Abstract: A double-enveloped lamp having a shield surrounding a light-source capsule within a thick-walled outer envelope so that the lamp may be safely operated without necessity of a protective fixture. In the rare event of a burst of the light-source capsule, the shield absorbs and dissipates a portion of the burst energy sufficient to permit the thick-walled outer envelope to remain intact and contain shards and other internal parts within the lamp. In alternate embodiments, the shield may be reinforced, such as with a wire mesh, or the outer envelope may be reinforced, such as with a polymer coating, or both. A thin-walled capsule may be employed in combination with a shield and thick outer envelope. A lamp in accordance with the invention provides the unexpected benefits of improved luminous efficacy and better color rendering characteristics, since the presence of an optimally positioned shield causes the operation of the light-source capsule to be more nearly isothermal.

Abstract: A gas discharge lamp has a discharge gas sealed in a light-transmissive, cylindrical tube in which an internal electrode is provided as a first receiving end. An external electrode having predetermined widths along the axis of the tube is provided on the outer surface of the tube as a second receiving end. A shielding film is also provided on the outer surface of the tube excluding where a slit with a predetermined width is formed. The widths of the external electrode can be changed in accordance with the luminance distribution of the gas discharge lamp. The internal and external electrodes are connected to a high frequency power source and are applied with high frequency power therefrom, thereby causing discharge within the tube.

Abstract: A gas discharge display apparatus in the form of an electroluminescent gas filled panel adapted for quickly and inexpensively making a durable and robust luminous sign using image patterns transferred to the panel by painting, silkscreening, stencilling, lithography, or the like. The apparatus generally includes a pair of substantially parallel spaced apart rigid plates, or sheets, enclosing an electroluminescent gas, and having variously located and kinds of conductive surface coatings used as electrodes for energizing the enclosed electroluminescent gas.

Abstract: A low pressure arc discharge tube having structural means located within the envelope for raising the voltage across the arc tube. The structural means comprises at least one partition extending across the arc tube and having a dimension which is less than the electron energy relaxation distance of the arc discharge tube. Each of the partitions has at least one aperture therein which constricts the arc within the tube.

Abstract: An end-viewed low-pressure gas discharge lamp and an envelope for said lamp having a capillary tube discharge bore for containing an excitable gas in which the capillary tube is in direct contact with a cooling medium. A window of optical quality fused silica, a thin section of bubble and particle free glass blown quality silica or sapphire is disposed on an end of the capillary tube for emitting light from a discharge of the excitable gas. A pair of electrodes are hermetically sealed through the envelope for producing a discharge in the capillary tube between the electrodes. The envelope may include a return path parallel to the capillary tube or a side tube as a means for connecting the two ends of the capillary tubes with the electrodes without obstructing the end view of the discharge. Filling the envelope with an excitable mixture of one or more gases, such as vaporized mercury, to a less than atmospheric pressure, and connecting the electrodes to a power supply completes the lamp.

Abstract: A pulsed metal halide arc discharge light source comprising a hermetically sealed light transmissive envelope with an anode and cathode protruding therein and an emissive material including at least one recrystallized metal halide salt covering the cathode. There is no mercury in the emissive material. During an application of a short-duration electrical pulse across the anode and cathode in a preferred embodiment of the invention, bright colored light is emitted from the lamp, the color of such emission being determined in large part by the choice of the metal halide salt or combination of metal halide salts employed in the emissive material and the duration of the electrical pulse, and the temperature of the emissive material remains less than one hundred degrees Centigrade. A lamp in accordance with the invention is particularly well suited for use as a signal lamp, such as a navigational beacon.

Abstract: A laminated lighting device and a method of manufacturing the device are described. The device comprises layers of a glass having at least one channel formed therein. A vapor such as neon fills each channel, and each channel has a pair of electrodes to excite the vapor in order to emit light.

Abstract: The high-power radiator comprises a discharge space (12) bounded by a metal electrode (8), cooled on one side, and a dielectric (9). The discharge space (12) is filled with a noble gas or gas mixture. Both the dielectric (9) and the other electrode situated on the surface of the dielectric (9) facing away from the discharge space (12) are transparent for the radiation generated by quiet electric discharges. In this manner, a large-area UV radiator with high efficiency is created which can be operated at high electrical power densities of up to 50 kW/m.sup.2 of active electrode surface.

