Abstract: A titanium oxide-based supercapacitor electrode material and a method of manufacturing same. A reactive substance of the titanium oxide-based supercapacitor electrode material is a conductive titanium oxide. The conductive titanium oxide is a sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide, reduced titanium dioxide, or doped reduced titanium dioxide obtained by further doping an element in reduced titanium dioxide. The titanium oxide-based supercapacitor electrode material has a carrier concentration greater than 1018 cm?3, and the titanium oxide-based supercapacitor electrode material has a specific capacitance 20 F/g to 1,740 F/g at a charge/discharge current of 1 A/g.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an X-ray tube includes an anode target, a cathode including a filament and a convergence electrode which includes a groove portion, and an envelope. The groove portion includes a pair of first bottom surfaces which are located in the same plane as the filament and between which the filament is interposed in a width direction of the groove portion, and a pair of second bottom surfaces between which the filament and the pair of first bottom surfaces are interposed in a length direction of the groove portion and which are located closer to an opening of the groove portion than the pair of first bottom surfaces.

Abstract: A magnetron cathode comprises electron emissive material included in a cathode body and a support structure for supporting the cathode body. The support structure has a longitudinal axis and includes a first part having a first cylinder integrally formed with a first end hat and a second part having a second cylinder integrally formed with a second end hat. The first cylinder and the second cylinder have an overlapping region in the longitudinal axial direction and are joined together. The cathode body is located around the first cylinder of the first part of the support structure and is joined to the first cylinder by a brazed joint. The outer surface of the first cylinder is grooved at the brazed joint.

Abstract: A field emission panel is provided. The field emission panel includes a first substrate and a second substrate, a sealing member and a plurality of spaces which are disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, a plurality of concave portions which are formed on a surface of the first substrate, a plurality of cathode electrodes which are disposed within each of the plurality of concave portions, a plurality of field emission materials which are disposed on each of the cathode electrodes, a plurality of gate electrodes which are fixed to areas of the surface of the first substrate which separate the concave portions of the first substrate with a gap therebetween, a light emission unit which is disposed on the second substrate, and a charging prevention resistance unit which is disposed on the first substrate, on a gap between a pair of gate electrodes.

Abstract: Cathodoluminescent field emission display devices feature phosphor biasing, amplification material layers for secondary electron emissions, oxide secondary emission enhancement layers, and ion barrier layers of silicon nitride, to provide high-efficiency, high-brightness field emission displays with improved operating characteristics and durability. The amplification materials include copper-barium, copper-beryllium, gold-barium, gold-calcium, silver-magnesium and tungsten-barium-gold, and other high amplification factor materials fashioned to produce high-level secondary electron emissions within a field emission display device. For enhanced secondary electron emissions, an amplification material layer can be coated with a near mono-molecular film consisting essentially of an oxide of barium, beryllium, calcium, magnesium or strontium.

Abstract: Cathodoluminescent field emission display devices feature phosphor biasing, amplification material layers for secondary electron emissions, oxide secondary emission enhancement layers, and ion barrier layers of silicon nitride, to provide high-efficiency, high-brightness field emission displays with improved operating characteristics and durability. The amplification materials include copper-barium, copper-beryllium, gold-barium, gold-calcium, silver-magnesium and tungsten-barium-gold, and other high amplification factor materials fashioned to produce high-level secondary electron emissions within a field emission display device. For enhanced secondary electron emissions, an amplification material layer can be coated with a near mono-molecular film consisting essentially of an oxide of barium, beryllium, calcium, magnesium or strontium.

Abstract: Cathodoluminescent field emission display devices feature phosphor biasing, amplification material layers for secondary electron emissions, oxide secondary emission enhancement layers, and ion barrier layers of silicon nitride, to provide high-efficiency, high-brightness field emission displays with improved operating characteristics and durability. The amplification materials include copper-barium, copper-beryllium, gold-barium, gold-calcium, silver-magnesium and tungsten-barium-gold, and other high amplification factor materials fashioned to produce high-level secondary electron emissions within a field emission display device. For enhanced secondary electron emissions, an amplification material layer can be coated with a near mono-molecular film consisting essentially of an oxide of barium, beryllium, calcium, magnesium or strontium.

Abstract: A diamond-like carbon-containing material useful as a coating for electronic devices including field emission devices and color television tubes, the coatings having both low secondary electron emission coefficients of less than unity and electrical resistivity tunable over a range of from about 10 e.sup.-2 to about 10 e.sup.16.

