Abstract: According to various embodiments of the invention, an LED lighting system is providing having a replaceable driver module. In some embodiments, the replaceable driver module comprises a component that is physically attachable to an LED illumination module, whereby the attached components have a combined physical profile dimensioned for installation in a pre-existing light fixture. In further embodiments, the combined system's dimensions allow it to be installed in pre-existing fluorescent fixtures without requiring rewiring of the fixtures. In some embodiments, the LED driver module may be configured to condition power received from a fluorescent light ballast to drive the LEDs such that a pre-existing fluorescent ballast does not need to be removed. In other embodiments, the LED driver may be configured to condition main power such that a pre-existing fluorescent ballast may be removed.

Abstract: A light emitting diode lamp system, comprising: multiple lamps, a control module, multiple hubs and a receiver. Each of the multiple lamps includes a main body and a heat sink. The control module includes a second circuit board and multiple input units. The multiple input units include a dynamic light adjustment start key and a dynamic light adjustment stop key. Each of the multiple hubs is coupled with multiple lamps and power supply units. The receiver is coupled with multiple hubs and receives the first-light-source control signal. Therefore, through the unique design of the main body, the present disclosure can be applied on a traditional lamp, or applied with an MR16 lamp fixture, thereby the present disclosure can increase the range of application of the light emitting diode lamp and the system of the same.

Abstract: An AC LED lamp includes first and second AC power ends, a lighting module and a DC power output circuit. The lighting module has first and second ends and an LED unit. The first end is connected to the first AC power end. The LED unit has one or more LEDs. The DC power output circuit has first and second ends. The second end of the DC power output circuit is coupled to the second AC power end. The first end of the DC power output circuit is coupled to the second end of the lighting module. The DC power output circuit has a DC output side and is not directly connected to the first AC power end. The DC power output circuit has a rectifying unit and a voltage limiting and filtering unit. The rectifying unit and the voltage limiting and filtering unit are coupled to the lighting module.

Abstract: Provided is a LED lighting system, including a lighting device driver having a power converter for converting an input voltage into a first DC voltage and outputting a first current having a substantially constant current value; and a LED lighting device assembly connected to the lighting device driver through two contacts. The LED lighting device assembly includes a plurality of light-emitting diode lighting devices having a plurality of lighting device connection bases and a plurality of LED units. The lighting device connection bases are connected in series with each other to allow the LED lighting devices to be connected in series with each other, and the lamp voltage is applied across the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the lighting device connection base and is generated by dividing the first DC voltage, thereby allowing the lamp currents outputted by the lighting device connection bases are substantially equal.

Abstract: A LED lamp includes housing, a circuit layer, at least one LED die, a light-transmitting adhesive, a lamp shade, a light-transmitting liquid and the conductive connector. One end of the housing has a protrusion. The circuit layer is placed on the protrusion. The LED die is placed on the protrusion and electrically connected to the circuit layer. The light-transmitting adhesive covers the circuit layer and the light emitting die. The lamp shade including a plurality of ventilating holes is connected to the housing, and an accommodating space is cooperatively defined by the lamp shade and the housing. The light-transmitting liquid is filled within the accommodating space, and the LED die is sunk therein.

Abstract: A thermal control circuit comprises a positive temperature coefficient thermistor array, a negative temperature coefficient thermistor array, and a resistor array. The positive temperature coefficient thermistor array and the resistor array are electrically connected in parallel to a first terminal of the thermal control circuitry. The negative temperature coefficient thermistor array is electrically connected to a second terminal of the thermal control circuit. The positive temperature coefficient thermistor array, a negative temperature coefficient thermistor array, and the resistor array are all connected by a negative bus to a third terminal of the thermal control circuit.

Abstract: An electric light having a semiconductor mounted to a base (6). The semiconductor, preferably a LED is at least partly surrounded by a liquid container (18), which is filled with liquid such that the liquid is in thermal conducting path with the liquid and the base. The light emitted from the semiconductor passes through the liquid. An electronic ballast (16) is provided in the base between supply contacts (8) and semi conductor (2).

Abstract: A method of configuring an LED driver is disclosed. The LED driver being arranged to provide a supply current to an LED fixture comprising a plurality of LEDs. The method comprises: identifying the LED fixture (LF), sending via a communication network (NTW) a configuration request to a configuration database (DB), receiving configuration data from the configuration database; and configuring the LED driver (LPS) according to the configuration data.

