Abstract: To stabilize an emitted electron beam, a thermoelectric field emission electron source includes: an electron source having a needle shape; a metal wire to which the electron source is fixed and configured to heat the electron source; a stem fixed to an insulator and configured to energize the metal wire; a first electrode having a first opening portion and arranged such that a tip of the electron source protrudes from the first opening portion; a second electrode having a second opening portion; and an insulating body configured to position the first electrode and the second electrode such that a central axis of the first opening portion and a central axis of the second opening portion coincide with each other, and to provide electrical insulation between the first and second electrodes, so as to provide a structure that reduces an amount of gas released when the first electrode is heated.

Abstract: In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, an end-Hall ion source has an electron emitting cathode, an anode, a reflector, an internal pole piece, an external pole piece, a magnetically permeable path, and a magnetic-field generating means located in the permeable path between the two pole pieces. The anode and reflector are enclosed without contact by a thermally conductive cup that has internal passages through which a cooling fluid can flow. The closed end of the cup is located between the reflector and the internal pole piece and the opposite end of the cup is in direct contact with the external pole piece, and wherein the cup is made of a material having a low microhardness, such as copper or aluminum.

Abstract: Increasing the volume or weight of zirconia which is a diffusion and supply source, to extend the life of a field-emission type electron source causes a problem that the diffusion and supply source itself or a tungsten needle is easily subjected to damage. As another problem, although it is considered to form the diffusion and supply source using a thin film to avoid the above-described problem, it is difficult to stably obtain practical life exceeding 8,000 hours. It has been found that practical life exceeding 8,000 hours is stably obtained by providing a field-emission type electron source that has no chips or cracks in a diffusion and supply source and that can extend life with a little bit of an increase in the amount of the diffusion and supply source.

Abstract: A flat filament includes a first electron emission surface, a first current supply leg, a second current supply leg, a second electron emission surface disposed laterally of the first electron emission surface and connected to a first end region of the first electron emission surface, a third current supply leg, a third electron emission surface disposed laterally of the first electron emission surface, opposite from the second electron emission surface, and connected to a second end region of the first electron emission surface, and a fourth current supply leg.

Abstract: An improved cathode comprises a cone-shaped emitter with a carbon-based coating applied to the emitter cone surface, in which there is a narrow annular gap between the emitter body and the carbon coating. The gap prevents direct contact between the carbon coating and the crystalline emitting material, thereby preventing damaging interactions and extending the useful lifetime of the cathode.

Abstract: A laser excitation lamp has a discharge tube and a hot cathode in the shape of a pin. The gas space is reduced in the region of the pin cathode. A method is also provided for production of the lamp, in which the gas space or the free cross section around the cathode is reduced by another processing step. The laser excitation lamp may be used as a pumping light source for lasing media.

Abstract: Ferroelectric, pyroelectric and piezoelectric crystals are used to generate spatially localized high energy (up to and exceeding 100 keV) electron and ion beams, which may be used in a wide variety of applications including pulsed neutron generation, therapeutic X-ray/electron devices, elemental analysis, local scanning chemical analysis, high energy scanning microscopy, point source compact transmission electron microscopy, compact ion beam sources, positron sources, micro-thrusters for ion engines, and improved fusion efficiency especially of the Farnsworth type. The high-energy emission can be created by simply heating the material or by application of external coercive electromagnetic and acoustic fields.

Abstract: A light emission device and a display device having the light emission device are provided. The light emission device includes first and second substrates that are arranged to face each other, an electron emission unit that is located on a first surface of the first substrate facing the second substrate and has electron emission regions and driving electrodes, a light emission unit that is located on a surface of the second substrate and has an anode electrode and one or more phosphor layers, and a surface heat generation unit that is located on a second surface (or outer surface) of the first substrate facing away from the second substrate to control a temperature of the first substrate using a resistive layer having a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) property.

