Abstract: A method of controlling an output of a generation plant (2) that is connected to a bulk electrical power network (4) by an electrical route (6). The method comprises determining (31) a phase angle difference between a first phase angle representing a phase angle of a voltage waveform at an output of the generation plant (2) and a second phase angle representing a phase angle of a voltage waveform at a location within the bulk electrical power network (4). The phase angle difference is compared (32) to a threshold phase angle difference that represents a constraint on the electrical route (6). The output of the generation plant (2) is controlled (33, 34) based on the comparison to prevent overloading of the electrical route (6).

Abstract: A switching cell for a chain link includes a first side including a first terminal and a second terminal, a second side including a third terminal and a fourth terminal, a first switching unit, a second switching unit, and a first and a second capacitor unit. The first terminal is connected to the second terminal via the first capacitor unit. The first capacitor unit has its positive side facing the first terminal. The third terminal is connected to the fourth terminal via the second capacitor unit. The second capacitor has its positive side facing the fourth terminal. The second terminal is connected to the fourth terminal via the second switching unit. The switching cell also includes a third capacitor unit, and the first terminal is connected to the third terminal via a first series connection including the first switching unit and the third capacitor unit. The third capacitor unit has its positive side facing the third terminal. A switching module includes at least one such switching cell.

Abstract: A charge pump circuit includes a capacitor, a first switch between the capacitor and a power supply terminal, a second switch between the capacitor and an output terminal, a third switch between the output terminal and the capacitor, a fourth switch between the capacitor and a ground terminal, and a control unit configured to generate control signals for the switches. The control signals include first signals generated during a first period that cause first and third switches to be in an ON state and second and fourth switches to be in an OFF state, second signals generated during a second period that cause first and third switches to be in an OFF state and second and fourth switches to be in an ON state, and third signals generated between the first and second periods, that cause the ON/OFF state of each of the switches to be switched at different times.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a hot swap circuit is disclosed. The hot swap circuit includes a capacitor in parallel with an input line to a power system. The hot swap circuit also includes a switch in parallel with the input line to the power system and coupled to the capacitor. The hot swap circuit further includes circuitry configured to pre-charge the capacitor to a first voltage while the switch is open. The switch is operable to cause the capacitor to be charged from the first voltage to a second voltage when the switch is closed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for flying capacitor balancing in multilevel converters are disclosed. Example flying capacitor balancing circuitry can include voltage difference sense and control circuitry and duty cycle timing adjustment circuitry. The voltage difference sense and control circuitry can generate a compensation control signal for the duty cycle timing adjustment circuitry.

Abstract: A vector modulator of a transceiver may be provided that includes: a variable resistor having one end to which an input signal is transmitted; a variable capacitor which is connected in parallel to the variable resistor and has one end to which the input signal is transmitted; and a summing circuit which sums a signal of the other end of the variable resistor and a signal of the other of the variable capacitor.

Abstract: A load current regenerating circuit comprises a first circuit unit having a first recharging unit recharged by a power source, a second circuit unit provided in parallel with the first circuit unit, the second circuit unit having a second recharging unit, a first switching unit opening a connection between the power source and the first circuit unit when the first recharging unit is recharged, and a second switching unit connecting the first recharging unit with the second recharging unit when the first recharging unit is recharged so that the power recharged to the first recharging unit is supplied to the second circuit unit to recharge the second recharging unit.

Abstract: The apparatus of present invention converts AC or DC power sources to AC or DC power loads, in a single stage, bidirectionally, employing variable, high frequency resonant circuits and power switches, to continuously vary the gain of the conversion circuit. Inrush current control, idle converter turn off, line voltage brown out protection, soft start, high pre-charge voltage generation, soft shut down, and dimming operation are inherent characteristics of the apparatus of the instant invention. A remotely configurable and operable controller may optionally be used to control the mode of conversion, the amplitude and frequency of the output voltages. The resonant circuits can be paralleled to derive multiple outputs. Multiple converter stages can be cascaded to meet the various power needs of an application such as multiple outputs and different amplitudes. Components can be eliminated for specific conversion applications. The circuits can be implemented in semiconductor packages.