Abstract: An apparatus for exposing photovoltaic (PV) modules to simulated sunlight for testing purposes, comprising a chamber including a plurality of lamps disposed on a substantially vertical lamp plane, at least one substantially vertical target plane upon which are disposed one or more PV modules, at least one reflector for directing light from the lamps to the at least one target plane, and a cooling system to exhaust heat from the apparatus and maintain the temperature of the PV modules at a predetermined value.

Abstract: A method for dynamically controlling heat dissipation of an AC LED driving circuit has steps of connecting multiple voltage-controlled transistors and a current detection unit in series to a power loop having an LED unit, connecting a resistive element between each adjacent two of the voltage-controlled transistors to constitute multiple stages of power distribution units, detecting a voltage and a current of the power loop and calculating a consumed power value, and switching to one of the stages of power distribution units with a power range in which the current power value falls. As the higher stage of power distribution unit has more resistive elements for current to flow therethrough, it can share the power of the single-chip voltage-controlled transistor when the LED unit having higher power is used, thereby avoiding overheated condition and malfunction of the voltage-controlled transistor.

Abstract: A method of configuring an LED driver is disclosed. The LED driver being arranged to provide a supply current to an LED fixture comprising a plurality of LEDs. The method comprises: identifying the LED fixture (LF), sending via a communication network (NTW) a configuration request to a configuration database (DB), receiving configuration data from the configuration database; and configuring the LED driver (LPS) according to the configuration data.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) illuminating apparatus including a heat sink, a light emitting module, a power connection portion, a translucent cover and a wiring path. The heat sink has a plurality of heat dissipation fins. The light emitting module is positioned on an upper portion of the heat sink. The power connection portion is positioned below a lower portion of the heat sink. The translucent cover is mounted to cover an upper portion of the light emitting module. The wiring path is formed in the heat sink so as to accommodate a wire for electrically connecting the power connection portion and the light emitting module. In the LED illuminating apparatus, the light emitting module emits light by directly receiving AC power supplied through the wire accommodated in the wiring path.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) assembly is provided having a LED and a temperature sensor for monitoring a temperature of the LED. An active cooling circuit receives temperature input from the temperature sensor. The temperature input is indicative of the temperature of the LED. An active cooling system cools the LED. The active cooling system being controlled by the active cooling circuit to control a temperature of the LED.

Abstract: A lighting module includes a power reception unit configured to receive alternating current (AC) power from an external power source, a light emitting diode (LED) array including a plurality of LEDs, and a driving circuit unit configured to supply operational power to the plurality of LEDs, and control operation of the plurality of LEDs.

Abstract: A high efficiency LED lighting system with four LED modules. Each module has heat sink assemblies arranged in rows. The heat sink assemblies comprise an LED package mounted on a heat sink reflector. The LED package has a flat find diffusing lens positioned over the diode. A diffusing lens is spaced apart from the heat sink assemblies. A switch mode power supply controller provides power to a pair of light sources. The controller includes a low voltage programmable current source and adjusting elements for independently adjusting the current to the LED light sources. The controller also includes a first communication port for receiving a communication from an external device and a second communication port for sending a communication to a third power supply controller. These ports provide an upstream and downstream communication capability through a chain of controllers so that input from a device can be communicated upstream and downstream.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) light unit is disclosed. For example, the LED light unit includes at least one support plate having one or more inner openings. At least one LED array may be coupled to an LED board. The LED light unit also includes at least one heat pipe coupled to the LED board, wherein said LED board is coupled to the at least one support plate.

Abstract: A lighting device includes a DC/DC power converter, a controller/processor electrically connected to the DC/DC power converter, a light emitting diode (LED) current control circuit communicably coupled to the controller/processor and electrically connected to the DC/DC power converter, and two or more LEDs comprising at least a first color LED and a second color LED electrically connected to the LED current control circuit. The LED current control circuit provides an on/off signal having a cycle time to each LED in response to one or more control signals received from the controller/processor such that the two or more LEDs produce a blended light having a specified color based on how long each LED is turned ON and/or OFF during the cycle time.