Abstract: It is possible to prolong service life of a discharge lamp of hot-cathode type and to reduce a diameter thereof. A discharge lamp 1 is provided with an electrode 3. The electrode 3 has a heater 4 made up a coil portion 4a, and a first lead wire portion 4b and a second lead wire portion 4c that respectively extend from rear ends of this coil portion 4a and applied by an electron emission material 3a. In the electrode 3, a first lead-in wires 6a is connected to the first lead wire portion 4b and a second lead-in wires 6b is connected to the second lead wire portion 4c, so that the coil portion 4a is arranged vertically along the tube axis of the glass tube 2. The electrode 3 is also provided a sleeve 7 covering surrounding of the coil portion 4a and having openings in the faces respectively opposite to the forward end and rear end of the coil portion 4a. An open end 7a of the sleeve 7 exceeds a forward end of the coil portion 4a, thereby protecting the coil portion 4a.

Abstract: The present invention includes an electrode having a filament with the end of each lead wire connected to each end of the filament, a cylindrical glass tube in which the electrode is provided, and a thermal fuse which is electrically connected to the lead wires in series, and is provided near the electrode on an outer peripheral surface of the glass tube, wherein, when a position on the outer peripheral surface of the glass tube which extends in a radial direction of the glass tube from a connecting portion of the filament and the lead wire, serve as a reference position, in case where the diameter of the glass tube is 8 mm or more, the thermal fuse is arranged at a distance of 1.5 mm or less from the reference position in the longitudinal direction of the glass tube.

Abstract: A hot-cathode fluorescent lamp includes a pair of filament coils (4) at the respective ends of a glass bulb. Each filament coil (4) has a coiled portion (4a) coated with an electron emissive material. Each coiled portion is covered by a heat-resistant sleeves (7). At least a region of the inner circumferential surface of the sleeve is electrically insulating. The insulating region prevents a short circuit between the coiled portion of the filament coil and the inner circumferential surface of the sleeve that would otherwise occur upon lighting. Occurrence of such a short circuit would cause lighting to start without the coil portion being sufficiently pre-heated, which results in excessive sputtering of the electron emissive material to shorten the lamp life.

Abstract: An energy converter according to the present invention includes a heat source (radiator 1), which receives externally applied energy and raises its temperature, thereby emitting electromagnetic radiations, and a radiation cut portion (mesh 2) for cutting down infrared radiations, of which the wavelengths are longer than a predetermined wavelength. The mesh 2 is a woven or knitted mesh of metal wires. The openings of the woven or knitted mesh have an aperture size that is smaller than the predetermined wavelength.

Abstract: A cathode structure comprises a heater including a columnar ceramic body and a heating wire that is partially buried in the ceramic body, and a cathode unit disposed at a first end surface of the ceramic body. The heating wire leads out from a second end surface of the ceramic body.

Abstract: The present invention provides a field emission electron gun and its operating method. The field emission electron gun includes: an electron source including a fibrous carbon substance and a conductive base material for supporting the substance; a drawer device for causing electrons to be emitted by field emission; an accelerator for accelerating the electrons; and a means for heating the electron source. In the electron gun, the electron source is heated and held at the heating temperature before field emission, and thereafter the lowest heating temperature causing a range of fluctuation in the field emission current to fall within a predetermined value is adjusted when needed. By employing the electron gun and its operating method of the present invention, provided are various electron beam applied apparatuses each capable of continuously operating for a long time while being low in noise and high in resolution.

Abstract: The invention concerns the electronic amplifier tubes operating at radio-frequency. The electronic tube includes a long tubular sleeve containing an electron beam, a housing supporting the sleeve mechanically, and means to provide heat transfer from the sleeve to the housing to cool the sleeve. The means to provide the heat transfer include a resin filling a free volume located between the sleeve and the housing.

Abstract: An infrared lamp with a closed-off enveloping tube which encloses an emission source joined with contacts for a power supply in the form of a carbon ribbon which, extending in a direction of a long axis of the enveloping tube, determines an irradiation length of the infrared lamp in the sense of a higher irradiation output. The carbon ribbon has a length which is larger than the irradiation length by a factor of at least 1.5. With a procedure for heating a material to be processed using the infrared lamp, which makes possible short processing times in connection with a simultaneous high degree of energy efficiency, the infrared lamp may be operated such that its maximum emission lies within a wavelength range from 1.8 &mgr;m to 2.9 &mgr;m, and such that its power output comes to at least 15 Watts per cm3 of the volume enclosed by the enveloping tube over the irradiation length.