Abstract: A high-efficacy, high power ultraviolet radiation lamp is disclosed. Electrodes are respectively provided at two ends of a discharge tube, and at least a rare gas is sealed in the discharge tube. The discharge tube is curved in a U shape. A reservoir for reserving a radiant material for radiating ultraviolet rays projects from the discharge tube. An isolating section is provided to surround at least the reservoir. The isolating section adjusts the temperature of the reservoir and supplies an appropriate amount of radiant material into the discharge tube.

Abstract: A metal halide discharge lamp includes an arc tube design having a particular end shape which allows control of the temperature distribution within the arc tube, so that sensitivity of the arc tube performance to orientation is reduced and concentration of the metallic halide components in the arc region is maintained relatively constant. The shaping of the arc tube ends and the use of a low thermal emissivity coating on the arc tube allows maintenance of the metallic halide in the vapor state at a constant level to promote better lumen maintenance and color rendering in a metal halide discharge lamp.

Abstract: A high pressure sodium lamp includes an arc tube having an inner diameter greater than 12 mm. An amalgam including a prescribed quantity of sodium and mercury is sealed in the arc tube. To achieve the maximum lamp efficiency in different values of the inner diameter of the arc tube, the lamp should satisfy the following relationships:(10.sup.0.848 .phi..sup.(-0.171) log X+(0.105.phi.-10.22)<log Y<(10.sup.0.848 .phi..sup.(-0.171) log X-10.sup.1.43 .phi..sup.(-0.574)), and(-7.97 log.phi.+14.8)<log .DELTA.V<(84.7 log.phi.-84.5)where .phi. (mm) is the inner diameter of the arc tube, X (wt %) is the ratio of the quantity of sodium to the quantity of amalgam sealed in the arc tube, Y (mg/cc) is the quantity of sodium sealed in the arc tube, and .DELTA.V (v/cm) is the electric field strength when the lamp is operated.

Abstract: A casing for a display device of the tipless type is disclosed which is capable of being readily manufactured, and allowing a display device to have a good space factor and exhibit excellent display characteristics. The casing comprises a casing body formed with an evacuation hole and a planar plate lid member arranged to sealingly close the evacuation hole by means of a sealer when the casing is evacuated.

Abstract: A metal halide arc lamp includes a quartz arc tube having a pair of electrode shaft therein. The quartz arc tube which encloses a fill including mercury and metal halide materials is composed of a hollow illuminating portion and a pair of squeezed portions which have an individual elongated space, extending along the electrode shaft, the minimum value of the width, in the direction perpendicular to the electrode shaft, of which is controlled within specific values in connection with a diameter of the electrode shaft to reduce a probability of crack occurrence in the squeezed portion by a pressure produced when the fill is vapored rapidly in the elongated space of the squeezed portion.

Abstract: A small-size discharge lamp includes a glass tube having first and second ends, with an outer diameter thereof being smaller than 5 millimeters and a length thereof being shorter than 300 millimeters. At opposite ends of the glass tube, an elongated filament and an elongated getter are provided adjacent each other and parallel to the axial direction of the glass tube.

Abstract: A metal vapor discharge lamp has a burner for sealing xenon gas, mercury and a light-emitting additive in a translucent ceramic tube, a starting device of a thermal switch type which has a series circuit of a thermal switch and a coil filament and which is connected in parallel with the burner, and an outer envelope for sealing the burner and the starting device therein. In the lamp, the following inequalities must be satisfied:13.3.ltoreq.P.multidot.(B/A).ltoreq.6650.05.ltoreq.d.ltoreq.0.122,200.ltoreq.T.ltoreq.2,800where A is the volume (cm.sup.3) of the outer envelope, B is the volume (cm.sup.3) of the burner, P is a gas pressure (Pa) at room temperature of xenon sealed in the burner, d is a diameter (mm) of the coil filament, and T is a temperature (K) of the coil filament during operation.