Abstract: An LED-based luminaire is configured to direct light from an LED source downwardly. However, a portion of the luminaire intentially reflects part of the light upwardly toward a ceiling of a structure. A control circuit of an LED-based luminaire enables the luminaire to be dimmed by an off-the-shelf dimmer. The control circuit also determines when a temperature of the LED-based luminaire exceeds a desired temperature range, and employs a feedback circuit to reduce power delivery to the LEDs until the temperature is again within the desired temperature range.

Abstract: A light assembly includes a light source circuit board and a plurality of light-emitting diodes disposed on the light source circuit board. A plurality of light pipes axially extends from and adjacent to each light-emitting diode. Each light pipe has a respective first end adjacent to the plurality of light-emitting diodes and a second end opposite to the light-emitting diodes. The plurality of light pipes communicates light from the light-emitting diodes therethrough and defines a cavity therebetween. A plurality of thermal vanes forms a heat sink for removing heat from the light-emitting diodes. The plurality of thermal vanes extend adjacent to the plurality of light pipes. A driver circuit board is disposed within the cavity.

Abstract: A driving circuit includes a plurality of light-emitting units, a plurality of switches, and a voltage generating module. The light-emitting units are coupled with each other in series and are driven with an input voltage varying according to a frequency. Each switch has a preset voltage and an activation voltage and includes a light-emitting end, a control end, and a setting end. The light-emitting ends are coupled with the light-emitting units, and the setting ends of the switches are coupled with each other. The voltage generating module includes a plurality of control units and provides a plurality of control voltages to the switches, and each switch is driven to be activated or to be deactivated according to a relation of the preset voltage and a difference between the control voltage and the activation voltage when the input voltage drives the light-emitting units, the switches, and the control units.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display according to an embodiment includes an organic light emitting diode panel configured to display images, a back cover attached to the organic light emitting diode panel by an adhesive layer, a driving circuit board disposed at a rear surface side of the back cover, and a heat radiator disposed between the driving circuit board and the organic light emitting diode panel, so as to redirect heat generated from the driving circuit board away from the organic light emitting diode panel.

Abstract: A tunable light-emitting diode (LED) lamp for producing an adjustable light output. In one embodiment, the LED lamp includes a drive circuit for driving LED dies in one of a plurality of light output configurations (e.g., a pre-sleep configuration, a phase-shift configuration, and a general lighting configuration). Further, the LED lamp may include an output-select controller and/or input sensor electrically coupled to the drive circuit to select the light output configuration. As such, the LED lamp is tunable to generate different levels of spectral output, appropriate for varying biological circumstance, while maintaining a commercially acceptable light quality and color rendering index.

Abstract: A light generating system comprising: a plurality of solid state emitters (SSEs) and a stability control system for controlling the spectral stability of the SSEs. In a particular case, the stability control system may comprise: a power regulator to regulate power supplied to a sub-set of the plurality of SSEs; a constant current circuit connected to the power regulator to provide a constant current to the sub-set of SSEs; a current regulation set point connected to the constant current circuit; and a controller configured to set the regulation set point based on metrology relating to the state of the SSEs.

Abstract: A wirelessly controllable light emitting diode (LED) bulb includes a plurality of LED chips to provide a light source; a wireless control module to receive a wireless signal and control ON/OFF status of the plurality of LED chips and brightness of the light source; a sleeve enclosing the wireless control module to protect the wireless control module; a driving unit to provide power needed by the plurality of LED chips according to an input power source; a threaded base portion to receive the input power source and fasten the LED bulb to a lamp holder; a base plate to carry the plurality of LED chips; and an outer bulb shell enclosing the sleeve, the plurality of LED chips and the base plate to transmit the light source and protect the sleeve, the wireless control module, the plurality of LED chips and the base plate.

Abstract: A system for enabling controlled plant growth of plants in containers includes linear tracks spaced apart from each other by intervening supporting plates. Each track includes an array of blue and red LEDs affixed to heat sink that can slide along the track to be positioned in a desired arrangement to the container beneath it. A controller for the LEDs is positioned between every other pair of tracks to control adjacent arrays of LEDs. The controller controls the LEDs to provide light to the plants in the containers of desired intensity and wavelength.

