly roll assembly is provided. The system includes: a shuttle, and a mandrel to which electrodes are welded; a base, mateable with the shuttle and on which the battery head assembly is mounted for welding to the mandrel; and a coiling device. The coiling device has an upper spool, a lower spool, holding a separator strip and a platform between the two holding the base. The separator strip is threaded through a passage in the mandrel separating positive and negative portions. Rotating the mandrel coils the positive electrode, the separator strip and the negative electrode to coil around the mandrel. The coiling device may include a feedback loop braking one or both spools and allowing the coiling tension to be programmed to a desired level.

Abstract: [Object] To regularize a potential distribution at a grid, prevent local corrosion, and lengthen product lifetime. [Solution Means] A storage battery grid includes: a frame bone 2 that includes a substantially rectangular shape; a lug portion 21 that is formed upward from an upper side 2a of the frame bone 2; one or more main vertical bone 3X that extend downward from the lug portion 21 in the frame bone 2; plural slanted bones 4 that extend obliquely from the upper side 2a toward a lower side 2b, at least the slanted bones branching from the main vertical bone 3X, which is a center, toward both sides. The slanted bones 4 are arranged at intervals in a direction in which the main vertical bone 3X extends, and at least part of plural spaces, which are defined by the main vertical bone 3X partially forming a side of the spaces, include a substantially quadrilateral shape.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multifunctional web for use in a lead-acid battery comprising natural fibres and heat-sealable fibres, the use of the multifunctional web in a lead-acid battery, a lead plate comprising a metal grid coated with a lead paste contacting the multifunctional web, a method of preparing the lead plate and a lead-acid battery assembly comprising the lead plate.

Abstract: A method is provided for efficiently and securely smoothing a surface of an electrode disposed on a base, such as a ceramic substrate, without damaging the electrode or the base. The electrode is fired by a non-shrinkage process using a constraining layer and is separated from the constraining layer. The base including the electrode disposed thereon is prepared and a surface of the electrode is smoothed by vibrating media such that the media are arranged to be in contact with the electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for fitting and equipping motor vehicle battery housings as a compact system, which comprises individual production stations and associated transport devices, wherein the battery plate packs to be processed are arranged in clamping cassettes and are provided to the device in the necessary pack width for the intended battery cells by a feeding station arranged upstream.

Abstract: A current collector comprising a frame conductor formed as a closed undulating perimeter, and a conductive mesh formed within the frame conductor is described. The conductive mesh is comprised of a plurality of radial struts, each radial strut having a central end and an outer end. The radial struts emanate from a junction within the undulating perimeter with their outer ends connected to the undulating perimeter of the frame. The conductive mesh may include branch struts having proximal ends and distal ends, with the proximal ends connected to the radial struts. The distal ends of the branch struts may be connected to the undulating perimeter, or to adjacent radial struts. The current collector is used in an electrochemical cell, wherein a first electrode active material is contacted to at least one of first and second major sides of the current collector to provide a first electrode.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for assembling a fuel cell stack is disclosed, wherein the apparatus includes a plurality of dunnage cassettes adapted to cooperate with a plurality of containers, a fixture, and an assembly device to simultaneously assemble a plurality of membrane electrode assemblies together with a plurality of bipolar plates.

Abstract: An electrode sheet includes a sheet of metal foil, at least one region coated with at least one active material layer subjected to working by rolling, the at least one coated region being provided in at least one central portion of the sheet of metal foil, at least one region uncoated with the at least one active material layer, the at least one uncoated region being provided in at least one edge portion of the sheet of metal foil, and at least one region subjected to working by drawing, the at least one drawn region being provided in at least a portion of the at least one uncoated region.

Abstract: A method for fabricating electrode structures within a honeycomb substrate having a plurality of elongated channels is provided that is particularly adaptable for producing an ultracapacitor. In this method, the nozzle of a co-extrusion device simultaneously feeds a current collector along a central axis of one of the channels while simultaneously injecting a paste containing an electrode material so that the interior of the channel becomes completely filled with electrode paste at the same rate that the current collector is fed. Such co-extrusion as performed simultaneously at both sides of the ceramic substrate to rapidly form electrode structures within substantially all the channels of the substrate. The resulting ultracapacitor is capable of storing large amounts of electrical energy per unit volume in a structure which is relatively quick and easy to manufacture.

Abstract: A gas diffusion layer (19) contacts the surface of an electrode layer (17) contacting the surface of a solid electrolyte membrane (16), and a gas channel forming member (21) interposed between the gas diffusion layer (19) and a separator (23). The separator (23) and a first tilted plate portion (28a) formed on a linking plate portion (28) of a ring portion (27) of the gas channel forming member (21) form a first tilt angle (?). The gas diffusion layer (19) and a second tilted plate portion (28b) formed on the linking plate portion (28) form a second tilt angle (?). The first tilt angle (?) is set to be smaller than the second tilt angle (?).

Abstract: A lightweight, durable lead-acid battery is disclosed. Alternative electrode materials and configurations are used to reduce weight, to increase material utilization and to extend service life. The electrode can include a current collector having a buffer layer in contact with the current collector and an electrochemically active material in contact with the buffer layer. In one form, the buffer layer includes a carbide, and the current collector includes carbon fibers having the buffer layer. The buffer layer can include a carbide and/or a noble metal selected from of gold, silver, tantalum, platinum, palladium and rhodium. When the electrode is to be used in a lead-acid battery, the electrochemically active material is selected from metallic lead (for a negative electrode) or lead peroxide (for a positive electrode).

Abstract: A battery grid is disclosed. The battery grid includes a pattern of grid wires. The pattern includes a grid wire having a first segment with a first corrosion resistance and a second segment with a second corrosion resistance which is less than the first corrosion resistance. The second segment corrodes at a rate which is faster than the corrosion rate of the first segment so as to dynamically release internal stress and control grid growth of the battery grid during its service life. A battery includes said grid and a method of forming said grid are also disclosed.

Abstract: In a positive electrode current collector for a lead-acid battery including a coating of tin dioxide formed on the surface of a current collector substrate of titanium or a titanium alloy, the half width of a peak with the maximum intensity among peaks of tin dioxide in the x-ray diffraction pattern of the positive electrode current collector for a lead-acid battery is 1° or lower.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for manufacturing a bipolar battery are disclosed, which are capable of restraining the introduction of a bubble, resulting in superior battery performance. A bipolar battery is disclosed for preparing an electrolyte layer, which includes permeable separators such that the electrolytes can penetrate therein and a bipolar electrode wherein a cathode is formed at one side of a collector and an anode is formed at another side of the collector. Then, the electrolyte layers are stacked upon one another. When the electrolyte layer is provided to the bipolar electrode, bubbles within the electrolyte layer are exhausted from one side to another side of the separator via the separator.