Abstract: In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the ion-beam apparatus takes the form of a gridless ion source with a hot-filament cathode-neutralizer, in which the hot filament is heated with a current from the cathode-neutralizer heater. The cathode-neutralizer is connected to the negative terminal of the discharge supply for the gridless ion source. This connection is substantially isolated from ground (the potential of the surrounding vacuum chamber, which is usually at earth ground) and its potential is measured relative to ground. The heater current to the cathode-neutralizer is controlled by adjusting it so as to maintain this potential in a narrow operating range. This control can be manual or automatic.

Abstract: A cathode ray tube has an electron gun including an indirectly heated cathode structure having a heater therein. The heater has a major heating portion formed of a spirally wound heating wire and two leg portions connected to opposite ends of the major heating portion. The two leg portions are welded to electrical conductors for applying voltages thereto at portions in the vicinity of open ends of the two leg portions, respectively, and the heater is covered with an insulating film except for the portions for welding. The two leg portions includes at least five layers of winding formed by spirally winding heating wires identical with the heating wire of the major heating portion, and the numbers of turns per unit length in each of the at least five layers of winding are smaller than a number of turns per unit length of the heating wire of the major heating portion.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp lighting apparatus includes a fluorescent light emitting tube; and an electronic lighting circuit for applying an electric current to the fluorescent light emitting tube. The electronic lighting circuit includes a pair of electrode filaments provided in the fluorescent light emitting tube, a pair of capacitors each connected in series to a respective one of the pair of electrode filaments and connected parallel to the fluorescent light emitting tube, and an inductor connected in series to one of the pair of electrode filaments.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a Christmas bulb structure, which is provided with a pair of conducting wire in the bulb and one filament and two or more fuses connecting with the two conducting wires in parallel. It increases the well rate of the assembled light string and prevents the bulb from broken caused of the filament being burned out. And also it lengthens the used period of the bulb and the light string.

Abstract: A traffic lamp has a helical coil filament arranged in a pattern with no angles or sharp bends and with each convolution of the coil substantially tangent to the focal plane of the lamp. The filament may be generally in the pattern of the lower case Greek letter Omega and is supported on seven support wires, so that the same filament length can be used for both 120-volt and 240-volt applications. In one embodiment, the lamp has two filaments arranged as arcs of a common circle lying substantially in the focal plane, each arc being supported on three support wires, the filaments being respectively connected in series with diodes so that the filaments respectively conduct on alternate half cycles of the AC source voltage.

Abstract: A cathode ray tube include phosphor screen and an electron gun. The electron gun includes an indirectly heated cathode structure and plural grid electrodes arranged in axially spaced relationship. The cathode structure includes a base metal having an electron emissive material coating and a heater for heating the base metal. The heater includes a major heating portion having a spirally wound heating wire and a pair of leg portions connected to opposite ends of the major heating portion. The major heating portion and an inner portion of each of the leg portions on a major-heating-portion side thereof are covered with an insulating coating, and the heater is welded to electrical conductors for applying a voltage thereto at an outer portion of each of the leg portions, the outer portion not being covered with the insulating coating.

Abstract: A cathode ray tube includes a phosphor screen and an electron gun. The electron gun includes an indirectly heated cathode structure and plural grid electrodes in axially spaced relationship. The cathode structure includes a cap-shaped base metal having an electron emissive material coating and a heater for heating the cap-shaped base metal. The heater includes a major heating portion having a spirally wound heating wire and leg portions, and each of the leg portions includes a first multilayer winding portion having heating wires wound spirally in plural layers and a second multilayer winding portion intermediate between the major heating portion and the first multilayer winding portion and having heating wires wound in plural layers.