Abstract: A LED lamp includes housing, a circuit layer, at least one LED die, a light-transmitting adhesive, a lamp shade, a light-transmitting liquid and the conductive connector. One end of the housing has a protrusion. The circuit layer is placed on the protrusion. The LED die is placed on the protrusion and electrically connected to the circuit layer. The light-transmitting adhesive covers the circuit layer and the light emitting die. The lamp shade including a plurality of ventilating holes is connected to the housing, and an accommodating space is cooperatively defined by the lamp shade and the housing. The light-transmitting liquid is filled within the accommodating space, and the LED die is sunk therein.

Abstract: A lighting device may include a substrate attached to one edge side of a radiator and a cover may be attached to cover the substrate. Heat-radiating fins may be provided on the other edge side of the radiator and an air-cooling unit may be rotatably provided inside the heat-radiating fins, thereby enabling freely rotation. In one or more examples, a case storing a circuit part is attached to the other edge side of the radiator and a cap is provided to the case. By the air flow from the air-cooling unit, the heat-radiating fins are caused to be a part of the ventilation path to allow for ventilation of the inside of the radiator.

Abstract: A self cooling light effects device for use in a standard light bulb socket having a socket adaptor, surface embedded LEDs as means to generate light effects, means to control light effects, and means for cooling. Fiber optic cables provide further light effects. Means to control 5 light effects may include a logic board. Means for cooling may be any combination of fans, heat sinks, heat pipes, thermoelectric cooling, a heat conductive filler, and a heat conductive housing.

Abstract: An LED lighting system may include one or more light-emitting diodes and one or more power management modules. Components of the LED lighting system may be selected and arranged, for example, to match a load voltage to an operating voltage. Matching the load voltage to the operating voltage may enable efficient use of power by the LED lighting system. A method of selecting components of the LED lighting system is provided. For example, the components may be selected based on a target luminance and a given operating voltage. The method may be facilitated and/or implemented with a computer.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments are directed to methods, system, and devices for high-bay lighting. A device may comprise a plurality of reflectors coupled to a support structure. The device may further include a plurality of light emitting diodes (LEDs), wherein each LED of the plurality of LEDs is coupled to and positioned within a dedicated reflector of the plurality of reflectors.

Abstract: A lamp device is controllable by a control terminal, and includes a light-emitting module, a driving circuit for driving the light-emitting module, a control unit for controlling duty cycle of the driving circuit, a first connector electrically coupled to the control unit, and a communication module. The communication module includes a second connector pluggably coupled to the first connector. The communication module is adapted to receive a control command from the control terminal and transmits the control command to the control unit via the first and second connectors, such that the control unit controls the driving circuit in accordance with the control command.

Abstract: There is provided a lighting device 100 comprising a light source, a driver arranged for powering the light source, which is separated in space from the light source. The lighting device has two separate heat sinks, a light source heat sink 112 to which the light source is thermally coupled, and a driver heat sink 115 to which the driver is thermally coupled. The light source heat sink and the driver heat sink are separated by an air gap 114 to provide thermal decoupling of the light source heat sink and the driver heat sink.

Abstract: A light emitting diode (LED) light engine is provided for use in a light fixture to enable improved and efficient dissipation of heat generated in the light fixture. The light engine includes a circuit board that includes multiple LEDs for emitting light. The light engine includes a chassis that has a plurality of upper fins that extend upward from a central flanged portion to dissipate heat generated by the LEDs into the lighting fixture. The circuit board is mounted to a mounting surface on the chassis that is surrounded by a fin wall that depends from the central flanged portion. The chassis also has a plurality of lower fins that extend outward from an outer surface of the fin wall to dissipate heat out of the fixture and into the ambient air environment.

Abstract: A semiconductor lighting apparatus includes a plurality of semiconductor light emitting devices for outputting light having respective colors, a projector for synthesizing output light of the semiconductor light emitting devices and outputting synthesized light, and a calculating portion. The calculating portion controls a driving current to be supplied to the semiconductor light emitting devices in such a manner that a light quantity detected by optical sensors approximates to a predetermined target light quantity, and calculates a target temperature of the semiconductor light emitting devices to control temperature regulating portions in such a manner that a temperature detected by temperature sensors approximates to the target temperature.

