Abstract: A vehicle control device configured to control a driving motor coupled to a wheel of a vehicle includes a motor controller and a driving mode determiner. The motor controller is configured to control the driving motor so that the driving motor enters a regenerative state while the vehicle is coasting and stops accelerating. The driving mode determiner is configured to determine whether the vehicle is in a first or second driving mode. In the first driving mode, a driving operation strength is low and the vehicle behavior is slow and gentle. In the second driving mode, the driving operation strength is high and the vehicle behavior is quick and active. When the vehicle stops accelerating in the second driving mode, the motor controller is configured to make a regenerative torque of the driving motor smaller than when the vehicle stops accelerating in the first driving mode.

Abstract: An electrohydraulic brake apparatus includes: a reservoir; a stroke sensor; a plurality of wheel brake assemblies; a main master cylinder; an electric booster; an electronic stability control system; and an electronic control unit configured to control the ESC system so that a fluid pressure supplied to the ESC system brakes only part of the plurality of wheel brake assemblies when the pedaling amount is less than or equal to a first reference, and to control the ESC system so that the fluid pressure supplied to the ESC system brakes all of the plurality of wheels brake assemblies when the pedaling amount is greater than the first reference.

Abstract: Provided are a vehicle braking apparatus, a vehicle braking method, and a vehicle braking system, which improve the responsiveness of a braking force of a vehicle. The vehicle braking apparatus includes a braking torque generating mechanism configured to generate a braking torque in a first braking torque imparting portion that imparts a braking torque to a first wheel portion comprising either front or rear wheels of the vehicle and a second braking torque imparting portion that imparts a braking torque in a second wheel portion comprising the other ones of the front and rear wheels. The vehicle braking apparatus further includes a control mechanism configured to output to the braking torque generating mechanism a command for generating the braking force precedentially in the second wheel portion selected according to a condition of a vehicle as a wheel portion in which the braking force should be precedentially generated.

Abstract: A vehicle control system is provided for controlling adhesion of wheels to a route surface. The control system includes one or more processors configured to determine adhesion values representative of adhesion between the wheels of a vehicle and the route surface based on angular speeds of the wheels. The one or more processors are configured to generate a target slip value for the wheels that are coupled with at least two different axles of the vehicle by processing the adhesion values and modifying the target slip value continuously in time to maximize an average value of the adhesion values of the wheels. The one or more processors also are configured to control a torque applied to at least one of the axles based on the target slip value.

Abstract: A brake control device includes an electronic controller that is configured to control a braking unit that is configured to brake at least one of a plurality of rotating bodies of a human-powered vehicle. The electronic controller is configured to control the braking unit upon determining an ABS control is performed to decrease a braking force of a first rotating body included in the plurality of rotating bodies so that a braking force of a second rotating body, which is different from the first rotating body and included in the plurality of rotating bodies, is increased by a force that is different from hydraulic pressure.

Abstract: A system for testing a ground fault detection system in an electric circuit establishes a ground connection between a bus and the ground via an inverter and a load by closing an inverter switch of the inverter and a grounding switch disposed between the load and the ground, determines whether the ground connection is detected, and determines a fault in the ground fault detection system responsive to the first ground connection not being detected by the ground fault detection system. Optionally, a ground fault may be identified by determining three phase voltages provided from each of plural inverters, determining symmetrical components of the three phase voltages for each of the inverters, and identifying a ground fault in one or more of the inverters while powered by the power supply based on the symmetrical components.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a user-actuatable switch and a controller. When the switch is actuated, the controller is adapted to effect a regenerative braking command to actuate a regenerative brake system when a vehicle speed is above a threshold speed, and to effect a parking brake command to actuate an electric park brake when the vehicle speed is less than or equal to the threshold speed.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a regenerative braking of a vehicle includes a sensor detecting information about forward driving environment, and a controller configured to: calculate an estimated time-to-collision between a forward vehicle and an ego vehicle when the forward vehicle is detected by the sensor, compare a first regenerative braking level determined based on the estimated time-to-collision with a second regenerative braking level determined based on distance information about the forward vehicle; determine a final regenerative braking level depending on the compared result; and control a regenerative braking drive based on the determined final regenerative braking level.