Abstract: A vehicle door handle device includes: a detection member including an antenna and a DC driving detection member capable of detecting approach or touch of a person, electrically connected to a driving controller through first and second connection wires and are connected in parallel, wherein the antenna is driven by an AC voltage supplied from the driving controller, the detection member is driven by a DC voltage supplied from the driving controller by respectively connecting the first connection wire and the second connection wire to a positive DC power supply and a ground, the detection member includes a power terminal and a ground terminal, a detection output terminal, an antenna driving detection terminal, and an antenna driving detection unit, and the vehicle door handle device further comprises a DC cut capacitor, and a passive element.

Abstract: Disclosed is a tunable capacitor. The tunable capacitor according to a first embodiment of the present invention includes: a variable capacitor unit placed between a first terminal and a second terminal; and a bypass switch which on/off controls a bypass connection between the first terminal and the second terminal, wherein the variable capacitor unit and the bypass switch are integrated on one semiconductor die or on one module. The tunable capacitor according to a second embodiment of the present invention includes: a variable capacitor unit placed between a first terminal and a second terminal; an impedance tuner placed between aground terminal and either the first terminal or the second terminal; and a tuning switch which on/off controls the connection between the variable capacitor unit and an impedance tuner, wherein the variable capacitor unit, the impedance tuner and the tuning switch are integrated on one semiconductor die or on one module.

Abstract: This disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatus for wireless power transfer and particularly wireless power transfer to remote systems such as electric vehicles. In one aspect, a wireless power transfer system includes a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter includes a first inductive element and a current generator. The current generator supplies a current to the first inductive element to generate an electromagnetic field. The receiver includes a second inductive element, a tuning circuit, and a controller. The second inductive element receives wireless power from the electromagnetic field. The tuning circuit has a reactance and includes a plurality of capacitive elements connected to the second inductive element. The plurality of capacitive elements supply an output current to a load. The controller selectively connects the plurality of capacitive elements in a plurality of configurations. The tuning circuit has substantially the same reactance in each of the plurality of configurations.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for high voltage variable capacitors are provided herein. In certain configurations, an integrated circuit (IC) includes a variable capacitor array and a bias voltage generation circuit that biases the variable capacitor array to control the array's capacitance. The variable capacitor array includes a plurality of variable capacitor cells electrically connected in parallel between a radio frequency (RF) input and an RF output of the IC. Additionally, each of the variable capacitor cells can include a cascade of two or more pairs of anti-series metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors between the RF input and the RF output. The pairs of anti-series MOS capacitors include a first MOS capacitor and a second MOS capacitor electrically connected in anti-series. The bias voltage generation circuit generates bias voltages for biasing the MOS capacitors of the variable capacitor cells.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a converter having an AC side and a DC side, a switch adapted to be connected to a transmission line on a first side and connected to a load on a second side connected to the AC side, an energy storage device, connected to the DC side. In a first operating mode, the switch is closed, such that an energy storage current flows to/from the energy storage device to charge/discharge the energy storage device, respectively. In a second operating mode, the switch is open, preventing current from flowing from the transmission line to the converter, and the energy storage device supplies a direct current which is converted to an alternating current by the converter. In the first operating mode, the apparatus is configured such that power transfer on the transmission line corresponds to a surge impedance loading of the transmission line, by affecting the energy storage current.

Abstract: An integrated radio frequency (RF) switch and method of outputting one RF signal from a plurality of RF signals is provided. The integrated RF switch comprises an input decoder, a plurality of level shifter/drivers, a negative voltage generator and a dynamic bias circuit. The input decoder determines which one of the plurality of RF signals to output. Each one of the plurality of level shifter/drivers controls output of one of the plurality of RF signals. The negative voltage generator creates a negative voltage to drive the plurality of level shifter/drivers. The dynamic bias circuit generates a bias current for the plurality of level shifter/drivers, detects a change of state from the input decoder, generates a pulse in response to detecting the change of state, and increases the bias current for the plurality of level shifter/drivers for a duration of the pulse to decrease a switching time between two RF signals.

Abstract: An impedance matching network comprises a first signal terminal configured to receive a signal from a source circuit and a second signal terminal configured to provide the signal to a load circuit. The network further comprises a series branch comprising a variable capacitive component between the first signal terminal and the second signal terminal. The variable capacitive component comprises a plurality of capacitive portions connected in series, wherein at least one of the capacitive portions comprises a switching element comprising a stack of series connected transistors. The impedance matching network also comprises a control component configured to control a capacitance of the variable capacitive component by controlling the at least one of the capacitive portions based on a predetermined algorithm.

