Abstract: A light source driving circuit for powering multiple light sources in a vehicle includes multiple current limiters and a balance controller. The current limiters are coupled to the light sources for adjusting currents of the light sources respectively. The balance controller coupled to the current limiters can control the current limiters such that a current flowing through each of the light sources is substantially the same as a first target current. Moreover, the balance controller can control the current limiters in response to a brake of the vehicle such that a current flowing through each of the light sources is substantially the same as a second target current.

Abstract: A multi-lamp driving system includes a power supply and at least one balance transformer. Each balance transformer includes two cores, two primary windings, two secondary windings and two protection windings. Each primary winding is wrapped around a core and serially connected to a lamp to form a first circuit branch in parallel connection with each other. The first circuit branches are powered by the power supply. The Each secondary winding is wrapped around a core and connected to a primary winding. The two secondary windings are connected in series to form a short circuit loop. Each of the protection windings is wrapped around a core and connected to a primary winding. The protection windings are wrapped in opposite directions and connected in series to form a second circuit branch. The second circuit branch outputs voltage signals to the power supply when induced voltages crossing the protection windings are unequal.

Abstract: An AC-LED protection circuit comprises an AC-LED with a first terminal and a second terminal, and a circuit protection unit electrically connects with the first and second terminals of the AC-LED. When a voltage between two terminals of the circuit protection unit exceeds a voltage threshold, the circuit protection unit substantially forms a short circuit. Also, when a current through the circuit protection units exceeds a current threshold, the circuit protection unit forms a substantial open circuit.

Abstract: A light adjustment circuit for alternating-current light emitting diodes (AC-LED's) connected to an AC power supply and a plurality of AC-LED's comprises: a light adjustment unit, being capable of modulating AC power from the AC power supply while providing the plurality of AC-LED's with the modulated AC power; and a pulse width modulation (PWM) control circuit, being capable of modulating an external voltage signal in correspondence to variation in input AC power to enable each of the AC-LED's to achieve a predetermined brightness; wherein the AC-LED's are turned off by modulating the external voltage signal to prevent the AC-LED's from being burnt out when the input AC power is too high.

Abstract: There are provided a current balance circuit having a protection function that prevents the current balance circuit from being damaged during a preset time period by maintaining a constant level of power being supplied to the lamp, and a power supply. The current balance circuit having the protection function includes a current balance unit maintaining current balance of lamp driving power supplied to a lamp unit including a plurality of lamps, and a protection unit detecting the lamp driving power supplied to the lamp unit from the current balance unit, cutting-off the lamp driving power after a preset time period when the lamp operates abnormally, and controlling a voltage level of the lamp driving power to a preset reference voltage level or lower during the preset time period.

Abstract: An apparatus, method and system for controlling one or multiple lighting sources such as those powered by driver circuits or voltage splitting methods, to provide an alternative current path around a failed lighting source when one or more individual lighting sources fail.

Abstract: High-pressure discharge lamps can only be restarted in the hot state at a very high starting voltage. In order to avoid hotstarting, a method for operating high-pressure discharge lamps without hotstarting comprises two high-pressure discharge lamps (12a, 12b) being provided in one luminaire. The two high-pressure discharge lamps are driven as follows: When the luminaire is switched off, the first lamp is switched off, and the second lamp is set to be in a standby state for the period of time for the recovery of the first lamp or remains in such a state, in which it is not switched off. When the luminaire is switched on again during this period of time, the second lamp can assume the operating state again immediately without being started. If the luminaire is not switched on again, the second lamp is likewise switched off once the period of time has elapsed.

Abstract: A control circuit for use in a ballast configured for powering a first lamp set and a second lamp set. The second lamp set is operated via a controller and a second lamp driver circuit. The controller enables the second lamp driver circuit as a function of a monitored value corresponding to a current through a lamp of the second lamp set. The control circuit includes first and second input terminals for selectively connecting to the power supply. The control circuit reduces the monitored value as a function of a connection state of the first and second input terminals of the control circuit to the power supply. Thus, the control circuit causes the controller to selectively operate the second lamp driver circuit in order to energize the second lamp set in combination with the first lamp set.