Abstract: A hybrid ECU reads mode information during regenerative braking, and gradually decreases regenerative braking force when a friction braking force control in accordance with a preparatory mode is started. Thereby, sudden change of deceleration of a vehicle can be prevented. The hybrid ECU 50 makes regenerative braking force disappear immediately when a friction braking force control in accordance with a collision avoidance braking mode is started during regenerative braking. Thereby, the vehicle can be slowed down with a deceleration for collision avoidance.

Abstract: A regeneration control device for a vehicle includes: a motor control unit that drives a motor generator connected to running wheels of the vehicle at the time of decreasing a vehicle speed, so as to generate electricity, performing regenerative braking; a paddle switch that performs increasing/decreasing operation on a regeneration amount Tr by the motor generator; and a main control unit that performs increasing/decreasing control on the regeneration amount Tr continuously in response to the increasing/decreasing operation by the paddle switch, wherein the main control unit sets a regeneration amount increasing rate in an increasing operation of the regeneration amount by operation of an UP switch of the paddle switch to be higher than a regeneration amount decreasing rate in a decreasing operation of the regeneration amount by operation of a DOWN switch.

Abstract: A vehicle brake system for giving an excellent brake feeling to a driver includes: a stroke detector configured to detect a stroke of a brake pedal; a brake fluid pressure generator including a motor actuator and configured to generate a brake fluid pressure by operation of the motor actuator, and a controller configured to control the operation of the motor actuator on the basis of a detected value by the stroke detector. The controller has a base required-deceleration map for obtaining a base required-deceleration associated with a detected value by the stroke detector; a responsive-feeling required-deceleration map for obtaining a responsive-feeling required-deceleration associated with the detected value by the stroke detector; and a phase-lag processor applying phase-lag processing on the responsive-feeling required-deceleration, and control the operation of the motor actuator on the basis of the required-deceleration and the responsive-feeling required-deceleration applied with the phase-lag processing.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a system comprising: a first controller operable to assume one of a plurality of respective states, in each of a predetermined one or more first states the first controller being configured automatically to generate a torque control signal to request an amount of positive torque applied by at least a first torque control system to one or more wheels of a vehicle and cause a vehicle to operate in accordance with a target speed value, and in each of a predetermined one or more second states the first controller being configured not to request by means of the torque control signal the amount of positive torque applied by the first torque control system to one or more wheels, wherein when the first controller switches from a first state to a second state the first controller is configured to cause a reduction, over time, in an amount of any torque that the torque control signal is causing the first torque control system to apply to one or more wheels.

Abstract: A brake control method for a hybrid electric vehicle including a control mode of a first interval to control regenerative brake of a motor may include sensing, by an Electronic Stability Control system controller (ESC ECU), a time when a wheel brake pressure detected by a pressure sensor of a wheel brake is ‘0’ after entering a control mode of a second interval, determining, by the ESC ECU, a pedal stroke in which the wheel brake pressure is ‘0’ from a ‘pedal stroke Vs wheel brake pressure’ map, changing and setting, by the ESC ECU, the pedal stroke in which the wheel brake pressure is ‘0’ to an upper threshold stroke value of a ‘pedal stroke Vs pressure’ map, and re-entering the control mode of the first interval, when the pedal stroke depending on the brake pedal operation decreases to the changed upper threshold stroke value or less.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a motor vehicle having at least one drive unit which is suitable for providing a drive torque. A drive torque prompted by the driver by way of the accelerator pedal, in the case of a rapid change of the accelerator pedal position, is filtered by way of a guidance former and/or an accelerator pedal filter or its rate of change is limited, so that a slower drive torque reduction or drive torque buildup will occur. In the case of a prompted reduction of the drive torque, simultaneously with the slowed-down drive torque reduction, a corresponding triggering of a vehicle brake system is carried out for achieving a predefined vehicle deceleration.

Abstract: A method for operating a braking system includes: limiting a brake pressure buildup in a brake circuit of the braking system to a response pressure of a storage volume of the brake circuit by controlling a first wheel outlet valve of a first wheel brake cylinder of the brake circuit into an opened state at least temporarily during an increasing activation intensity of an activation of a brake actuating element connected to a master break cylinder; providing an additional reduction of a brake pressure in the brake circuit to below the response pressure during a constant activation intensity by controlling the first wheel outlet valve into a closed state; and activating a brake booster in such a way that an internal pressure present in the master brake cylinder is reduced with the aid of the activated brake booster.