Abstract: The invention relates to switch mode power supply modules and items of equipment powered by these modules. The power supply module comprises circuits for cyclically interrupting the switching operation, during a so-called switching operation interruption phase, if the load current of the module is less than a current threshold value and sustaining the switching operation, during a so-called switching operation phase, if the load current is greater than the load current threshold value and circuits for ending the switching operation interruption phase if the power supply voltage of the item of equipment is greater than a voltage threshold value. The item of equipment powered by the module comprises a capacitive element able to store energy from the module during the switching operation phase and to release the energy stored between the output terminals of the power supply module when it receives an activation signal.

Abstract: A system for providing electrical power to a load includes a boost converter with an input and an output. The boost converter is configured to receive power at a first voltage at the input, and to supply power at a higher second voltage from the output. A capacitor, e.g., a super capacitor, is operatively connected between the output of the boost converter and a ground node. A first switch is operatively connected between the first input node and the output of the boost converter for switching between a first state connecting the capacitor to the output of the boost converter and a second state connecting the capacitor to supply input voltage to the input of the boost converter.

Abstract: Methods and charging apparatus are presented for charging cell capacitors of a multilevel power conversion system, in which an auxiliary charging source is selectively applied across DC bus terminals while one or more selected multilevel converter cells are alternately switched between a first state to bypass the selected cell or cells and a second state to charge the cell capacitor or capacitors of the selected cell via charging current from the auxiliary charging source.

Abstract: Disclosed is a tunable capacitor. The tunable capacitor according to a first embodiment of the present invention includes: a first capacitor; and a switching transistor which switches on/off the connection of the first capacitor between the first terminal and the second terminal, wherein an on/off operation of the switching transistor is performed by a high signal H and a low signal L. The tunable capacitor according to a second embodiment of the present invention includes: a first capacitor; and a switching transistor which switches on/off the connection of the first capacitor between the first terminal and the second terminal, wherein an on/off operation of the switching transistor is performed by a high signal H and a low signal L, and wherein the tunable capacitor is integrated on one semiconductor die or on one module.

Abstract: A method for distributing energy to a group of ground-based machines. The energy is supplied to the group of ground-based machines through a pattern of inductive power transfer lines physically associated with a ground in a work area. Operations are performed with the group of ground-based machines in the work area. The group of ground-based machines moves in the work area without following a path based on the inductive power transfer lines.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for high voltage variable capacitors are provided herein. In certain configurations, an integrated circuit (IC) includes a variable capacitor array and a bias voltage generation circuit that biases the variable capacitor array to control the array's capacitance. The variable capacitor array includes a plurality of variable capacitor cells electrically connected in parallel between a radio frequency (RF) input and an RF output of the IC. Additionally, each of the variable capacitor cells can include a cascade of two or more pairs of anti-series metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors between the RF input and the RF output. The pairs of anti-series MOS capacitors include a first MOS capacitor and a second MOS capacitor electrically connected in anti-series. The bias voltage generation circuit generates bias voltages for biasing the MOS capacitors of the variable capacitor cells.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for low voltage conversion and energy storage uses a charge pump array including a first set of capacitors in parallel with a second set of capacitors and switches for selectively coupling the first and second set of capacitors to a variable input DC voltage. A data processor programmably controls one or more of the switches to couple the first and second set of capacitors to the variable input DC voltage for a variable first time period during which the input DC voltage charges the first and second set of capacitors to a DC voltage level. An energy storage device is switchably coupled to an output of the charge pump array.

Abstract: Switching data is communicated in a power semiconductor switching device control system having a coordinating control system and a switching device controllers each coupled to the coordinating control system and each configured to control a respective power semiconductor switching device. Switching control data is formatted as one or more switching control data packets whose switching control data comprises data for controlling switching of the power semiconductor switching devices. The switching control data packets are sent from the coordinating control system to the switching device controllers. State data is detected, provided, and then formatted to represent states of the power semiconductor switching devices controlled in combination by the switching control data packets into acknowledgment data packets from the power semiconductor switching devices. The acknowledgment data packets are sent from the switching device controllers to the coordinating control system.