Abstract: A backlight driving system comprises an inverter module, a current balance module, a feedback module and an open-lamp protection detection module. The inverter module provides electrical signals to a plurality of lamps. The current balance module balances currents flowing through the plurality of lamps. The feedback module detects the current of the backlight and generates a feedback signal to the invert module accordingly. The open-lamp protection detection module detects voltage variations of the feedback transformer and generates a detection signal to the inverter module accordingly. The inverter module regulates the currents flowing through the plurality of lamps according to the feedback signal and determines one or more of the plurality of lamps are faulty according to the detection signal generated by the open-lamp protection detection module, and stops providing the electrical signals to the plurality of lamps.

Abstract: A retained and a removable circuit connect together to form a closed circuit. A switching mechanism is connected between the retained and removable circuits and to a circuit break load. Upon disconnection of the circuit break load and/or the removable circuit, the switching mechanism automatically switches from an open circuit to a closed circuit to form a closed circuit with the retained circuit.

Abstract: A discharge lamp lighting device is provided to comprise tube current detecting circuits 51 to 5n for outputting detection signals VI1 to VIn of tube currents I1 to In flowing through each discharge lamp 11 to 1n from an inverter 3 connected to DC power source 2 via a plurality of transformers 41 to 4n, a maximum detector 6 for detecting a maximum value VIMX of detected signals VI1 to VIn from current detector 51 to 5n, a minimum detector 7 for detecting a minimum value VIMN of detected signals VI1 to VIn from current detector 51 to 5n, a comparison circuit 8 for computing one or plural values of sum, difference, product and quotient between maximum value VIMX from maximum detector 6 and minimum value VIMN from minimum detector 7 to generate a cease signal VCP when the computed value exceeds a given value, and a control circuit 9 for halting operation of inverter 3 when comparison circuit 8 generates cease signal VCP.

Abstract: An LED replacement light for a fluorescent lighting fixture. The replacement light assembly includes a metal housing for heat dissipation and structural support. A standard plug for mating with the original lighting fixture connector is provided to allow direct replacement of an existing fluorescent light bulb. A control circuit having a power supply, a current controller, and a current sensor converts the fluorescent lamp power supply output to an output sufficient to drive the LEDs. The current controller generates a variable pulse width waveform for powering the LEDs, and a current sensor circuit regulates the flow of current through the LEDs. High-brightness LEDs are utilized and are spaced sufficiently apart to provide fewer point-sources of light while retaining overall equivalent luminance. A glare shield controls the light pattern emanating from the LEDs to direct the pattern illumination.

Abstract: A lamp operation device includes a mode setting part that sets an operation mode for lamps, and a lamp operation part that controls switching between the lamps in accordance with the set operation mode. The lamp operation part includes a process corresponding to a manual switching mode in which a lamp selected by a user is set as an illumination lamp, and a process corresponding to an automatic switching mode in which the plurality of lamps is automatically set in sequence as an illumination lamp. In the automatic switching mode, after one lamp has been set as the illumination lamp, cumulative illuminating time (amount of change) of the lamp is measured. Then, the illumination lamp is switched to the other lamp, depending on whether a measurement result has exceeded predetermined threshold time.

Abstract: A backlight protection circuit includes a driving circuit, two lamps, a pulse modulator, and a feedback circuit. The pulse modulator controlling the operating state of the driving circuit includes an over-voltage sampling end. Each of the two lamps includes a high voltage end connected to the driving circuit, and a low voltage end connected to the over-voltage sampling end through the feedback circuit. The pulse modulator stops the operation of the driving circuit when the voltage of the low voltage end exceeds a reference voltage.

Abstract: The invention discloses a transformer for a backlight apparatus including a lamp and a detecting unit. The transformer includes a bobbin, a first winding and a second winding. The bobbin has a low-voltage winding region and a high-voltage winding region. The first winding is wound on the high-voltage winding region and is coupled to the lamp. The low-voltage winding region has a first pin, a second pin and a third pin. Firstly, the second winding is wound on the first pin and then wound on the low-voltage winding region for M turns. Next, the second winding is drawn out from the low-voltage winding region, then wound on the second pin, and then drawn back to be wound on the low-voltage winding region for N turns again. Afterwards, the second winding is drawn out again and wound on the third pin, where each of M and N is a nature number. In addition, the third pin is coupled to the detecting unit.