Abstract: A bi-polar discharger for a coaxial conducting cable is formed by threading rod elements into the ends of a central passage through an internal electrode so as to be electrically conductive therewith. A casing around the internal electrode comprises a cylindrical outer electrode closed at each end by a bead of glass or ceramic which is fitted within an outer metal ring and the casing is sealed with a controlled atmosphere of an inert gas at low pressure by sealing of the outer rings to the cylindrical external electrode and sealing of the rod elements within the beads.

Abstract: A high-pressure sodium lamp is connected to a d.c. power supply through a ballast, to operate it with a current containing a d.c. component. The relation between the ratio l/d of the inter-electrode distance l (mm) to the inner diameter d (mm) of the arc tube of the high-pressure sodium lamp and the sodium vapor pressure P.sub.Na (kPa) in the arc tube is maintained at P.sub.Na .gtoreq.6.0 (l/d-5.8), thus making it possible to operate the high-pressure sodium lamp with a current containing a d.c. component without causing a significant color separation which otherwise might be the result of cataphoresis.

Abstract: A casing for a display device of the tipless type is disclosed which is capable of being readily manufactured, and allowing a display device to have a good space factor and exhibit excellent display characteristics. The casing comprises a casing body formed with an evacuation hole and a plate lid member arranged to sealingly close the evacuation hole by means of an oxide solder layer when the casing is evacuated.

Abstract: A high pressure sodium lamp operated at increased pressure and having an improved color rendition is disclosed. The improved high pressure sodium lamp has an arc tube which reduces the sodium losses typically experienced by high pressure operation.

Abstract: Low-pressure mercury vapor discharge lamp having a curved discharge vessel in which a mercury discharge is maintained between the electrodes and in which furthermore an amlagam is provided to control the mercury vapor pressure, the discharge vessel containing a rare gas mixture which contains at least 50 at.% krypton at a pressure of 130 to 520 Pa.

Abstract: A compact fluorescent employs a plurality of separate tubes. The ends of the tubes are formed to provide arc tight, depth regulating means in the form of a reduced diameter to seal within apertured arc directors.

Abstract: A general service incandescent lamp having a tungsten filament, an improved inner shaped bulb and a temperature resistant infrared reflective film on the outer surface of the inner bulb is disclosed. The inner bulb has an ellipsoidal shape which cooperates with the tungsten filament and infrared film to provide a highly efficient incandescent lamp.

Abstract: A discharge lamp provided with a U-shaped discharge tube and an outer envelope surrounding this tube. The bend of the discharge tube is supported with respect to the outer envelope by means of a metal member of sheet material. A few strips of this member engage the bend of the discharge tube. The metal member is composed of two parts twisted together which provide together a substantially light-tight transverse separation between the outer envelope and the discharge tube. The metal member maintains the bend of the operating lamp being kept at a relatively high temperature to improve luminous efficacy.

Abstract: An improved incandescent lamp comprising an inner envelope disposed within an outer envelope is disclosed. The inner envelope contains a halogen gas along with a relatively high pressure efficient fill gas. The inner envelope houses a tungsten filament which is partly surrounded by a separate light-transmissive cylinder. The separate cylinder has on one of its surfaces a selective infrared reflective filter capable of efficiently operating at a temperature range of up to and including about 950.degree. to about 1050.degree. C.

Abstract: A pair of 48-inch long preheat fluorescent lamps, each one and a half inches diameter and consuming less than 10 watts power per foot of length, are connected in series with each other and with a ballast, for operation from 50 or 60 hertz a-c line voltage in the range of 200 to 300 volts. A starter switch is connected in parallel across each lamp. The lamp designs are specified such that they will start and operate in the circuit from the a-c line voltage.