Abstract: A control device of a vehicle including an engine, an electric motor directly or indirectly coupled to the engine, and an engagement device non-rotatably fixing the engine, the vehicle further including an electric circuit controlling giving/receiving of electric power related to operation of the electric motor and having an electric storage member temporarily storing the electric power, if the vehicle is damaged, or if a damage of the vehicle is predicted, during rotating operation of the engine, a rotation speed of the engine being reduced by an engagement actuation of the engagement device, and after the rotation speed of the engine is reduced to be equal to or less than a predetermined rotation speed, electric power stored in the electric storage member being discharged by the electric circuit and the electric motor.

Abstract: A vehicle braking control device of the invention includes, when a direction in which a brake operating member is displaced to increase the hydraulic pressure in a master chamber is assumed to be an operating direction, a correlation value output unit that outputs a correlation value that correlates to an amount of decrease in operational reaction force acting on the brake operating member in a direction opposite to the operating direction during a braking operation, prior to start of the switching control; and a control unit that controls the regenerative braking device so that, as the amount of decrease in operational reaction force indicated by the correlation value being output from the correlation value output unit is large, the regenerative braking force at the start of the switching control decreases.

Abstract: A method for controlling a vehicle system includes determining a vehicle reference speed using an off-board-based input speed and an onboard-based input speed. The off-board-based input speed is representative of a moving speed of the vehicle system and is determined from data received from an off-board device. The onboard-based input speed is representative of the moving speed of the vehicle system and is determined from data obtained from an onboard device. The method includes using the vehicle reference speed to at least one of measure wheel creep for one or more wheels of the vehicle system or control at least one of torques applied by or rotational speeds of one or more motors of the vehicle system.

Abstract: A ground fault protection system may include a controller that is configured to receive signals representing a ground fault detection voltage and a DC link voltage of the machine. Based on the ground fault detection voltage and the DC link voltage, the controller may determine a ground fault detection percentage value, and a worst case component insulation voltage. The controller may compare an absolute value of the worst case component insulation voltage with a rated insulation voltage of a component of the machine. When the absolute value of the worst case component insulation voltage is higher than the rated insulation voltage, the controller may determine a new DC link voltage based on the rated insulation voltage and the ground fault detection percentage value, and may operate the machine by using the new DC link voltage.

Abstract: In a vehicle brake device, a port is provided at a hydraulic chamber of a master cylinder and communicates with a reservoir tank. A piston movable in the hydraulic chamber for closing the port is provided with at least one piston-side port that faces on the port when at a first position. When a brake pedal is stepped on from a retracted state to move the piston from the first position to a second position spaced from the first position by a predetermined distance, the hydraulic chamber is blocked from the communication with the reservoir tank. The at least one piston-side port is provided therein with an orifice, so that the hydraulic pressure in the hydraulic chamber is raised at the time of a quick stepping of the brake pedal but is allowed to flow to the reservoir tank without being raised at the time of a non-quick stepping.

Abstract: A brake device can prevent deterioration of braking force by applying a predetermined pressure in the drive hydraulic pressure chamber even when an electric system failure occurs. The brake device includes a stroke simulator portion, regulator, a first passage connecting the accumulator and the high pressure port of the regulator, a second passage connecting the reservoir tank and the low pressure port of the regulator, a third passage connecting the stroke simulator portion and the pilot pressure input port of the regulator, a fourth passage connecting the drive hydraulic pressure chamber and the output port of the regulator and a fifth passage connecting the accumulator and the drive hydraulic pressure chamber bypassing the high pressure port. The normally open type pressure decrease control valve is provided in the second passage or in the fourth passage whereas the normally closed pressure increase control valve is provided in the fifth passage.

