Abstract: A hot cathode ionization gauge with which neutral gas densities in the ra 10.sup.17 to 10.sup.21 m.sup.-3 can be measured, in particular under the conditions typical of fusion-orientated plasma experiments (magnetic field strength from 0 to more than 3 tesla, magnetic field direction varying by up to +/-20 degrees or more and strong plasma-induced noise background), and which is of robust design, reliable in operation and very compact and has a high sensitivity which depends in a reproducible manner on the magnetic field strength and is independent, in a certain degree which is predetermined and can be influenced by the construction, of the field direction and, within a wide range, of the gas density comprises the following electrodes arranged in mutually spaced relationship in the stated order along an axis: a cathode consisting of a tungsten wire at least 0.

Abstract: An impregnated cathode comprising a refractory porous body whose pore parts are impregnated with an electron emissive material including barium and a thin film layer comprising tungsten, scandium and/or an oxide of scandium, deposited on the surface of the refractory porous body, characterized in that the thin film layer contains an oxide of tungsten, and/or an oxide of tungsten and scandium, has a distinguished electron emission property and a long life.

Abstract: A self starter neon lamp is provided and contains a screw-in base to fit conventional screw sockets, substitutes neon gas for mercury and argon gas and utilizes flat metal ring-shaped cathodes within. In a modification the lamp is in a U-shaped configuration and utilizes two sets of curved flat metal ring-shaped cathodes within to enhance arc discharge therethrough.

Abstract: A high pressure discharge lamp includes a glass enclosure defining a hermetically sealed discharge space filled with an ionizable gas. A pair of electrodes extend into the discharge space, each electrode having a connection end and a discharge end, between which electrodes, in the operating condition of the lamp, a discharge takes place. A pair of holding portions on opposite sides of the glass enclosure and hold the respective connection ends of the electrodes. Metal lead foils connected to the connection ends are sealed in the holding portions. One or both of the connection ends is shaped, e.g., as a conical frustrum or as a wedge, such that the thickness of its inner end is reduced with respect to the thickness of its outward end. The joining portion of the glass enclosure is internally necked at a position adjacent the reduced thickness portion of the connection end.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp includes a bulb defining a discharge channel, and a pair of discharge electrodes provided at both ends of the bulb. Each electrode has a pair of leads, a filament mounted between the leads, and rod-like auxiliary electrodes protruding from the leads, respectively. Each auxiliary electrode extends beyond the filament in the electron discharge direction of the discharge electrodes. Each auxiliary electrode is constructed so as to satisfy the following equation Q/I.sub.L .gtoreq.1.0.times.10.sup.-2, where Q is heat capacity of the auxiliary electrode and I.sub.L is lamp current.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a gas discharge lamp particularly to a flash bulb and a method of making the flash bulb. The cathode member is formed by a sintered member whose outer shape is matched to the inside shape of the cavity of the housing in the cathode region and this sintered member is fused in the housing to form the connection with the lead of the cathode.

Abstract: A high-pressure metal vapor arc lamp, lit by direct current power supply, which includes an arc tube in which an anode and a cathode are arranged opposite to one another. The cathode includes a cathode shaft and a coil element wound around the cathode shaft. A diameter of a wire of the coil element is fixed within specific values in connection with a diameter of the cathode shaft, a pitch of the coil is fixed in connection with a diameter of the wire of the coil and I.sub.L (discharge current)/d.sub.0.sup.2 (external diameter of the coil) is determined within specific values, whereby an arc spot can be easily moved to the top portion of the cathode even if the arc spot is generated at the base portion of the cathode.

Abstract: A short-arc lamp of the type having an internally integral reflector including electrodes mounted to extend along a central axis of symmetry of the lamp and having distal ends of similar shape which are spaced apart to define a short-arc gap such that the lamp can be directly driven by alternating current.