Abstract: In a fluorescent lamp of the type in which a lamp envelope comprises an outer bulb having generally a spherical or a partially spherical or a cylindrical configuration and an inner bulb inserted into the outer bulb in predetermined nested relationship; either of the inner surface of the outer bulb or the outer surface of the inner bulb is formed with a groove which defines a zig-zag discharge path between the outer and inner bulbs; a phosphor is formed at least over the wall surfaces of the groove; electrodes are disposed at the ends, respectively, of the discharge path and a uv (ultraviolet) radiation-emitting discharge gas consisting of mercury vapor and a rare gas or a rare gas mixture is filled in the discharge path, both the open end portions of the outer and inner bulbs are flared radially outwardly and inwardly respectively, or either of the open end portion of the outer or inner bulb is flared radially outwardly or inwardly so that glass frit can be filled into the annular space defined between the op

Abstract: A high-pressure sodium lamp in which the inner diameter of an arc envelope is largest at the midpoint between the ends thereof and the inner and outer diameters thereof in the vicinity of the ends at which are air-tightly fitted electrodes and their associated parts are reduced gradually relative to the inner diameter of the midpoint thereof. When the arc envelope is turned on, the following conditions are satisfied:T.sub.e .gtoreq.0.85 T.sub.c and1020.degree. C..ltoreq.T.sub.c .ltoreq.1200.degree. C.where T.sub.e is the wall temperature at the leading or inner tip of each of the electrodes andT.sub.c is the wall temperature at the midpoint of the arc envelope.

Abstract: A compact halogen-cycle type incandescent lamp is provided with an envelope that is composed of a selected hard glass (a borosilicate or an aluminosilicate type glass for example) and then dosed with an amount of bromine which is correlated with the glass composition in such a manner that it counteracts the deleterious release of water-vapor forming constituents by the glass envelope when the lamp is energized and the glass is hot. The halogen-cycle lamp is especially adapted for use as the concentrated light source in a general service type lamp or a sealed-beam headlamp and, when so employed, has a fill gas pressure that is so correlated with the gas pressure of the non-oxidizing atmosphere in the outer envelope that the total gas pressure does not exceed 1,000 Torr and the envelope of the halogen-cycle lamp operates at a temperature which is sufficient to reliably sustain the halogen cycle but is below the softening temperature of the particular hard glass from which the halogen lamp envelope is made.

Abstract: Low-pressure sodium vapor discharge lamp. The lamp comprises a cylindrical discharge tube and an outer bulb enveloping this tube. The outer bulb has a transparent layer which reflects infrared radiation.According to the invention the resistance per square of the infrared reflecting layer is approximately 5 ohm. A luminous efficacy of 100 lumen per watt can be obtained at a lamp power of 8 watts. The lamp is particularly suitable for security lighting.

Abstract: The invention provides a glass enveloped thyratron having an anode carried by an anode pin extending through a glass neck in the thyratron envelope and forming a pant leg. The anode is surrounded by a screening box operated at cathode potential which has a back plate with a tubular portion extending away from the anode into the interior of said pant leg to surround said anode pin. The outer surface of the extremity of the pant leg is flared outwardly adjacent the back plate into engagement with a mounting collar secured to the rear of the back plate. The tubular portion of the back plate extends within the pant leg for a distance substantially greater than the extent to which the pant leg is enclosed by the mounting collar.

Abstract: In a fluorescent lamp of the type in which a lamp envelope comprises an outer bulb having generally a spherical or a partially spherical or a cylindrical configuration and an inner bulb inserted into the outer bulb in predetermined nested relationship; either of the inner surface of the outer bulb or the outer surface of the inner bulb is formed with a groove which defines a zig-zag discharge path between the outer and inner bulbs; a phosphor is formed at least over the wall surfaces of the groove; electrodes are disposed at the ends, respectively, of the discharge path and a uv (ultraviolet) radiation-emitting discharge gas consisting of mercury vapor and a rare gas or a rare gas mixture is filled in the discharge path, both the open end portions of the outer and inner bulbs are flared radially outwardly and inwardly respectively, or either of the open end portion of the outer or inner bulb is flared radially outwardly or inwardly so that glass frit can be filled into the annular space defined between the op

Abstract: A metal vapor discharge lamp including an arc tube including an outer bulb and having at least an oxide crystal incorporated in the outer bulb, with a starting aid equipped on the outer circumference of said arc tube; at least one end of said arc tube having a heat insulator to keep the end warm, and a rare gas enclosed at 100 Torr or above together with at least sodium and mercury in said arc tube.