Abstract: A vehicle brake control device includes a master cylinder, a plurality of wheel cylinders, a VDC brake hydraulic pressure unit, a motor controller and an integration controller. When a brake operation is carried out, the integration controller carries out a regenerative brake control which achieves a target deceleration. Additionally, a motor suspension control is carried out which suspends a drive status of the VDC motor when the vehicle velocity is less than a first prescribed value. Furthermore, when the vehicle velocity exceeds a second prescribed value and the brake operation is carried out while the VDC motor is in the suspended status, the value of the target deceleration is set to a lower value than the value of the target deceleration which the driver requests, and a motor reactivation control is carried out which reactivates the VDC motor.

Abstract: Vehicle brake system comprises a hydraulic brake device, a regenerative brake device to drive wheels driven by a generator-motor and a brake control device for cooperatively controlling the hydraulic brake force and the regenerative brake force in response to an operation amount of a brake operation member. This vehicle brake system further includes a differential amount calculating portion calculating a differential amount by subtracting a regeneration execution brake force obtained by execution of the generator-motor from a regeneration request brake force, a regenerative range judging portion for judging whether the regeneration request brake force is within a range of a re-generable brake force which is executable by the generator-motor and a hydraulic pressure restricting portion for restricting increase of the hydraulic brake force when the differential amount is a positive value and the regeneration request brake force is within the range of the re-generable brake force.

Abstract: A vehicle brake system and method for operating same, having a master brake cylinder, a brake medium reservoir, and a first brake circuit, connected via a reservoir line to the brake reservoir, having at least one first wheel brake cylinder, a first wheel inlet valve associated with the first brake cylinder, a first pump, by which a first brake medium volume is pumpable from the reservoir line through the open first wheel inlet valve into the first brake cylinder, a continuously adjustable first wheel outlet valve, by which a first brake medium displacement from the first cylinder into the brake reservoir is controllable, and a connecting line having a spring-loaded non-return valve, via which a delivery side of the first pump is connected to the brake reservoir, a brake medium displacement from the brake reservoir to the delivery side of the first pump being prevented by the spring-loaded non-return valve.

Abstract: A regenerative brake control system for a vehicle includes a vehicle controller, a driveline torque distribution device interfacing with the vehicle controller, an electric machine interfacing with the driveline torque distribution device, a plurality of wheels coupled to the electric machine and at least one traction condition input indicating traction of the plurality of wheels provided to the vehicle controller. The vehicle controller engages the driveline torque distribution device and the electric machine apportions regenerative brake torque to the wheels in proportion to the traction of the wheels. A regenerative brake control method for a vehicle is also disclosed.

Abstract: A brake system for a motor vehicle which simplifies the hydraulic design and avoids a vacuum prevailing over a relatively long period of time. The first hydraulic unit has a suction volume, which is connected to the suction side of the pump and which, in the event of a change in the pressure on the suction side of the pump, provides a pressure and volume equalization by means of the brake fluid stored in the suction volume, with an elastic element.

Abstract: In a control apparatus for a vehicle, a brake control unit includes: a master cylinder state variable detecting section configured to detect a master cylinder state variable related to a state of a master cylinder; a first regenerative braking force calculating section configured to calculate a first regenerative braking force when the master cylinder state variable detected by the master cylinder state variable detecting section is smaller than a predetermined state variable; a second regenerative braking force calculating section configured to calculate a second regenerative braking force when the master cylinder state variable detected by the master cylinder state variable detecting section is equal to or larger than a predetermined state variable; and a braking control section configured to calculate the liquid pressure braking force on a basis of at least one of the calculated first and second regenerative braking forces.

Abstract: A vehicle control system obtains an index indicating a running condition of a vehicle on the basis of a vehicle parameter indicating a motion of the vehicle and then sets a running characteristic of the vehicle in accordance with the index. The vehicle control system includes a noise reduction unit that is configured to obtain the index on the basis of the vehicle parameter of which a fluctuating component that fluctuates because of a driver's driving operation or the influence of a running road surface.

Abstract: A controller for controlling braking of a wheel of a vehicle. The controller includes a first connection to a friction brake, a second connection to a motor/generator, a third connection to a plurality of sensors, and a fuzzy logic module. The motor/generator is configured to drive the wheel in a driving mode and to brake the wheel in a regenerative braking mode. Operating parameters of the vehicle are sensed by the plurality of sensors. The fuzzy logic module is configured to determine a stability of the vehicle and the wheel based on data from the plurality of sensors. The fuzzy logic module allocates braking force between the friction brake and the motor/generator operating in the regenerative braking mode based on the stability of the vehicle and the wheel.