Abstract: Cathodoluminescent field emission display devices feature phosphor biasing, amplification material layers for secondary electron emissions, oxide secondary emission enhancement layers, and ion barrier layers of silicon nitride, to provide high-efficiency, high-brightness field emission displays with improved operating characteristics and durability. The amplification materials include copper-barium, copper-beryllium, gold-barium, gold-calcium, silver-magnesium and tungsten-barium-gold, and other high amplification factor materials fashioned to produce high-level secondary electron emissions within a field emission display device. For enhanced secondary electron emissions, an amplification material layer can be coated with a near mono-molecular film consisting essentially of an oxide of barium, beryllium, calcium, magnesium or strontium.

Abstract: In an image intensifier tube comprising a photosensitive layer an insulating wall portion is coated with a layer of chromium oxide which is deposited in the form of a chromium nitrate layer which is subsequently baked at a temperature of approximately 525.degree. C. A thin, suitably adhesive, uniform and transparent coating layer having a comparatively high resistance value is thus achieved.

Abstract: Metal parts of an image intensifier tube which are exposed to a high voltage are coated with a layer of aluminum phosphate glass in order to preclude local discharge phenomena; the aluminum phosphate glass can be deposited in a thin, uniform layer already at a comparatively low flow temperature. Because the layer is thin, it is not necessary to take into account differences in coefficients of expansion, so that a high degree of freedom is achieved as regards the choice of materials for the metal parts.

Abstract: In order to reduce contrast degradation in an electrostatically scanned flat cathode ray tube having a channel plate electron multiplier, due to back-scattered electrons entering channels remote from their origin, a coating of a material having a low back-scatter coefficient is applied over the input of the electron multiplier between the apertures therein. The surface texture of the material should be microscopically rough. The material can be applied to the first dynode or to an electrode electrically and physically connected to the first dynode. The acceptance angle of the channel plate electron multiplier may also be restricted.

Abstract: In an electron tube sealing structure, a cylindrical insulator is metallized to produce metallized layers on both end surfaces, and sealing metal members are soldered to the metallized layers correspondingly, so that a vacuum chamber is provided in the interior of the cylindrical insulator. The cylindrical insulator is provided with at least one salient portion at an inner end thereof. The salient portion is parallel to a direction of an electric field produced by a voltage applied across the sealing metal members, and shields one of the metallized layers which is positioned on the side of a negative electrode in regard to the vacuum chamber, so that the emission of electrons is avoided from the corresponding metallized layer to prevent a creeping discharge from being induced on the inner surface of the cylindrical insulator.

Abstract: A flat cathode ray display tube has an envelope divided into front and rear portions by a partition carrying frame deflection electrodes with an electron gun (30) and line scanning deflector positioned in the rear portion, the electron beam being directed initially parallel to a flat faceplate of the envelope, turned through 180.degree. by a reversing lens into the front portion and then deflected by electrodes towards a screen on the faceplate. In addition to the electrodes, other components are also mounted on the partition forming a sub-assembly whereby correct mutual positioning is ensured and assembly facilitated. A spacing structure accurately spaces the sub-assembly from the faceplate and supports also an electron multiplier for beam current amplication.

Abstract: An electron discharge device, such as a photomultiplier tube, has an evacuated envelope with an alkali-antimonide photoemissive cathode therein. A thermionic emission-reduction coating is disposed within the envelope. The coating alloys with the constituents of the photoemissive cathode to reduce thermionic emission. The thermionic emission reduction coating is formed preferably of indium; however, indium oxide may also be used.

Abstract: A very thin layer of highly textured carbon is applied to a copper surface by a triode sputtering process. A carbon target 10 and a copper substrate 12 are simultaneously exposed to an argon plasma 14 in a vacuum chamber.The resulting carbon surface is characterized by a dense, random array of needle-like spires or peaks which extend perpendicularly from the copper surface. The coated copper is especially useful for electrode plates in multistage depressed collectors.

Abstract: In a channel plate electron multiplier having a stack of perforated conducting sheet dynodes insulated from one another, electrons incident on the input face of the stack which do not enter the channels give rise to unwanted secondary electrons which move transverse to the channels in the space in front of the stack. These secondary electrons enter channels remote from the point of incidence and thereby degrade the definition and contrast of an electron image transmitted by the channel plate. A layer of material having a low secondary electron emission, which may be on a sheet carrier, is provided on the stack input face.