Abstract: An annulus fluorescent lamp comprises two annulus fluorescent tubes formed into shapes having different diameters and disposed substantially concentrically in substantially the same plane. Each of the annulus fluorescent tubes has a first end with an electrode seal portion and a second end without electrodes. The second ends of the annulus fluorescent tubes are communicated with each other via a bridge portion so that a single discharge path is formed inside the plurality of annulus fluorescent tubes. The annulus fluorescent lamp also comprises a mouthpiece covering the first and second ends of the annulus fluorescent tubes, and a thermal fuse disposed in the mouthpiece and close to the electrode seal portion of the annulus fluorescent tubes. The thermal fuse is connected electrically between one of outer lead wires of the electrodes and one of lead terminals fixed to the mouthpiece.

Abstract: A display has a matrix array of cells formed in a silicon plate and each containing a tungsten strip filament. The cells are filled with a halogen gas and are sealed by a double-glazed window with an infra-red reflecting filter to reflect heat back into the cell while allowing the transmission of visible radiation. The rear of the plate is treated to make it microporous and reduce its thermal conductivity.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electron gun cathode for CRTs including a sleeve, on which a cap having an electromagnetic radiation matter applied on its upper face, is fixed. A sleeve supporter that supports and is merged with this sleeve is inserted in the holder and, thus, securely fixed. Also, a number of through holes are formed in the circumference of the holder.

Abstract: A heater for an indirectly heated vacuum tube cathode is formed of anisotropic pyrolytic graphite in which current passes through the graphite in the "c" direction.

Abstract: An electron tube includes a cathode structure which has a hollow cylindrical sleeve having a heater mounted within the sleeve. There is a cathode cap disposed at the top of the sleeve to contain an electron emission material. A hollow cylindrical cathode holder is used for supporting the sleeve. A unitary support interconnects the sleeve and the holder and has formed in its outer peripheral wall a plurality of circumferentially spaced through holes for preventing deformation of the support.

Abstract: A cathode structure for supporting a cathode sleeve of a cathode ray tube includes a plurality of metal ribbons for supporting the cathode sleeve, where one end of a ribbon is fixed to an upper end of the cathode sleeve and the other end of the same ribbon is fixed to an upper end of a cathode holder, that allows thermal expansion of the cathode sleeve to occur towards the cathode holder, and maintain a constant distance between a cathode cup on the cathode sleeve and a first electrode of an electron gun.

Abstract: In the electron beam generator cooling is provided by the electrical conductors of the incandescent cathode and control electrode which are configured as heat bridges and connected to cooling plates in the interior of the high-voltage insulator which in turn are connected in a heat-conducting manner to a pot-shaped cooling body. The cooling body, configured as part of a capsule for accommodating circuitry for the control of the electron beam generator, is surrounded by a heat exchanger which is connected to a cooling circuit and is at ground potential, and is insulated from the cooling body by a wall of the high-voltage insulator.

Abstract: Problems of thermal resistance of the anode of an x-ray tube are solved by constructing a flat cathode which is set within a stair-step focusing device. It is shown that, depending on the shape of this device, the heat output on the anode is limited by a saturation value which is lower than a limit of thermal resistance of the x-ray tube. In order to improve the thermal resistance of the cathode, a cathode is constructed in the form of a hollow beam. This ensures rigidity of the cathode which is inherent in its beam shape without being attended by the disadvantages of excessive thermal inertia.

Abstract: An indirectly heated type cathode assembly comprises a cathode sleeve having a heater within itself and having an emitter-impregnated type cathode disc fitted at one end, a plurality of straps connected at one end to a lower end portion of the cathode sleeve, and a cylinder holder whose upper end is connected to the other end of each strap, the holder being located outside the cathode sleeve such that it is spaced a predetermined distance apart from the cathode sleeve. A heat reflecting cylinder is located between the cathode sleeve and the holder of the indirectly heated type cathode assembly such that it is coaxial with the cathode sleeve and holder. The heat reflecting cylinder is supported by the holder and each strap extends such that it is not in contact with the heat reflecting cylinder. The strap is made of a Ta-W alloy or a Ta-W-Hf alloy.

Abstract: In order to bring a high power vacuum tube to full power in a few seconds, it is necessary to heat the cathode quickly to 1100.degree. C. In large tubes, prior art structures cannot be simply enlarged. A novel cathode structure in which the heater element is anisotropic pyrolytic graphite coated with anisotropic pyrolytic boron nitride for insulation and then sintered to the cathode avoids these problems.