Abstract: A brake control apparatus for a vehicle having a regenerative braking system, has first to fourth brake circuits, a pump, a gate-out valve, an inflow valve, an outflow valve, a reservoir, a fluid suction cylinder, a branch oil passage, a switch valve, a regulation valve, and a hydraulic pressure control unit. The hydraulic pressure control unit controls a brake fluid pressure by operating the gate-out valve, the inflow valve, the outflow valve, the switch valve and the pump in accordance with a regenerative operation state of the regenerative braking system. Also the hydraulic pressure control unit stores the brake fluid flowing out from a master cylinder in the fluid suction cylinder by operating the pump when the regenerative braking system works, and supplies the brake fluid stored in the fluid suction cylinder to a wheel cylinder when a regenerative braking amount of the regenerative braking system lowers.

Abstract: A hydraulic pressure control apparatus has an electromagnetic valve having a valve body forced to one side by an elastic member and a coil driving the valve body to the other side; a hydraulic pressure control section for calculating a command current value to drive the electromagnetic valve and controlling a hydraulic pressure in a hydraulic circuit by opening/closing the electromagnetic valve; a current detection section detecting a value of the current passing through the coil; and a command current value correction section. The command current value correction section detects a change of an inductance of the coil when the valve body moves from the one side to the other side or from the other side to the one side through the current detection section, and corrects the command current value using the detected inductance change.

Abstract: A brake system for a vehicle includes brake cylinders operated by pressurized fluid for actuation of brakes by means of pressurized fluid on at least one first axle of the vehicle. The brakes on at least one other, second, axle can be actuated exclusively electromechanically in response to an electrical braking request signal. The pressure of the pressurized fluid can be modulated indirectly or directly and the electrical braking request signal can be generated indirectly or directly in response to actuation of a brake pedal of a brake pedal device. A service brake function is provided by means of hybrid use of the brakes on the first axle(s) together with the brakes on the second axle(s). The brake cylinders operated by pressurized fluid are pneumatically operated brake cylinders. The pressure modulated by the brake pedal device is a pneumatic pressure, and the pressurized fluid is compressed air.

Abstract: A traction force control section of a wheel loader reduces maximum traction force to below the maximum traction force with traction force control in an off state when the traction force control is in an on state. The traction force control section increases the maximum traction force when determination conditions are satisfied with the traction force control in the on state. The determination conditions include that the work situation is digging, that the operation amount of the acceleration operation member is the predetermined operation threshold or more, and that a boom angle is the predetermined angle threshold or more.

Abstract: A drive torque modulation is generated in response to an unintentional lane departure or traffic/obstacle intervention in an electric vehicle or a hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV). At least one of propulsion and braking of the vehicle is controlled via a motor of the vehicle in accordance with the torque modulation. Vehicle oscillation is generated through the torque modulation to let the driver be aware of the impending dangerous driving situation.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for controlling a regenerative brake system with a number of friction brakes (F) and an electro-regenerative brake (R), whose total deceleration is composed of deceleration components of the brakes, and the actual deceleration components are desired to correspond to the nominal deceleration components as exactly as possible. A control unit is used to change the ratio of the nominal deceleration components of a number of brakes (R, F) relative to each other by determining a correction value (k1, k2) for a number of the brakes based on the quantities of efficiency w of a number of brakes representing the ratio between the actual deceleration (aactual) and the nominal deceleration (anominal), which correction value is applied to the nominal deceleration (anominal) of these brakes.

Abstract: A hydraulic braking system for use in a vehicle employing both hydraulic and regenerative braking including a master cylinder with a reservoir inlet port and an outlet port. The outlet port is responsive to vehicle operator applied brake pedal pressure to close the inlet port and provide pilot pressure at the outlet port which is selectively coupled by a valve (57) to a hydraulic pedal simulator and to a control valve. The control valve provides boost hydraulic pressure from a pressure source to a vehicle wheel brake actuator in proportion to the pressure differential between the pilot pressure and a hydraulic pressure which is proportional to regenerative braking torque. This allows the power train controller to independently request different levels of regeneration on the two axles.