Abstract: Light emitting device arrays comprising alternate current routes that redirect supplied current in the event of open circuit due to a damaged light emitting element are provided. Furthermore, passive light emitting device arrays that provide current compensation for lost light output are provided.

Abstract: A discharge lamp lighting apparatus for lighting multiple discharge lamps is provided in which two step-up transformers to apply AC voltages to two discharge lamp groups are mounted on a circuit board, and an antenna pattern is disposed on the circuit board so as to extend under both secondary windings of the step-up transformers and has its one end electrically connected to a tank circuit of a protection circuit, wherein the resonance frequency of the tank circuit is set to a frequency corresponding to five times the driving frequency of the step-up transformers, and the fifth-order high harmonic component is extracted from a signal induced in the antenna pattern, and when the signal extracted by the tank circuit exceeds a predetermined value, the output side of the step-up transformers is determined to be in an open state and the step-up transformers are stopped from being driven.

Abstract: The present invention provides a protection means for a driving circuit which drives a set of external electrode fluorescent lamps (EEFL). The driving circuit with protection function for driving a set of EEFLs consistent with the present invention includes: a transformer connected to the set of EEFLs; a switching network connected to the transformer which delivers power to the transformer; a sensing circuit connected to the set of EEFLs which detects disconnection if one light source is disconnected; and a controller connected to the switching network which controls the switching network to reduce the total current supplied to the EEFLs which remain connected, if the sensing circuit detects that one EEFL is disconnected. Appropriate protection can therefore be implemented when the EEFL is disconnected on one end or both ends.

Abstract: A ring balancer comprising a plurality of balancing transformers facilitates current sharing in a multi-lamp backlight system. The balancing transformers have respective primary windings separately coupled in series with designated lamps and have respective secondary windings coupled together in a closed loop. The secondary windings conduct a common current and the respective primary windings conduct proportional currents to balance currents among the lamps. The ring balancer facilitates automatic lamp striking and the lamps can be advantageously driven by a common voltage source.

Abstract: A problem is to solve degradation with time of a light emitting element by a new method. The light emitting device of the invention has a limiter transistor which is connected to a monitoring element, and an inverter an output terminal of which is connected to a gate electrode of the limiter transistor and an input terminal of which is connected to one electrode of the limiter transistor and the monitoring element. In the case where the monitoring element is short-circuited, the limiter transistor can be turned off by the inverter to correct a defect of the monitoring element.

Abstract: A CCFL inverter circuit integrates a feedback circuit and protection circuit together. For both in-phase and out-of-phase applications, sensed lamp voltages can be used for open lamp and short lamp detection and sensed currents can be used for open lamp detection. The driving circuit adjusts the open lamp frequency by using a duty cycle control signal so that the driving circuit can always achieve the desired lamp voltage gain.

Abstract: An improved electrical circuit design and method to drive a plurality of LEDs in an LCD backlight in order to produce a uniform color distribution across the entire viewable surface of the display. The embodiments disclosed have features that permit a predetermined reduction in the amount of current provided to the LEDs positioned along the edge of the display region. This results in color uniformity, and consequently, an improved picture quality.

Abstract: A charge pump circuit boosts a voltage of a battery so as to generate a drive voltage for an LED. A constant current circuit generates a constant current to feed through the LED. A monitoring circuit monitors a cathode potential of the LED, i.e., a voltage across the constant current circuit. A control circuit receives a result of monitoring from the monitoring circuit 110 and increases a step-up ratio of the charge pump circuit when the voltage across the constant current circuit drops below a minimum voltage that guarantees a constant current. The control circuit sets an externally requested constant current value in the constant current circuit. When a change from a large current to a small current is requested, the control circuit returns the step-up ratio of the charge pump circuit to 1.0.

