Abstract: Ion sources, systems and methods are disclosed. In some embodiments, the ion sources, systems and methods can exhibit relatively little undesired vibration and/or can sufficiently dampen undesired vibration. This can enhance performance (e.g., increase reliability, stability and the like). In certain embodiments, the ion sources, systems and methods can enhance the ability to make tips having desired physical attributes (e.g., the number of atoms on the apex of the tip). This can enhance performance (e.g., increase reliability, stability and the like).

Abstract: The invention relates to a spark gap comprising a number of series-connected individual spark gaps which are placed in a stack arrangement, which are spaced apart from each other by insulating material discs and are provided with a spring contact, the individual spark gaps including ring-shaped or disc-shaped electrodes, and further comprising control elements for influencing the voltage distribution over the stack arrangement. According to the invention the ring-shaped or disc-shaped electrodes required to form one of the respective individual spark gaps are each inserted into an insulating body and held by same in a centered manner. The respective insulating material discs are located between and fixed by the insulating bodies.

Abstract: The invention relates to a spark gap comprising a number of series-connected individual spark gaps which are placed in a stack arrangement, which are spaced apart from each other by insulating material discs and are provided with a spring contact, the individual spark gaps including ring-shaped or disc-shaped electrodes, and further comprising control elements for influencing the voltage distribution over the stack arrangement. According to the invention the ring-shaped or disc-shaped electrodes required to form one of the respective individual spark gaps are each inserted into an insulating body and held by same in a centered manner. The respective insulating material discs are located between and fixed by the insulating bodies.

Abstract: The invention relates to an ultraviolet radiation lamp. The lamp comprises a substantially sealed cavity comprising a mercury-containing material; a filament disposed in the sealed cavity; and an electrical control element in contact with the filament, the electrical control element configured to adjust or maintain a temperature of the mercury-containing material with respect to a prescribed temperature. Such a constructions allows the present ultraviolet radiation lamp to be operated at optimal efficiency without the need to use additional components to add heat to and/or remove heat from the mercury-containing material.

Abstract: A light emitting device package and a lighting system are provided. According to one embodiment, a functional substrate; at least one light emitting element bonded onto the functional substrate; and at least one design-in thermal detection unit built onto the functional substrate are provided, wherein the design-in thermal detection unit is proximate to the light emitting element, and wherein the design-in thermal detection unit is configured to detect the temperature and transmit a temperature signal. The design-in thermal detection unit may be an NTC thermistor based on a semiconductor substrate. A control system may be included to detect temperature and make any necessary current adjustments in order to maintain consistent performance of the light emitting element.

Abstract: A light emitting device package and a lighting system are provided. According to one embodiment, a functional substrate; at least one light emitting element bonded onto the functional substrate; and at least one design-in thermal detection unit built onto the functional substrate are provided, wherein the design-in thermal detection unit is proximate to the light emitting element, and wherein the design-in thermal detection unit is configured to detect the temperature and transmit a temperature signal. The design-in thermal detection unit may be an NTC thermistor based on a semiconductor substrate. A control system may be included to detect temperature and make any necessary current adjustments in order to maintain consistent performance of the light emitting element.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) structure, a manufacturing method thereof and a LED module are provided. The LED structure has temperature sensing function. The LED structure comprises a composite substrate and an LED. The composite substrate comprises a diode structure whose P-type semiconductor region or N-type semiconductor region has a predetermined doping concentration. The diode structure is a temperature sensor, and the sensitivity of the temperature sensor is based on the predetermined doping concentration. The LED is disposed on the composite substrate. The diode structure is used for sensing the heat emitted from the LED.

Abstract: A plasma display device includes a plasma display panel, a chassis disposed on the plasma display panel with a heat-conducting sheet in between, a small-signal processing circuit board disposed on a rear face of the chassis, a thermal sensor, a thermal sensor fixture for installing the thermal sensor, a front frame, and a back cover having a ventilation area with multiple ventilating holes. The thermal sensor fixture has a shielding wall around the thermal sensor and is disposed on a rear face of the small-signal processing circuit board. The thermal sensor is disposed at an intermediate position between the plasma display panel and the back cover at a position facing the back cover.