Abstract: A solid-state auxiliary lamp includes a lamp head having a plurality of LED modules; a thermoelectric cooler coupled to the LED modules; and a drive unit. The drive unit can include a plurality of current sources, each of the current sources coupled to a corresponding LED module; and a processor coupled to the current sources and configured to control each current source to control the light output of each current source's corresponding LED module.

Abstract: The invention relates to an LED light tube and a circuit module for the same, wherein the circuit is located in a light tube body and includes a rectifying unit, a current regulating and voltage regulating unit, and an LED unit. The light tube body can be installed in a lamp-holder of a fluorescent tube without changing a starter and a ballast. The rectifying unit has two power terminals connected to electrodes of the light tube body for receiving a mains power and the rectifying unit via the electrodes. The rectifying unit converts the mains power to a sign wave DC voltage. The current regulating and voltage regulating unit is connected to the rectifying unit for converting the mains power to a working power. The LED unit is electrically connected to the current regulating and voltage regulating unit for receiving the working power to emit light.

Abstract: In a lighting device, sets of LEDs are employed using the natural characteristics of the LEDs to resemble incandescent lamp behavior when dimmed, thereby obviating the need for sophisticated controls. A first set of at least one LED produces light with a first color temperature, and a second set of at least one LED produces light with a second color temperature. The first set and the second set are connected in series, or the first set and the second set are connected in parallel, possibly with a resistive element in series with the first or the second set. The first set and the second set differ in temperature behavior, or have different dynamic electrical resistance. The light device produces light with a color point parallel and close to a blackbody curve.

Abstract: A luminaire may include a wall mount and a driver circuit housing connected to the wall mount. The luminaire may also include a camera housing connected to the driver circuit housing, a light source housing connected to the camera housing, and a light source array that includes a plurality of light sources carried by the light source housing. The luminaire may include a prism, a heat sink in thermal communication with the light source array, and a camera carried by the camera housing. The luminaire may also include a sensor and a driver circuit carried by the driver circuit housing. The camera and/or the sensor may be configured to detect the presence and vicinity of an object in the target area. The light sources may be configured to emit light to illuminate the vicinity of the object sensed in the target area.

Abstract: A method of configuring an LED driver is disclosed. The LED driver being arranged to provide a supply current to an LED fixture comprising a plurality of LEDs. The method comprises: identifying the LED fixture (LF)1 sending via a communication network (NTW) a configuration request to a configuration database (DB), receiving configuration data from the configuration database; and configuring the LED driver (LPS) according to the configuration data.

Abstract: A retrofit canopy light system is provided that has a multi-output power supply assembly in electrical communication with a plurality of luminaire assemblies through a plurality of distribution wires. In one embodiment, each luminaire assembly may receive an electric current from a respective distribution wire extending from the power supply assembly. The power supply assembly may convert high-voltage AC to low-voltage, regulated DC. Each luminaire assembly may comprise a light source and a low profile, heat-dissipating frame in thermal and mechanical communication with the light source. The heat-dissipating frame may be constructed of a thermally conductive material, and may include a plurality of heat sink fins and bars. The heat-dissipating frame may present a substantially flat surface configured for flush mounting adjacent to an existing canopy fixture.

Abstract: A lighting circuit comprises a first rectifying diode (D1), a second rectifying diode (D2), a third rectifying diode (D3), a fourth rectifying diode (D4), a first group of LEDs (LED11, . . . , LED1n), a second group of LEDs (LED21, . . . , LED2n), a third group of LEDs (LED31, . . . , LED3n), and a fourth group of LEDs (LED41, . . . , LED4n). The first group of LEDs (LED11, . . . , LED1n) is connected between the anode and the cathode of the first rectifying diode (D1); the second group of LEDs (LED21, . . . , LED2n) is connected between the anode and the cathode of the second rectifying diode (D2); the third group of LEDs (LED31, . . . , LED3n) is connected between the anode and the cathode of the third rectifying diode (D3); the fourth group of LEDs (LED41, . . . , LED4n) is connected between the anode and the cathode of the fourth rectifying diode (D4).

Abstract: To control multiple electronic circuits organized in a series configuration, this document introduces a single-wire power, control, and feedback system. Specifically, individually controlled electronic circuits are arranged in a series configuration that is driven by a control unit located at the head of the series. The head-end control unit provides both electrical power and control signals down a single wire to drive all of the electronic circuits in the series in a manner that allows each electronic circuit to periodically draw power from the single wire and receive control information. Each electronic circuit in the series may communicate back to the head-end control unit by drawing power or not during a specified time slot.