Abstract: A shunt device for use in a light socket includes a first semiconductor chip and a first container having a receiving surface for receiving the first semiconductor chip therein and having an open surface through which the first semiconductor chip is exposed and a first conductive member connected having a first end connected to the first semiconductor chip through the open surface and a second end connected to a first of the terminals with the socket and wherein the container and the chip and the member are operatively interposed in a self retained manner between the terminals in the lower portion of the socket.

Abstract: In an LED unit, all of eight LEDs are connected in series. The voltage of a power supply, that is, a battery of a vehicle, 12 V, is insufficient for the eight LEDs. To cope with this, a boosting circuit is provided within the control unit to boost the voltage to about 16 V which is then applied to the eight LEDs. The front end of the LED unit is connected to a constant-current circuit, and a voltage detection circuit is provided near and connected to this constant-current circuit for detecting the voltage applied to the constant-current circuit. The voltage detected by the voltage detection circuit is compared with a reference voltage drawn from the power supply, is amplified in an amplifier, and is input as a boosting control signal into the boosting circuit. The boosting control signal is output so as to regulate the boosted voltage in such a manner that the voltage detected in the voltage detection circuit is a lowest possible voltage.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp end-of-life protection circuit in an illuminating electric appliance, includes a rectifying effect protection circuit for a lamp tube and an overvoltage protection circuit for the lamp tube, in which a circuitry of two series resistors and a capacitor in series is connected in parallel with the lamp tube. A cathode of a transient voltage suppresser is connected to one end of the lamp tube, its anode is connected to an anode of a diode, and a cathode of the diode is connected to a common node of two series resistors. One end of a trigger diode is connected to a common node of the capacitor and the resistor, and the other end thereof is connected to a gate terminal G of a triac, a first electrode and a second electrode of of which are connected to two ends of the lamp tube respectively.

Abstract: A method for determining the remaining operating life of a fluorescent lamp comprising cathodes, when the fluorescent lamp is a part of a fluorescent lamp circuit, which in addition to the fluorescent lamp includes a ballast, for example a capacitor and an inductance. In accordance with the method the remaining operating life of the fluorescent lamp is deduced from a phase difference of a voltage applied over a cathode in relation to another current or voltage phase in the fluorescent lamp circuit.

Abstract: Process for the recognition of the rectifier effect appearing in a gas discharge lamp (G1, G2) and an electronic ballast, for the operation of gas discharge lamps (G1, G2), with which such a process finds employment. The electronic ballast includes a monitoring or control circuit (IC2) which monitors an operating parameter of a load circuit (E) of the electronic ballast, whereby this operating parameter corresponds to the lamp voltage or is dependent thereon. The monitoring circuit (IC2) integrates this monitored operating parameter over a full period and determines upon the presence of a rectifier effect if the integration result deviates from a predetermined integration desired value. Further, for the recognition of the rectifier effect, the duration of the positive and negative half-waves of the monitored parameter can be compared.

Abstract: Circuit arrangement for igniting and operating gas discharge lamps, in particular high-pressure gas discharge lamps. The circuit arrangement comprises four controllable switches (S1, S4) which are interconnected to form a full bridge, in which a gas discharge lamp (EL) is to be arranged in the bridge branch of the full bridge. After the ignition and operation of the gas discharge lamp (EL), a warm-up operation is carried out in which there is a switch-over between the two bridge diagonals (S1, S4; S2, S3) respectively. The gas discharge lamp (EL) is ignited by way of a series resonant circuit (L1, C1) which is coupled to the bridge branch, with two series-connected switches (S1, S2) of the full bridge being permanently open and the other two switches (S3, S4) being switched on and off alternately at a high frequency.

Abstract: Remote ballasting apparatus adapted for insertion between a high frequency power source and one or more gaseous discharge lamps. The ballasting apparatus includes an isolation transformer having a primary winding adapted for connection to the high frequency power source, a low capacitance power transmission line having an output end adapted for connection to the one or more gaseous discharge lamps, and current limiting means, such as an inductor or a capacitor or a series resonant circuit connected between the secondaries of the isolation transformer and the input end of the low capacitance power transmission line.