Abstract: The present invention provides apparatus for forming electron beams, which may be advantageously employed in many applications, for example in display devices or thyratrons. A cathode member has a hole in its front surface. All the surfaces of the cathode member, except for the wall and base of the holes, are covered in an electrically insulating material such as glass. The cathode member and an anode member are contained within an envelope which also contains a gas filling. On application of a suitably high voltage between the cathode and anode members an electron beam is formed extensive in a direction away from the hole. The anode member may be located behind the front surface of the cathode member, and an electron beam still forms in front of the front surface.

Abstract: The hollow cathode lamp can be used as a light source for the atomic absorption and scintillation spectroscopies. It contains a diffusion-protection cylinder to trap the cathode material by blocking the light emission window from the cathode material; the cylinder encloses the optical path leading from the cathode to the light emission window in a space between the cathode and the light emission window.

Abstract: A wall-stabilized infared flash tube has a glass bulb with a flash chamber therein with a cathode lead having an electrode member welded thereto inserted in the flash chamber, the flash chamber, the lead, and the electrode member having dimensions selected for minimizing the influences of white light on the output of the flash tube, so as to enhance the spectrum of the infared output. The flash chamber preferably has a length no longer than 20 mm, and an interior diameter in the range of approximately 0.6 mm to approximately 1.3 mm. A method for manufacturing such a flash tube includes the steps of welding the electrode member to the lead at one location, inserting the lead and electrode combination into a flash chamber of a glass bulb having suitable dimensions, and fusing the lead vacuum-tight to the glass bulb.

Abstract: A gas discharge lamp such as a flashbulb consisting of an anode and a cathode in a transparent housing, the cathode being composed of a sintered member made up of powdered titanium (Ti), and vanadium (V), as well as at least one of the other metals tantalum (Ta) or niobium (Nb), the particles having a grain size of no more than 50 microns, and the Ti being present in a precentage of at least 40% by weight, and the V content being at least 10% by weight.

Abstract: The lamp shown herein is a beam mode fluorescent lamp for general lighting applications. The lamp comprises a light transmitting envelope, having a phosphor coating on its inner surface, enclosing a thermionic cathode for emitting electrons, a pair of anodes for accelerating the electrons and forming electron beams, and a fill material, such as mercury, which emits ultraviolet radiation upon excitation. The two anode configuration provides an extended region of electron beam excitation. In addition, a separate cathode heater filament is not required due to the anode configuration. As a result this lamp is operated with a single power source and only two conductors connecting the power source to the electrodes. This invention further provides a high degree of self-stabilization of discharge current by means of the twin parallel anode configuration.

Abstract: The lamp shown herein is a beam mode fluorescent lamp for general lighting applications. The lamp comprises a light transmitting envelope, having a phosphor coating in its inner surface, the envelope encloses a thermionic cathode having a number of segments for emitting electrons, a plurality of anodes for accelerating the electrons and forming a corresponding number of electron beams simultaneously in two directions, and a fill material, such as mercury, which emits ultraviolet radiation upon excitation. The multi-electrode array configuration provides an extended region of electron beam excitation and thereby more visible light. A single power source and pair of connecting conductors provide both cathode heating current and electrode potential difference functions. In addition, this configuration provides for a greater and more complete discharge of the volume within the envelope than single electrode elements.

Abstract: A composition for a conductor ink used in a screening process and including a nickel powder, a lead-free glass binder, and a vehicle suitable for firing at a temperature below about 590.degree. C. The conductor composition is designed for use in gas plasma display panels.

Abstract: An improved gas discharge display device is provided having an envelope of at least one glass plate with an electrode pattern thereon. The electrode pattern is formed into small surface elements constituting cathode areas, and is provided in facing relationship to another electrode pattern constituting anodes.

Abstract: The lamp shown herein is a beam mode fluorescent lamp for general lighting applications. The lamp comprises a light transmitting envelope, having a phosphor coating on its inner surface, enclosing a single electrode including a thermionic cathode for emitting electrons and an integral anode for accelerating the electrons and forming an electron beam, and a fill material, such as mercury, which emits ultraviolet radiation upon excitation. The electrode configuration provides for use of a single power source and minimal number of power leads. In addition, a separate cathode heater filament is not required.