Abstract: There are provided a variable capacitor and an integrated circuit (IC) including the variable capacitor. The variable capacitor includes: a plurality of capacitance forming portions that are connected to each other in parallel between a first port and a second port and provide previously set capacitance according to a control signal, wherein each of the plurality of capacitance forming portions includes: a first capacitance forming portion including a first switch portion including a plurality of switches, and a first capacitor portion including first and second capacitors; and at least one capacitance forming group including a unit switch portion including a plurality of switches, and at least one unit capacitance forming portion including at least one unit capacitor portion including a unit capacitor.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a solid electrolytic capacitor element including the steps of forming a semiconductor layer on a dielectric layer formed on surfaces of a plurality of anode bodies at one time. A step of forming a semiconductor layer includes repeating an electrolytic polymerization operation several times by applying a current from a power-feeding terminal that comes into contact with each anode body. Further, at least one of the electrolytic polymerization operations continuously applies a current while changing the amount of current between the range of 5 to 200 ?A per power-feeding terminal. Also disclosed is a jig for electrolytic polymerization for forming the semiconductor layer including a plurality of power supply circuits (i) capable of continuously changing the amount of current between a lower limit and an upper limit; and a power-feeding terminals (ii).

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for use in tuning reactance are described. Open loop and closed loop control for tuning of reactances are also described. Tunable inductors and/or tunable capacitors may be used in filters, resonant circuits, matching networks, and phase shifters. Ability to control inductance and/or capacitance in a circuit leads to flexibility in operation of the circuit, since the circuit may be tuned to operate under a range of different operating frequencies.

Abstract: System for detaching an electronic article surveillance (EAS) tag includes a detaching element to selectively unlock a locking element of an EAS tag when the EAS tag is placed in a detachment position. A control system is arranged to cause the detaching element to transition from a deactivated state, in which the tag in the detachment position will remain locked, to an activated state in which the tag is unlocked. This transition will result in beginning or starting a dwell time. The control system is maintains the detaching element in the activated state while awaiting receipt from a user interface of a user manually initiated termination signal. The termination signal indicates a user intention to terminate the dwell time. In response to the termination signal, the control system causes the detaching element to transition from the activated state to a deactivated state.

Abstract: A voltage converter comprises a step-down converter circuit (DCDC) with an inductive accumulator (LSW) and a first capacitive accumulator (CDC) and a charge pump circuit (CP) with at least one second capacitive accumulator (CFLY, CFLY1,CFLY2). The step-down converter circuit (DCDC) which can be fed a supply voltage (VBAT) on the input side is designed to charge the first capacitive accumulator (CDC) to a first intermediate voltage in switched mode. The charge pump circuit (CP) is designed to charge the at least one second capacitive accumulator (CFLY, CFLY1,CFLY2) to a second intermediate voltage using the supply voltage (VBAT) and to generate an output voltage from the first and second intermediate voltages.

Abstract: A charge pumping method includes: generating a first boosted voltage by boosting an input voltage by a boosting mode of a first multiplier; changing the level of a voltage charged in at least one capacitor provided in the inside of a charge pump circuit, in preparation for a change in the boosting mode; and generating a second boosted voltage by boosting the input voltage by a boosting mode of a second multiplier.

Abstract: A variable capacitance device including: first and second transistors coupled in series by their main current nodes between first and second nodes of the device, a control node of the first transistor being adapted to receive a first control signal, and a control node of the second transistor being adapted to receive a second control signal; and control circuitry adapted to generate the first and second control signals from a selection signal.

Abstract: A circuit for controlling a capacitor having a capacitance adjustable by biasing, including an amplifier for delivering a D.C. bias voltage, having a feedback slowed down by a resistive and capacitive cell.

Abstract: There are provided PCB capacitor variable device and method. The PCB capacitor variable device includes: a PCB forming any parallel capacitor by disposing a dielectric layer between a first pattern and a second pattern; and a switch unit connected to a pattern of one of the capacitors to switch the pattern of one of the capacitors so as to control equivalent capacitance of the capacitor. According an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the capacitor is implemented using the PCB pattern and the dielectric substance and therefore the miniaturization and weight lightening of the wireless communication system may be implemented. Further, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the capacitor may be selectively switched and therefore the optimized frequency required in the output of the amplification unit may be implemented.

Abstract: A device for improving the filter effect of a filter connected up between an electrical energy source and a source of interference is provided. The filter is configured to feed back interference transients from ground to an input of the source of interference generating the interference transients. The device includes a measuring device for determining a leakage current flowing through the filter and a final control element configured to modify a limit frequency of the filter such that the leakage current through the filter is damped to below a predefined level if the measuring device detects the leakage current.