Abstract: An electric series circuit with plural loads such as light bulbs connected in series and plural solid state switching devices, with each switching device connected in parallel with one of the loads. Each switching device conducts current when the load that it is connected in parallel with does not conduct current because the load is burned out. The solid state switching means may be any device with a breakthrough voltage which is high enough that it does not conduct when all of the loads conduct current normally. When one of the loads is burned out, that load does not conduct current and the entire line voltage appears across the switching means in parallel with the burned out load. The switching means breaks down. Accordingly, the switching means conducts current and current flows to the remaining loads. Accordingly, the remaining light bulbs in a string of light bulbs continue to light. The burned out load may be immediately detected and replaced. The switching means may be a sidac.

Abstract: A circuit for protecting fluorescent lamps connected to a high frequency electronic ballast has a detecting bridge connected to the fluorescent lamps, an output of the detecting bridge varying linearly with a difference between a highest and a lowest voltage across the fluorescent lamps. A timer is connected to the detecting bridge output, and a trigger is connected to an output of the timer, the trigger being responsive to an over-voltage condition of a fluorescent lamp operating at failure mode. A controllable switch is connected across the fluorescent lamps, the controllable switch being controlled by an output of the trigger. The controllable switch, when closed, shorts the fluorescent lamps between their terminals, to protect the circuit when one or more fluorescent lamps are operating at failure mode or at the end of their operating life.

Abstract: A circuit for protecting fluorescent lamps connected to high frequency electronic ballasts has a detecting bridge connected to the fluorescent lamps, an output of the detecting bridge varying linearly with the highest voltage across the fluorescent lamps, a number of shunt capacitors equal to the number of fluorescent lamps, each shunt capacitor being connected between the detecting bridge and a corresponding fluorescent lamp, a timer connected to the detecting bridge output, a trigger connected to an output of the timer, the trigger being responsive to an over-voltage condition of a fluorescent lamp operating at failure mode, and a controllable switch connected across the fluorescent lamps, the controllable switch being controlled by an output of the trigger. The controllable switch, when closed, couples the shunt capacitors across the terminals of a corresponding fluorescent lamp and shuts down the fluorescent lamp which is operating at failure mode or at the end of its operating life.

Abstract: A ballast includes an inverter for providing an AC voltage to a discharge lamp. As the lamp approaches end-of-life, a DC voltage component develops across the lamp. The ballast includes circuitry for monitoring the condition of each of the cathodes by measuring this DC voltage component. After a predetermined increase in this DC voltage component, the inverter is disabled in order to prevent excessive heating of the cathodes. The inverter is also disabled as a result of a resonant or near resonant mode condition of a tank circuit caused by an open circuit condition or a leaking lamp.

Abstract: A new method of control of high voltage gaseous conductor lamps is herein provided allowing the selective control of the operation of such lamps in a single, or multiple lamp series-connected, current regulated supply circuit, through selective shorting of said lamps with semiconductor devices. The method provided herein also allows selective operation of an infinite number of lamps on a single supply circuit.

Abstract: A dual mode high intensity aircraft approach lighting system includes a plurality of lights interconnected by means of power wiring. An improved subsystem for detecting lamp failures is disclosed which permits a positive identification of individual failed lamps at a remote location, such as the control tower of an airport, for instance. The subsystem hardware consists of an operational monitor processor, three lamp controllers, one for each of three lighting loops, one remote lamp transceiver module per lamp, and existing ac loop wiring. The operational monitor processor board initiates a reset of the lamp controller and remotely installed transceiver units by sending a SAMPLE ALL signal to each lamp controller. A comprehensive test of all lamps in each of the three lighting loops is performed. The first lamp controller board sequentially polls each lamp for operational status in the first loop.