Abstract: A LED backlight module includes a substrate, a heat-dissipating plate, a LED string and a backlight driving circuit. The LED string includes plural LEDs. The LED string further includes a positive driving terminal, a negative driving terminal and a connecting terminal. A positive output terminal, a negative output terminal and a zero voltage terminal of the backlight driving circuit are respectively connected with the positive driving terminal, the negative driving terminal and the heat-dissipating plate, so that a positive driving voltage and a negative driving voltage are generated by the backlight driving circuit to drive illumination of the LED string. A first number of LEDs of the LED string are electrically connected between the connecting terminal and the positive driving terminal. A second number of LEDs of the LED string are electrically connected between the connecting terminal and the negative driving terminal.

Abstract: A lighting device may include a substrate attached to one edge side of a radiator and a cover may be attached to cover the substrate. Heat-radiating fins may be provided on the other edge side of the radiator and an air-cooling unit may be rotatably provided inside the heat-radiating fins, thereby enabling freely rotation. In one or more examples, a case storing a circuit part is attached to the other edge side of the radiator and a cap is provided to the case. By the air flow from the air-cooling unit, the heat-radiating fins are caused to be a part of the ventilation path to allow for ventilation of the inside of the radiator.

Abstract: To control multiple electronic circuits organized in a series configuration, this document introduces a single-wire power and control system. Specifically, individually controlled electronic circuits are arranged in a series configuration that is driven by a control unit located at the head of the series. The head-end control unit provides both electrical power and control signals down a single wire to drive all of the electronic circuits in the series in a manner that allows each electronic circuit to periodically draw power from the single wire. Each electronic circuit in the series has been designed such that the electronic circuits coordinate power draws to reduce peak power demand.

Abstract: A variable color light system includes multiple dual color light emitting diodes (LED's) arranged in a light bar. The dual LED's are arranged with a common cathode and two anodes. The light system includes a switch that controls the power to the light system. The system is controlled to power a first anode, a second anode, or neither anodes. When the first anode is powered, the dual LED's emit a first color. When the second anode is powered, the dual LED's emit a second color. The light system is LED driven. The dual LED light system can be used in a light bar that can be used on a vehicle, an off-road vehicle, a recreational vehicle, or a boat.

Abstract: A driving circuit includes a plurality of light-emitting units, a plurality of switches, and a bias current module, wherein the light-emitting units are coupled with each other in series and are driven with an input voltage varying according to a frequency. Each switch has a reference voltage and a critical activation voltage and includes a light-emitting end and a bias end opposite to the light-emitting end, wherein the light-emitting end is coupled with the light-emitting units, and the bias ends of the switches are coupled with each other. The bias current module is coupled with the bias ends of the switches and has an operating bias voltage varying according to the frequency, wherein each switch is driven to be activated or to be deactivated according to a relation of the critical activation voltage and a difference between the reference voltage and the operating bias voltage.

Abstract: A lighting device includes a DC/DC power converter, a controller/processor electrically connected to the DC/DC power converter, a light emitting diode (LED) current control circuit communicably coupled to the controller/processor and electrically connected to the DC/DC power converter, and two or more LEDs comprising at least a first color LED and a second color LED electrically connected to the LED current control circuit. The LED current control circuit provides an on/off signal having a cycle time to each LED in response to one or more control signals received from the controller/processor such that the two or more LEDs produce a blended light having a specified color based on how long each LED is turned ON and/or OFF during the cycle time.

Abstract: A white light LED-based lighting device configured for direct form, fit, and function replacement of existing incandescent and fluorescent devices is provided. The white light LED-based lighting device comprises a group of solid state light emitting diodes, electronics to activate the light emitting diodes, and an encapsulating housing configured for direct form, fit, and function replacement of existing devices.

Abstract: An LED driver design has a single controller used to drive multiple strings of LEDs. In one aspect there is dynamic threshold voltage setting so that the individual characteristics of the LED strings can be taken into account in the voltage control loop. In another aspect, excess energy is dissipated off-chip in a dedicated heat dissipater, and the routing of current to the heat dissipater is controlled dynamically such that a desired integrated circuit biasing remains stable.