Abstract: In one or more embodiments, circuitry is provided for isolation and communication of signals between circuits operating in different voltage domains using capacitive coupling. The capacitive coupling is provided by one or more capacitive structures having a breakdown voltage that is defined by way of the various components and their spacing. The capacitive structures each include three capacitive plates arranged to have two plates located in an upper layer and one plate located in a lower layer. A communication signal can be transmitted via the capacitive coupling created between the lower plate and each of the upper plates, respectively.

Abstract: A proximity switch assembly and method are provided having wrong touch feedback. The switch includes a plurality of proximity switches each including proximity sensors providing a sense activation field. Control circuitry processes the activation field of each proximity switch to sense activation, detects an allowed activation of one of the proximity switches and further detects an attempted activation that is not allowed. The switch further includes an output coupled to a device to perform a function when an allowed activation is detected. The switch includes one or more user perceived feedback devices for generating user perceived feedback when an attempted activation that is not allowed is detected.

Abstract: A radio-frequency (RF) device for a wireless communication device includes a grounding element, an antenna, a first DC blocking element for cutting off a direct-current (dc) signal route between a grounding terminal of the antenna and the grounding element, a capacitive sensing unit capable of using a radiating element of the antenna to sense an environment capacitance within a specific range, a second DC blocking element electrically connected between the radiating element and the feed-in element for blocking a dc signal path from the radiating element to the feed-in element, and a high-frequency blocking element electrically connected between the radiating element and the capacitive sensing unit for blocking a high-frequency signal path from the radiating element to the capacitive sensing unit.

Abstract: A light emitting element drive device of the present invention includes a light emitting element; a drive unit for driving the light emitting element; an electricity storage element capable of storing electric power; a battery power supply capable of supplying electric power to the electricity storage element; and a boost chopper circuit having an inductor, for boosting voltage by opening and closing a switching element. The drive unit is switchable between three states: a storing state in which electric power from the battery power supply is stored in the electricity storage element; a first discharging state in which the electric power stored in the electricity storage element is supplied to the light emitting element; and a second discharging state in which electric power from the battery power supply is boosted by the boost chopper circuit and is supplied to the light emitting element.

Abstract: A reservoir capacitor includes a first capacitor group having two or more capacitors, which are serially coupled to each other between a first power voltage supply terminal and a second power voltage supply terminal, a second capacitor group having two or more capacitors, which are serially coupled to each other between a third power voltage supply terminal and a fourth power voltage supply terminal and a connection line suitable for electrically coupling a first coupling node between the capacitors of the first capacitor group to a second coupling node between the capacitors of the second capacitor group.

Abstract: An impedance circuit includes an input terminal, a first and a second capacitive arrangement and an output terminal coupled to the input terminal by a network. The network includes the first and the second capacitive arrangement. The first capacitive arrangement includes a varactor circuit having a varactor and at least one series circuit. The at least one series circuit includes a capacitor and a switch in series connection and is coupled parallel to the varactor circuit. The second capacitive arrangement comprises an additional capacitor.

Abstract: A charge flow circuit for a time measurement, including a plurality of elementary capacitive elements electrically in series, each elementary capacitive element leaking through its dielectric space.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments are related to switch linearizer. A device may include at least one switch. The device may further include a linearizer coupled to the at least one switch and configured to cancel at least a portion of distortion generated by the at least one switch in an off-state.

Abstract: A device for testing capacitive loads of a power supply includes a controller, a power supply switching circuit, a capacitive load switching circuit, and a current sampling circuit. The power supply switching circuit selects one of output voltages of the power supply to be electronically connected to the capacitive load switching circuit and the current sampling circuit. The current sampling circuit samples an output current of one output of the power supply selected by the controller. The controller turns on and off switches of the capacitive load switching circuit for matching an output current of the power supply with a reference current until the output current equals to the reference current. The controller outputs a total magnitude of the capacitive loads.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for sharing capacitance. The system may include a first electronic entity with a capacitor having capacitance. The system may further include a switched path in the first electronic entity. The switched path may have a first switched position in which the switched path provides the capacitance to a voltage using device in first electronic entity. The switched path may also have a second switched position in which the switched path provides the capacitance to a second electronic entity. The switched path may also have a third switched position in which the switched path provides the capacitance to both the voltage-using device in the first electronic entity and the second electronic entity.

