Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a liquid anode radiation source (10) having the ability of turning upside down. The liquid anode radiation source (10) comprises a body (12) equipped with inlet and outlet having a wall (15) limiting the anode space (17), where the outlet connected to the inlet outside the body (12) will define a continuous flow path closing through the body, the inlet has a wall limiting an internal cross-section changing towards the anode space (17), wherein the cross-section of the inlet a deflector (11) is arranged in a position free of contacting the wall, filling out the cross-section partially and movable to the direction perpendicular to the cross-section; the liquid anode material (14) arranged in the flow path; the circulation unit inserted in the flow path in such a way that it can ensure the unidirectional movement of the anode material in the flow path.

Abstract: A magneto-plasma-dynamic (MPD) generator, comprising: a conveying duct shaped for conveying a high velocity, conductive fluid; a magnetic field generator arranged to generate a magnetic field across the conveying duct, substantially perpendicular to the direction of travel of the fluid, such that the fluid passes through the magnetic field (2) when conveyed by the duct; electrodes provided in the conveying duct to conduct a current induced in the fluid as it is conveyed by the conveying duct through the magnetic field; and an electrode supplying mechanism configured to supply a conductive liquid for replenishing the electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a DBD lamp used in fluid treatment systems, where the irradiated fluid is used as a low voltage outer electrode instead of a metallic wire mesh. This fluid is in direct contact with the lamp envelope which acts as a two-fold advantage. First, the fluid acts as a strong built-in cooling source. This allows the lamp to be driven at high voltage without forced cooling. Second, the replacement of the wire mesh as the outer electrode by fluid as well as the sleeve eliminates the absorption of radiation from the outer surface of the DBD-driven light source which more than doubles the efficiency of the DBD-driven light source. The inner high voltage electrode remains in the center of the coaxial tube assembly and provides high voltage across the gas to generate excimer formation.

Abstract: A large-area liquid ion source comprises means for generating, over a large area of the surface of a liquid, an electric field of a strength sufficient to induce emission of ions from a large area of said liquid. Large areas in this context are those distinct from emitting areas in unidimensional emitters.

Abstract: A field-emission ion source in which, under the influence of an electric field, ions are released from a metal or metal alloy present in an enclosed space in the liquid state. The ions are emitted from this space through a very narrow slit. This slit may be straight or curved. The field-emission ion source can be used in an ion thruster apparatus comprising an emitter module, an electrode system, and a power supply unit. A plurality of emitter modules can be combined to form an ion thruster apparatus having a greater ion current output. Instead of a liquid metal as the propellant, a metal in the solid phase can be supplied to the emitter module, which metal is melted in the emitter module.