Abstract: A specially textured surface of pyrolytic graphite exhibits extremely low yields of secondary electrons and reduced numbers of reflected primary electrons after impingement of high energy primary electrons. Electrode plates of this material are used in multistage depressed collectors.An ion flux having an energy between 500 eV and 1000 eV and a current density between 1.0 mA/cm.sup.2 and 6.0 mA/cm.sup.2 produces surface roughening or texturing which is in the form of needles or spires.Such textured surfaces are especially useful as anode collector plates in high efficiency electron tube devices.

Abstract: A secondary electron multiplication target includes first and second porous layers laminated on a signal electrode. The first porous layer is formed of MgF.sub.2 which, having a high secondary electron emitting ratio and a dielectric constant of 6 or less, produces a great number of secondary electrons in response to photoelectrons incident thereupon across the signal electrode. The second porous layer is formed of carbon which has a low secondary electron emitting ratio and hence a high crossover potential, as well as a dielectric constant of 6 or less.

Abstract: A specially textured surface of pyrolytic graphite exhibits extremely low yields of secondary electrons and reduced numbers of reflected primary electrons after impingement of high energy primary electrons.An ion flux having an energy between 500 eV and 1000 eV and a current density between 1.0 mA/cm.sup.2 and 6.0 mA/cm.sup.2 produces surface roughening or texturing which is in the form of needles or spines.Such textured surfaces are especially useful as anode collector plates in high efficiency electron tube devices.

Abstract: In an electron gun having a control grid in contact with the face of the cathode, unwanted thermionic emission from the cathode can be effectively suppressed by applying a thin (1 micron) coating of boron nitride to the surface of the control grid. The boron nitride has low thermionic emission itself and, in addition, has an unusual ability to shed or eliminate any deposits of emissive material such as barium or its oxides which come in contact with the boron nitride layer. For optimum performance and longest lifetime, the boron nitride layer is applied over a pyrolytic graphite layer which may be the conductive grid itself.

Abstract: A multi-arrayed electron emitter for microwave tubes in which the emitting urface is an array of continually replenished low-work-function regions, (micro-patches), whose boundaries include a control grid which is integral with the cathode surface and which controls emission from the low-work-function micro-patches. The continually replenished low-work-function regions are uniformly positioned relative to a matrix of uniformly spaced openings through which the low-work-function material is released.

Abstract: The variety of technologies that have been applied in the development of a onded grid cathode are described. These include chemical vapor deposition of tungsten, molybdenum, iridium, BM, and Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 on both sides of a sintered tungsten cathode disk. Zirconium and titanium getters have been used to eliminate nitrogen evolution problems. Films of Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 have been added to the insulation to prevent calcium and barium diffusion into the layer and maintain adequate resistivity and breakdown strength. Plasma etching was introduced as a method of removing Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 from the cathode pores.

Abstract: Secondary electrons emitted from an electron-collecting electrode of a vacuum tube degrade the performance. Emission of high-speed secondaries is reduced by coating the electron-collecting surface with a material of low atomic number. Emission of low-speed secondaries is a less predictable function of the surface material and structure. The invention comprises a coating of aluminum boride or similar substance, which has low secondary emission and is also easy to outgas.

Abstract: Applying a thin film coating to the surface of a workpiece, in particular, applying a coating of titanium nitride to a klystron window by means of a crossed-field diode sputtering array. The array is comprised of a cohesive group of numerous small hollow electrically conducting cylinders and is mounted so that the open ends of the cylinders on one side of the group are adjacent a titanium cathode plate. The workpiece is mounted so as to face the open ends of the other side of the group. A magnetic field is applied to the array so as to be coaxial with the cylinders and a potential is applied across the cylinders and the cathode plate, the cylinders as an anode being positive with respect to the cathode plate.

Abstract: An accelerator for charged particles comprising: a vacuum tight chamber, means for producing a beam of particles, and means for inhibiting secondary emission. The means for inhibiting secondary emission comprises outwardly extending wedge-shaped members covering the inner walls of the vacuum chamber. The outwardly facing surfaces of the wedge-shaped members are covered with a nonevaporable getter metal.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp having two opposite electrodes, wire probes located near the electrodes for collecting electrons during the positive half-cycle on an electrode, and a coating of a dielectric material, such as boron nitride, on each probe for storing some collected electrons and attracting a part of positive ions during the negative half-cycle.

Abstract: In a magnetron comprising a cathode electrode, an anode electrode surrounding the cathode electrode and end shields mounted on the opposite ends of the cathode electrode, the inner surfaces of one or both end shields are provided with thin layers of a powder of tungsten, molybdenum, or alloys thereof.