Abstract: An electronic tube and an improved system for actuating the electrodes and/or the heating of a tube and for determining the service life of a tube is provided. The electronic tube has an evacuated or gas-filled region, in which one or several electrodes as well as a device for measuring the temperature of one of the electrodes are arranged. The electrode temperature of a tube may be precisely determined with relatively little effort. The service life of the tube may be predicted more precisely. By monitoring the electrode temperature and correspondingly actuating the electrodes and/or the electrode heating, it is possible to keep the electrode temperature precisely to the desired value (target value).

Abstract: A flat light source unit includes a discharge tube including discharge channels and partitions formed between the discharge channels, a main electrode portion formed at first and second ends of the discharge channels, a sub-electrode portion connected to the main electrode portion, and a thermistor connected between the main electrode portion and the sub-electrode portion and having a resistance value which changes depending on temperature. There are also provided a method for manufacturing the flat light source unit, and a backlight assembly and a liquid crystal display (“LCD”) having the flat light source unit.

Abstract: A method for compensating for changes in output power or wavelength of an optical source with temperature. Many optical sources have power and/or wavelength variations with temperature which can be compensated by open- or closed-loop methods if a method of accurately measuring the optical source temperature is available. The voltage across a semiconductor junction varies with temperature. Measuring the optical source power or wavelength variation with temperature and tracking the voltage across the semiconductor junction provides a means for compensating an instrument for temperature induced optical output power or wavelength variations. An important field of application is optical density or turbidity measurements in cellular media.

Abstract: A heat controlled ultraviolet light apparatus includes a source of ultraviolet light, a cover, and a heating or cooling element that heats/cools the space or gap between the ultraviolet light source and the cover. Accordingly, the ultraviolet light source may be maintained at an optimal temperature thereby maximizing the efficiency of the ultraviolet light source in producing ultraviolet radiation. The apparatus may further include a temperature sensor and a control circuit to automatically control production of heat/cooling by the element based upon the ambient temperatures experienced by the ultraviolet light source during use. Methods are also provided for sanitizing heating and cooling coils of various devices such as an HVAC system, and cooling systems such as a refrigeration unit and an evaporative cooler.

Abstract: A beam-index-type cathode ray tube includes a vacuum tube defined by a panel and a funnel having a neck; a phosphor screen provided with index stripes to provide color selection, the phosphor screen being formed on an aluminum metal back layer; an electron gun mounted inside the neck to emit electron beams to the phosphor screen; a deflection yoke mounted around the neck; a light reception window provided on the funnel; a detector to generate an index electric signal by condensing index light generated from the index stripes through the light reception window; and an index circuit to transmit a signal obtained by synchronizing the index signal with a color signal. When a diagonal length on the outer surface of the funnel is “d”, the light reception window is provided at a location within a range of 0.1-0.3 d from a corner of a seal edge of the funnel.

Abstract: In a flash emitting device, a flash from the plurality of flash discharge lamps is emitted on a work piece. The flash emitting device has a plurality of flash discharge lamps arranged in parallel including side flash discharge lamps located on sides of the flash emitting device and center flash discharge lamps located at the center portion of the flash emitting device, side main condensers, each of which is connected to one of the side flash discharge lamps, and center main condensers, each of which is connected to one of the center flash discharge lamps, wherein a voltage to which the side main condensers is charged is higher than that to which the center main condensers are charged.

Abstract: A temperature sensor in which a thermocouple is embedded in a front end of a center electrode of a spark plug, the front end of which is disposed in a combustion chamber of an internal engine, and including a digital-optical converter which is arranged to convert the potential of the thermocouple into an optical output representing the temperature of the spark plug. A connector is arranged to be removably connected to a receptacle in the digital-optical converter. The connector has a pair of contacts which are adapted to energize the digital-optical converter when the connector is electrically connected to the receptacle.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring the temperature of the insulator tip of a spark plug being operated in an internal combustion engine. A thermocouple is embedded in the surface of the insulator tip adjacent the spark gap for sensing temperature. The output of the thermocouple is connected through an electro-optical ignition voltage isolation circuit to circuitry which maintains a substantially constant temperature signal during the time interval that ignition voltage is applied to fire the spark plug. The temperature signal may drive a temperature indicating display or devices such as chart or tape recorders to produce records which may be used in analyzing either operation of the spark plug or combustion.