Abstract: In order to avoid undesired variations in the emission current intensity of a clamping device for a thermally emitting cathode tip constructed from pyrolytice graphite, a resilient coupling compensating the thermal stresses n the graphite is provided in an electron beam apparatus.

Abstract: A hot-cathode type low-pressure rare gas discharge lamp comprises electrodes each of which operate as hot cathode during lighting and which is heated at a temperature ranging from 800.degree. C. to 1200.degree. C., whereby the lamp with an ordinary simple construction can be improved in luminance distribution characteristics, without any loss in life characteristic, and can be put to practical use as an ideal luminous light source for office automation equipment.

Abstract: A thermionic hairpin cathode with a long operating life is made of a high melting metal wire, in which the temperature distribution along the legs is influenced either by locally increasing the radiation at a distance of 10 to 50% of the leg length from the crown or by decreasing the radiation in the immediate vicinity of the crown without changing the wire legs, possibly also by combining both measures, so that by increasing the temperature gradient in the crown region the maximum temperature is shifted close to or at the emission center.

Abstract: A cooling system for a screen grid electron tube such as a high power, high frequency transmitter tetrode which has coaxial formed electrodes and bushings and has an air cool screen grid terminal formed of two angular screen grid terminal elements 1 and 2 spaced from each other in the axial direction together with their bushings 3 and 4 so as to form a cooling air coaxial passage 7 so as to cool the screen grid terminal elements 1 and 2.

Abstract: A preferably fully impregnated dispenser cathode member or the like forming part of an electron tube, electron beam generator or the like is initially heated by any suitable means to a temperature sufficient for low level electron emission from its rear surface. A hot plate member of preferably equal size is disposed behind the cathode and can either be part of or the means for initially heating the cathode member or it can be heated with the cathode member to the aforementioned cathode member's rear surface low level emission temperature. A sustainer voltage is applied between the cathode member and the hot plate member sufficient to draw a current comprising electron flow from the cathode member to the hot plate member across the space separating them.

Abstract: A heater and support structure for a line cathode includes heater electrodes and an S-shaped cathode support member arranged between the heater electrodes. The heater electrodes and the S-shaped support member have a higher resistance than the cathode and thus heat flows into the cathode to compensate for heat radiation losses and the support compensates for thermal expansion to retain the cathode at a substantially constant position.

Abstract: In a cathode for a heavy-duty electron tube, the cathode wires (5) lying on the surface (11) of a cylinder between two rigidly constructed connector rings (7, 8) have the form of a surface line with changing pitch. The cathode wires are connected by a support ring (6). The thermal expansion of the cathode wires during operation results only in a shifting on the surface (11). In this manner the cylindrical shape of the cathode and thus the distance to the control grid are maintained without the expensive spring suspension device used in the cage cathode.

Abstract: An incandescent lamp utilizing an etalon type transparent heat mirror on the lamp envelope for transmitting radiation in the visible range produced by the lamp filament and reflecting infrared thermal radiation back to the filament for increasing its temperature and thereby increasing its efficiency.

Abstract: A cathode assembly for cathode-ray tube which comprises a cathode sleeve with a blackened surface, a first cylindrical reflective member fixedly put on the top end portion of the cathode sleeve with a fixing point therebetween and having one end portion closed up with a metal substrate, and a second cylindrical reflective member attached to the cathode sleeve by means of support members so as to be on the same axis with the cathode sleeve and having a diameter greater than that of the cathode sleeve, both the first and second cylindrical reflective members being provided for reflecting radiant heat from the cathode sleeve, and the length of the first cylindrical reflective member being set so that an angle formed between the longitudinal direction of the cathode sleeve and a straight line connecting a heat radiation peak point on the outer surface of the cathode sleeve and the inner edge of a top opening portion of the second cylindrical reflective member, on a plane passing through the same axis, may be 30.

Abstract: Two current supply conductors connected to an emissive filament located within a vacuum enclosure are each constituted by a leak-tight tube formed of material other than a heavy metal which traverses the enclosure wall through a leak-tight bushing, and by a conductor of electrically conductive heavy metal such as copper which is placed inside the leak-tight tube and completely isolated from the vacuum enclosure. This arrangement permits the continued use of heavy metals such as copper for current supply to ion sources without any attendant danger of heavy metal ion formation in the emitted beam.