Abstract: In a braking control apparatus for an electric vehicle, a target braking torque command value calculation section calculates a target braking torque command value on a basis of at least one of a state of road wheels and a braking request by a vehicle driver, a frequency component decomposition section decomposes a target braking torque command value into a first frequency component lower than a resonance frequency of a drive train and a second frequency component equal to or higher than the first frequency component, and a braking force control section provides an electrical braking torque for road wheels on a basis of a motor torque command value corresponding to the first frequency component and provides a frictional braking torque for the road wheels on a basis of a frictional braking torque command value corresponding to the second frequency component.

Abstract: During regenerative coordinate braking control, a target brake force is defined by eliminating influences of brake system component tolerances to achieve a comfortable brake feel and secure regenerative energy. A brake control system includes a master cylinder, wheel cylinders, a VDC brake fluid pressure unit and a motor controller. In response to a brake pedal operation by a driver, a brake pedal stroke position is detected at which a pressure in a master cylinder actually begins to be generated. A target deceleration characteristic is adjusted from a theoretical characteristic so that the target deceleration equals a maximum value of an add-on brake force (i.e., the regenerative brake gap) at the detected brake pedal stroke position.

Abstract: An electric drive vehicle having an induction motor for braking or driving wheels, a motor controller for controlling the induction motor, and mechanical brakes for braking the wheels, wherein while the vehicle is in halt in a state that the mechanical breaks are not operating, the motor controller applies DC voltage or AC voltage in a frequency range of ?1 Hz to +1 Hz to the stator of the induction motor to make the induction motor generate torque for stopping the vehicle and maintain the vehicle in a halt state.

Abstract: A braking system for an aircraft provided with undercarriage, wherein an axial-flux reversible electrical machine is associated to at least one wheel of the undercarriage and is set in rotation by the rotation of the wheel. Current-dissipator is provided, which can be connected to the windings of the axial-flux reversible electrical machine during rotation of the wheel in the landing phase for dissipating in the current-dissipator the induced currents generated by the machine, which behaves as current generator, and producing a braking effect that slows down the movement of the wheel. An epicyclic reducer is provided between the wheel of the undercarriage and the rotor of the reversible electrical machine. The epicyclic reducer provides a transmission ratio T in such a way that the rotor will turn at a velocity T? with respect to the velocity of rotation ? of the wheel.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to provide a traction control apparatus capable of suitably controlling an error, if it occurs, between an estimation of a vehicle speed and an actual vehicle speed. A traction control apparatus according to the invention includes a vehicle speed estimator and a driving-force controller. The traction control apparatus includes a vehicle state determiner that determines whether the vehicle speed of the construction vehicle estimated by the vehicle speed estimator and the driving-force control by the driving-force controller are balanced, and a driving-force control changer that changes a driving-force control by the driving-force controller when the vehicle state determiner determines the vehicle speed and the driving-force control to be unbalanced.

Abstract: Systems, methods and programs are provided for a vehicle that performs braking by a regeneration brake and a friction brake. The systems, methods, and programs determine that braking by the friction brake has been performed, acquire information indicating a situation in the vicinity of the vehicle, and determine a necessary braking force required for responding to the situation in the vicinity of the vehicle. When it is determined that the braking by the friction brake has been performed in a condition where the necessary braking force is less than or equal to a maximum braking force of the regeneration brake, the systems, methods, and programs, determine energy consumed by the friction brake and communicate notification information indicating the consumed energy to a driver.

Abstract: Methods and systems for controlling braking in a vehicle are provided, for example in a vehicle in which regenerative braking is provided using a motor capable of providing regenerative braking on one axle or wheel that does not have a friction brake component. If it is determined that the energy storage system of the vehicle cannot accept additional electrical energy created by the regenerative braking, the electrical energy is transferred to another location such as a motor on another axle or wheel, resulting in a propulsion torque on that axle. In order to maintain the total desired braking consistent with the driver command, friction braking is provided on the axle the regenerative braking energy is transferred to using a friction braking component, based in part upon the amount of propulsion torque, when the energy storage system cannot accept additional electrical energy.