Abstract: A gain control circuit (10) for remotely controlling the gain of a photomultiplier tube (PMT (12)). The remote gain control circuit (10) may be used with a PMT (12) having any selected number of dynodes (DY). The remote gain control circuit (10) is connected to the last dynode nearest the anode (16) in the dynode string which controls the total dynode supply voltage and influences the gain of each dynode (DY). The remote gain control circuit (10) of the present invention includes an integrated-circuit operational amplifier (U1), a high-voltage transistor (Q1), a plurality of resistors (R), a plurality of capacitors (C), and a plurality of diodes (D). Negative feedback is used to set the last dynode voltage proportional to a voltage controlled by the gain control voltage delivered by a voltage source such as a digital-to-analog converter. The control circuit (10) of the present invention is connected to the last dynode using a single connecting wire (22).

Abstract: There is disclosed a secondary electron multiplying apparatus including a first channel base for multiplying secondary electrons and a second channel base for inducing an inclined electric field. In the secondary electron multiplying apparatus, the second channel base is arranged so that an inner surface thereof opposes an inner surface of the first channel base, thereby forming a channel for moving the secondary electrons in a direction of the inclined electric field from an entrance end of the channel toward an exit end thereof. The inner surface of the first channel base is made of an electrically resistive material having a predetermined relatively large secondary electron emission coefficient, and the inner surface of the second channel base is made of an electrically resistive material having a predetermined secondary electron emission coefficient smaller than that of the inner surface of the first channel base.

Abstract: An electronic ballast which will repeatedly try to ignite gas discharge lamps should they fail to ignite under conditions in which they should have ignited together with means rendering said electronic ballast incapable of trying to ignite said lamps after a predetermined period and said electronic ballast being rendered capable of again trying to ignite said lamps under prescribed conditions.

Abstract: A main power supply device uses single phase, or three phase R, S, T; through rectification and filtration; each phase produces a different D.C. voltage so as to supply a respective voltage transforming device. The rectifier output of a step-down supply of the S, T, phase, in addition to supplying an astable square wave oscillator, so as to control signal outputs via a driving circuit, also supplies a tripping device, so as to control the high A.C. output from the high-voltage transformer of the transforming device. Any abnormal load can be detected by a detecting transformer and a protective circuit, so as to control cut-off of a transistor of a switching loop. A plurality of transforming devices are of the modular plate type; trouble-shooting can be performed easily, and the speed of maintenance is increased; the working safety is also enhanced.

Abstract: Photomultiplier dynodes (D.sub.1, D.sub.2 . . . ) each comprise two spaced planes (D.sub.11 and D.sub.12) made up elementary laminations having a cross-section in the form of an isosceles triangle which is symmetrically disposed relative to the inlet window of the photomultiplier tube. The laminations in the two consecutive planes of a single dynode stage are offset relative to each other to constitute a baffle, and are disposed in such a manner that electrons leaving the first plane pass through the second plane without striking the laminations thereof. The distance Z.sub.1 between two dynode stages is large relative to the distance Z.sub.O between the two planes of a single dynode, and is chosen as a function of the electric field in such a manner that the secondary electrons from the upstream stage strike a limited number of the laminations in the downstream stage with a concentrated distribution.

Abstract: An improved non-lighting fluorescent lamp substitute to replace one lamp in a two-lamp series connected circuit so that the circuit is completed through the remaining lamp allowing it to light, whereas without the lamp substitute, the circuit is incomplete if one lamp is removed and then the other lamp is unable to light. In one form, the device is wired into a light fixture, while in another form, it looks like a conventional fluorescent lamp and fits into the sockets of the fixture. Either form cuts power consumption substantially in half with a corresponding reduction in light output. The improvement is a triac in the device that limits the magnitude of the effective arc current by phase angle control to the original design current of the lamp and ballast in order to achieve the normally expected life of the lamp and ballast.

Abstract: A power circuit for N series connected loads according to the present invention includes N transformers having primary windings connected in series across a constant current AC source and secondary windings connected in series with the N loads. N-1 conductors are coupled from a junction between the loads to a corresponding junction between the secondary windings. Failure of one of the loads resulting in an open circuit will not interrupt power to the remaining loads.