Abstract: A large cathode structure having a diameter on the order of 50 cm for producing uniform plasmas in a magnetic field. The cathode is oxide-coated and indirectly heated by a plurality of heater wires disposed in insulating tubes arranged parallel to each other. The cathode is pressed against the insulating tubes thereby to maintain it substantially flat in spite of expansion and contraction due to the heating and cooling effects. Optionally, the insulating tubes carrying the heater wires may be backed up by a second set of insulating tubes disposed at right angles to the first set. An annular ring is disposed about the cathode and is provided with tungsten springs for forcing the cathode against the heater tubes. This ring may additionally serve as a heat shield and maintain the temperature more uniform about the periphery of the cathode. For large cathodes, the structure may be water cooled by the provision of two copper tubes through which the water flows.

Abstract: A cathode structure for a high power laser is formed from a first sheet of a hard metallic material such as molybdenum, which is joined to a second sheet of the same material by brazing, these first two sheets being brazed to a support structure of the same material. The first two sheets have a plurality of side by side longitudinal channels formed therein, the channels of one of these sheets being positioned between the channels of the other sheet (in a 180.degree. spatial phase relationship therewith). Crosswise channels are provided along opposite edges of both of the sheets to provide fluid communications to the opposite ends of the longitudinal channels. A cooling liquid such as water is fed to the transverse channels, and circulated through the longitudinal channels in parallel to effect efficient cooling of the cathode.

Abstract: A fast warmup cathode comprises a substrate of nickel or cathode nickel alloy having an outer and an inner surface. At least an area of the outer surface is formed to receive an electron emissive material. The inner surface is provided with a high heat radiating material. The high heat radiating material comprises vacuum deposited aluminum or magnesium which has been fired at a temperature above the melting point of the material to provide a surface which is darker than the unaltered surface of the substrate.

Abstract: There is disclosed herein an electrode type glow discharge apparatus, such as that used for sputtering material from a cathode to provide a coating or the like on materials such as a substrate or substrates. Several exemplary embodiments are disclosed involving various combinations of constructural features including a flanged or spool type cathode, anode placement with respect thereto, provision of internal and/or external magnetic fields with field lines close to and substantially parallel with the barrel of the cathode, insulator placement, efficient cooling for anode and cathode, and the like. Furthermore, the assembly is constructed in a manner such that the same can be readily disassembled for enabling change of cathode materials and for cleaning cooling fluid passageways of the cathode and anode. Embodiments are described wherein at least a portion of the cathode may be in the form of a continuously moving member, such as a wire.

Abstract: A fast warm up, die-drawn, low mass cathode cap is substantially cup-shaped having a closed end and an upstanding side wall integral therewith. The thickness of the side wall is less than that of the closed end, permitting more of the heater energy to be concentrated in the closed end which carries, on the outer surface thereof, the electron emissive material.

Abstract: Performance of fast warm up cathodes can be improved by providing a black heat radiating surface on the interior of the cathode cap. A particular material can be nichrome which is a nickel chromium alloy. The cathode cap material can be selected from any of the known cathode nickel alloys. A preferred method for accomplishing the result includes the steps of cladding a selected nickel alloy with the nichrome material and then forming the substantially cup shaped cap with the clad material on the interior thereof. The formed cathode cap is then fired for about 10 minutes or longer in wet dissociated ammonia at a temperature of about 900.degree. to 1300.degree.C to oxidize the available chromium on the surface of the nichrome. This produces an even dark surface thereon which has much higher heat radiating capabilities than the silver looking nickel cathode alloy.

Abstract: A fast warm up cathode comprises a substantially cup-shaped top cap and a hollow cylindrical sleeve axially displaced from the top cap. Means are provided for joining the sleeve and the top cap into an integral unit. The means comprise a plurality of individual rod-like members having extremities substantially flat for attachment to the top cap and the sleeve. The plurality of rod-like members are equally spaced about the periphery of the sleeve and the top cap.