Abstract: An electric braking system for a vehicle includes first and second sub-systems connected to each other by an electric line. The first sub-system, which includes a first dissipation device, controls braking in a first wheel set. The second sub-system, which includes a second dissipation device, controls braking in a second wheel set different from the first wheel set. The electric line is arranged such that: if the first dissipation device becomes inoperative, electrical power produced by the first sub-system is channeled towards the second dissipation device, and if the second dissipation device becomes inoperative, electrical power produced by the second sub-system is channeled towards the first dissipation device.

Abstract: An electric braking system is provided for a road vehicle that includes at least two wheels (1) each connected for rotation to at least one rotary electric machine (2), and one electronic wheel control module (23) controlling an electric machine of a corresponding wheel, with each electronic control module enabling a control torque of determined amplitude and sign to be imparted selectively to a corresponding wheel. The electric braking system includes at least two sub-systems (A and B) each including: at least one of the electronic wheel control modules (23), a central electric line (40), and a low-voltage electrical supply stage for supplying electronics for controlling and driving power elements. The low-voltage electrical supply stage includes a first low-voltage electrical supply and at least one second low-voltage electrical supply.

Abstract: A braking controller is equipped to provide braking force distribution of the required total braking force, to distribute the required total braking force by regeneration distribution. The regeneration distribution is required to be within a rear-wheel dominant range, in which the distribution ratio is inclined toward the rear-wheels when compared with an ideal distribution line that provides distribution enabling the front and rear wheels to simultaneously lock, as well as within a range that is not greater than a rear-wheel locking limit enabling the rear wheels to lock in relation to a road-surface friction coefficient upon braking. A rear-wheel braking force change ratio, which is a change ratio of the rear-wheel braking force with regard to a change of the front-wheel braking force associated with the change of the required total braking force, is required to always be positive.

Abstract: A braking apparatus for a vehicle includes a hydraulic brake apparatus generating a basic hydraulic pressure so that a basic hydraulic braking force is generated at wheels, the hydraulic brake apparatus generating a controlled hydraulic pressure so that a controlled hydraulic braking force is generated at the wheels, a regenerative brake apparatus causing a regenerative braking force to be generated at any of the wheels, and braking force replacement controlling means for gradually replacing the regenerative braking force with the controlled hydraulic braking force while braking during which at least the regenerative braking force is applied for a purpose of achieving a braking force replacement control to ensure a total braking force required for the wheels by decreasing the regenerative braking force at a gradient within a predetermined range and by increasing the controlled hydraulic braking force in response to the decrease of the regenerative braking force.

Abstract: An electric motor is coupled to driving wheels 2, 2. When a slippage of the driving wheels 2, 2 is detected, the electric motor 5 produces a regenerative torque to suppress the slippage of the driving wheels 2, 2. The regenerative torque is controlled in a variable manner according to an index parameter that indicates a road surface condition. Thus, when the slippage of the driving wheels occurs, the slippage of the driving wheels is suppressed according to the road surface condition by a regenerative operation of the electric motor coupled to the driving wheels.

Abstract: An embodiment of a braking system for a vehicle to control a regenerative braking; the braking system is provided with: a plurality of hydraulically operated mechanical brakes; a hydraulic braking circuit connected to the mechanical brakes; a brake pump to raise pressure in the hydraulic braking circuit; a brake pedal mobile between a resting position and a maximal braking position; a connecting cap, which mechanically connects the brake pedal to the brake pump, and is divided into two reciprocally independent parts; an elastic system which tends to push the brake pedal towards the resting position; a position sensor to read the position of a part of the connecting cap integral to the brake pedal; and a pilot system to pilot an energy recovery system for effecting a regenerative braking and uses the position of the part of the connecting cap integral to the brake pedal provided by the position sensor.

Abstract: A method of detecting a minispare tire in a vehicle having a vehicle control system. The method includes detecting a rotational velocity of each of a plurality of wheels of the vehicle; determining whether a minispare tire is mounted on the vehicle based on the rotational velocities detected at each of the plurality of wheels; adjusting the vehicle control system if a minispare tire is mounted on the vehicle; sensing a hydraulic pressure of a braking system of the vehicle; and suspending determination of whether a minispare tire is mounted on the vehicle if the hydraulic pressure exceeds a predetermined critical pressure level.