Abstract: A spark gap device for precise switching of an energy storage capacitor into an exploding bridge wire load is disclosed. Niobium electrodes having a melting point of 2,415 degrees centrigrade are spaced apart by an insulating cylinder to define a spark gap. The electrodes are supported by conductive end caps which, together with the insulating cylinder, form a hermetically sealed chamber filled with an inert, ionizable gas, such as pure xenon. A quantity of solid radioactive carbon-14 within the chamber adjacent the spark gap serves as a radiation stabilizer. The sides of the electrodes and the inner wall of the insulating cylinder are spaced apart a sufficient distance to prevent unwanted breakdown initiation. A conductive sleeve may envelop the outside of the insulating member from the midpoint of the spark gap to the cap adjacent the cathode. The outer metallic surfaces of the device may be coated with a hydrogen-impermeable coating to lengthen the shelf life and operating life of the device.

Abstract: A miniature, low-wattage, discharge lamp operable on direct current employs substantially parallel electrodes sealed in a single press seal. The electrodes are configured to provide an arc which is substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the lamp with the cathode being substantially longer than the anode. Heat generated at the anode is dissipated through the seal to the cathode allowing the cathode to operate hot enough to be stable. The chemical fill for the lamp employs a mol ratio of thorium to cesium to permit good light output and good color rendition.

Abstract: A screenable ink for forming conductors in a gas-filled display panel including aluminum and an aluminum alloy as important constituents and a panel including such conductors as reinforcing transparent conductive films.

Abstract: An electric discharge type device is described having electrode means which include a refractory metal substrate having sintered thereon an open porous coating of refractory metal particles at a thickness up to about 1 millimeter thickness with electron emissive material being disposed in the pores of said sintered refractory metal coating. Representative electric discharge devices having said improved electrode means include discharge type electric lamps and photographic flash tubes wherein the electrode members have an elongated shaped body which is terminated at one end to provide more surface area for the coatings sintered thereon. Various electron emissive materials can be employed for impregnation of the open porous coating of refractory metal particles by such conventional techniques as dipping or spraying.

Abstract: A D.C. operable, miniature, low-wattage, single ended, arc discharge lamp. The cathode electrode includes electrical field modifying means to insure that the arc strikes between the electrode tips. During high pressure (.about.10 atm) operation electrode heating of the anode is dominated by electron bombardment, which creates substantially higher heat at the anode tip than at the cathode tip (the cathode being heated by ion bombardment and cooled by thermionic electron emission). Heat conducted down the anode electrode is dissipated in the single press and contributes to the heat conduction in the closely adjacent cathode electrode thereby reducing the net heat loss therein and helping to maintain the desired cathode temperature.

Abstract: A segmented discharge tube device is provided, particularly for the discharge tube of a laser, in which a number of electrically isolated aluminium segments presenting a passage through which plasma may pass are located within an aluminium tube with heat conductive electrically insulating material in the form of anodization between the outer surfaces of the segments and the adjacent inner surfaces of the tube.

Abstract: Each of the electrodes at the ends of an arc tube filled with a buffer gas, metal and sodium comprises an electrode core, an electrode coil wound around the core, an electron-emitting means disposed in the annular space between the electrode core and electrode coil and a shielding means disposed in said annular space in such a way that the electron-emitting means is shielded from exposure to the discharge space in the arc tube. The ratio h/d is determined such that 0.8.ltoreq.h/d.ltoreq.5.4, where h is the length in mm of the portion of the electrode core extended beyond the inner end of the shielding means or the innermost coil of the electrode coil; and d is the diameter in mm of the electrode core.The arc spots can be held to remain on the end faces of the electrode cores during lamp operation so that variations in electrical and optical characteristics can be almost eliminated.

Abstract: Bargraph displays wherein the illuminable bar segments are formed by winding filamentary conductors upon a mandrel.