Abstract: An image intensifier tube comprising an input screen assembly which includes a photosensitive semiconductor wafer having a substrate of one conductivity type material forming a plurality of P-N junctions with a planar array of mutually isolated islands of opposite conductivity type material, the islands protruding substantially equal distances from a common surface of the substrate, an opaque film of resistive material overlying the exposed areas of the islands and the common surface of the substrate, a layer of electroluminescent material disposed in abutting relationship with the distal ends of the islands and a layer of photoemissive material disposed in axially aligned relationship with the electroluminescent layer.

Abstract: An electron image projector for transferring mask patterns onto a semiconductor wafer comprises a patterned photo-emissive cathode mask (1) and a target (3) such as a semiconductor wafer (11) coated with an electron sensitive resist (10). Accelerated by a uniform electric field E and focussed by a uniform magnetic field H a patterned electron beam is projected from the cathode onto the target with unity magnification. The electric field E is at least mainly established between the cathode and the target A foil is provided for protecting the photocathode against poisoning by gas liberated from the target upon electron beam bombardement. To avoid adversely influencing the imaging electron beams the foil may be constituted as a metal foil with a thickness of about 0,1 .mu.m for 25 kV electrons.

Abstract: A crossed-field amplifier has a cathode in the form of a P-N junction semiconductor which is biased to the conductive state to cause the crossed-field amplifier to amplify. The P and N regions of the semiconductor are connected to an energy source which is pulsed to produce conduction in the P-N junction and thereby allow secondary emission from the cathode. A reverse bias voltage prevents secondary emission from the cathode. The tube requires only low voltages to be applied to the cathode P-N junction to completely deactivate the crossed-field amplifier tube without requiring the removal of the RF drive pulse applied to the cathode- or anode-slow-wave circuit and without requiring the removal of the DC high voltage power supply which therefore need not be pulsed.

Abstract: Deleterious effects of high capacitance in large area raster scanner image tubes, especially when employed in video cameras, can be overcome by employing the following features: (1) a plurality of transparent stripe signal electrodes; (2) a unique, multiple layer, solid state structure designed to provide a Displaced Electron Layer-Sensor-Target for imaging (hereinafter DELST), with and without; (3) photoconductive gain in the DELST structure; and (4) with and without intensifier gain in the DELST structure, the proper combination of these four features makes possible the construction of video sensor devices of extraordinarily large capacitance, having rasters generated by "low or high" velocity scanning electron beams, or a laser scanning ray. The invention provides a generic approach for the selection of features and their combination with the type of scanner best suited to any one application.

Abstract: A synchronous scan streaking device comprising a photoelectric layer, an electronic lens, an anode with an aperture, a pair of deflection electrodes, and a phosphor layer arranged in order within a vacuum envelope. A deflection voltage at the same frequency as the repetition rate of the light pulses incident on the phosphor layer to be measured is fed from deflection voltage generation means to the deflection electrodes so as to repetitively generate an enhanced image of the incident light on the phosphor layer. At least one shielding metal structure which is connected to the common potential source is arranged in the space between the deflection electrode plate and the wall of the envelope, and surrounding a deflection electrode plate lead provided to connect the deflection electrode plate through the envelope to the deflection voltage generation means.

Abstract: A color video signal reproducing circuit for an index type television including a phase detector and a phase adjusting circuit in which the phase detector detects the phase difference between an index signal of a present time and an index signal which is one horizontal scanning period prior to the present time in a range within 360.degree. of phase, the phase detector then outputs a phase control signal which is indicative of the phase difference, and a phase adjustment circuit receives the present index signal and changes the phase of the input index signal corresponding to the phase control signal of the phase detector so as to output a new index signal for driving the index type television. The phase of the new index signal is corrected so as to comply with the color video signal having a different horizontal scanning frequency.

Abstract: A penetron color display tube including a channel plate electron multiplier disposed between a low energy electron-beam-producing means and a luminescent screen. The screen is formed from repetitive groups of phosphor elements for luminescing in different colors. Each group includes a first phosphor element having a single layer of material for luminescing in a first color, such as blue, and a second phosphor element having two layers of material for luminescing in second and third colors, such as red and green. The channel plate electron multiplier includes a multiplicity of electron-multiplying channels for emitting individual electron beams when the low energy electron beam is directed into the channel's input.