Abstract: A variable capacitance circuit includes a plurality of variable capacitance elements (varicaps) each having the capacitance value controlled in accordance with the inter-terminal voltage applied between the terminals of the variable capacitance element and connected in parallel to each other, has the combined capacitance value of the plurality of variable capacitance elements variable taking a predetermined capacitance value as a base, sets the inter-terminal voltage of at least one of the plurality of variable capacitance elements to a first voltage as a variable voltage, and sets the inter-terminal voltage of the rest of the plurality of variable capacitance elements to a second voltage as a stationary voltage.

Abstract: An examination light apparatus including a touch-less control component that enables a user to control the apparatus without requiring physical contact between the user and the apparatus. The apparatus employs an LED control component that is configured to adapt its electrical interface to a variable quantity of light emitting diodes in order to interface with each of a plurality of lamp heads that each can include a unique arrangement and quantity of light emitting diodes. The light emitting diodes (LEDs) provide a high level of light quality, quantity and intensity (luminosity) while requiring low power consumption and low space and weight requirements and are employed without requiring a cooling fan. Uniform mechanical and electrical interfaces between the control component and other portions of the examination lamp provide for efficient and simple manufacturing of various examination light configurations.

Abstract: A variable capacitance circuit includes: a prescribed node, to which an alternate current signal with a reference potential as a center voltage is applied; a first capacitor connected to the prescribed node; a second capacitor connected between the first capacitor and the reference potential; a third capacitor and a transistor for controlling capacitance, provide between a first node between the second capacitor and the first capacitor, and the reference potential; and a bias circuit which applies a first bias voltage to a second node between the third capacitor and the transistor.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided that includes first and second ICs configured to communicate using a plurality of differential signal lines. The apparatus includes a common mode suppression circuit having a plurality of common mode voltage adjustment circuits, each configured to provide a low impedance path for common mode signals and a high impedance path for differential AC signaling, thereby suppressing the effect of common mode transients between the voltage domains. The plurality of common mode voltage adjustment circuits each have components that are impedance matched up to an impedance-tolerance specification. The common mode suppression circuit also includes an AC coupling circuit configured to be less dependent on impedance mismatch, beyond the impedance-tolerance specification, by cross coupling the impedance differentials from each of the differential signal lines through the AC coupling circuit and to one of the common mode voltage adjustment circuits.

Abstract: A stacked switched capacitor (SSC) energy buffer circuit includes a switching network and a plurality of energy storage capacitors. The switching network need operate at only a relatively low switching frequency and can take advantage of soft charging of the energy storage capacitors to reduce loss. Thus, efficiency of the SSC energy buffer circuit can be extremely high compared with the efficiency of other energy buffer circuits. Since circuits utilizing the SSC energy buffer architecture need not utilize electrolytic capacitors, circuits utilizing the SSC energy buffer architecture overcome limitations of energy buffers utilizing electrolytic capacitors. Circuits utilizing the SSC energy buffer architecture (without electrolytic capacitors) can achieve an effective energy density characteristic comparable to energy buffers utilizing electrolytic capacitors.

Abstract: The present invention provides a power system for a vehicle. The power system comprising a supercapacitor-like electronic battery that is connected to a battery charger. The battery charger provides energy to the supercapacitor-like electronic battery. A heater is operatively connected to the supercapacitor-like electronic battery to provide energy to heat the supercapacitor-like electronic battery thereby lowering the internal impedance of the supercapacitor-like electronic battery. A charging apparatus is operatively connected to the battery charger. A motor is operatively connected to the vehicle and the supercapacitor-like electronic battery. A feedback loop controller is operatively connected to the heater, the supercapacitor-like electronic battery and the motor.

Abstract: Several embodiments provide wireless irrigation control and related methods. In one implementation, an irrigation control system includes a transmitter unit including a controller and a connector to be coupled to an irrigation controller having station actuation output connectors. The controller is can receive an indication that the irrigation controller has activated an irrigation station, and can cause the transmitter unit to transmit a wireless activation signal responsive to the indication. A receiver unit is coupled to an actuator coupled to an actuatable device, such as an irrigation valve, the actuator configured to actuate the irrigation valve to control the flow of water therethrough. The receiver unit receives the wireless activation signal and in response, causes the actuator to actuate the actuatable device. In some implementations, the receiver unit includes a capacitor charging circuit and battery to power the receiver unit and drive and control a latching solenoid.