Abstract: A battery management system monitors and controls the state of charge of a plurality of battery cells with a single data transceiver line. A sense board coupled to each cell monitors the battery cell voltage and temperature and reports the cell voltage in series, according to the location in series. A data request signal is sent by the control device of the battery management system through the single data transceiver line to initiate battery cell data transmission. The first battery cell in the series sends the first battery data upon receiving the data request signal and each subsequent battery cell in the series sends their respective battery data after a predetermined delay time set by two quaternary bits formed by a pair of voltage dividers. The state of charge may be displayed in real time on a graphical or numerical display.

Abstract: An adapter for charging control include a power converting unit, a sample and hold unit, a current acquisition and control unit. The power converting unit is configured to convert an input AC to obtain an output voltage and an output current of the adapter, and the output current of the adapter is a current of a first pulsating waveform. The sample and hold unit is connected to the power converting unit, and is configured to sample the current of the first pulsating waveform when the sample and hold unit is in a sampling state and hold a peak value of the current of the first pulsating waveform when the sample and hold unit is in a holding state. The current acquisition and control unit is configured to determine whether the sample and hold unit is in the holding state.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a battery pack including a pack body and a plurality of terminals. The pack body has first and second main surfaces that are opposed to each other in a first axis direction, first and second end surfaces that are opposed to each other in a second axis direction orthogonal to the first axis direction, and first and second side surfaces that are opposed to each other in a third axis direction orthogonal to the first axis direction and the second axis direction. The plurality of terminals includes a positive terminal, a negative terminal, a temperature detection terminal, and a control terminal that are arranged on the first end surface along the third axis direction. The negative terminal is arranged between the temperature detection terminal and the control terminal and closer to the control terminal than the temperature detection terminal.

Abstract: Fast charging methods, fast charging apparatuses, and machine-readable storage media are provided. The fast charging method includes: in response to detecting a successful handshake with a to-be-charged device, monitoring a voltage request from the to-be-charged device, where the voltage request includes at least a QC3.0 (Quick Charge 3.0) voltage request; when the voltage request is the QC3.0 voltage request, determining a voltage combination of a first data line and a second data line according to respective voltage data of the first data line and the second data line in the QC3.0 voltage request; and when the voltage combination of the first data line and the second data line belongs to a first category valid voltage combination, adjusting a voltage transmitted via an output power line of a charger in a preset fine-tuning charging mode, where a voltage adjustment step size of the fine-tuning charging mode is less than a voltage adjustment step size of a QC3.

Abstract: A test meter and related method for monitoring the condition of a backlight battery of the meter in which the meter includes a housing, controller, display with backlight and a battery monitoring circuit. An off-time of the meter is measured and compared to a predetermined recovery time of the backlight battery. If the off-time of the meter is greater than the predetermined recovery time of the backlight battery, a voltage of the backlight battery is measured at a predetermined time after energizing the backlight and compared to a first predetermined voltage in excess of a threshold voltage of the backlight battery. If the measured voltage is less than the first predetermined voltage, the measured voltage is compared to a second predetermined voltage between the first predetermined voltage and the threshold voltage. A battery depletion warning is displayed if the measured voltage is less than the second predetermined voltage.

Abstract: Provided is a heat-radiating cartridge that improves heat-radiating capability, does not cause deformation, and has excellent rigidity, and a battery pack for an electric vehicle using the same. The heat-radiating cartridge includes: first and second guide members that support both longitudinal sides of a battery and are spaced apart from each other; third and fourth guide members connected to both ends of the first and second guide members, respectively, to be in contact with both end electrode terminals of the battery; and a seating portion formed on a sidewall of a battery receiving penetration hole formed in a central area by the first to fourth guide members to seat the battery, wherein the seating portion is protruded from the side wall of the battery receiving penetration hole so as to horizontally divide the battery receiving penetration hole into two.

Abstract: With a battery using a flexible outer package, electric current is reliably interrupted when the temperature is increased due to the occurrence of abnormality, thereby preventing excessive heat generation. A battery 1 includes a battery element 10, a pair of first terminals 11 that are electrically connected to the battery element 10, a flexible outer package 13, and a second terminal 12. The outer package 13 is partitioned into a first chamber 13a in which the battery element 10 is sealed and a second chamber 13b which is adjacent to the first chamber 13a. The second terminal 12 is led out from the second chamber 13b to the outside of the outer package 13 so that one first terminal 11 is made electrically connectable to an external wiring through the second chamber 13b. A gas generation material 14 which generates a gas at a predetermined temperature or higher is sealed in the second chamber 13b.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for operating, in a process control system, a circuit coupled to an input power supply and a supercapacitor susceptible to damage at high temperatures. A controller causes the circuit to supply electric charge from the input power supply to the supercapacitor. The controller also causes the circuit to supply electric power from the supercapacitor to a field device, such as an actuator. The controller selects a voltage to which the supercapacitor is to be charged based at least in part on a detected temperature associated with the supercapacitor, and causes the circuit to supply electric charge from the input power supply to the supercapacitor based on the selected voltage.

Abstract: A method and system for charging multi-cell lithium-based batteries. In some aspects, a battery charger includes a housing, at least one terminal to electrically connect to a battery pack supported by the housing, and a controller operable to provide a charging current to the battery pack through the at least one terminal. The battery pack includes a plurality of lithium-based battery cells, with each battery cell of the plurality of battery cells having an individual state of charge. The controller is operable to control the charging current being supplied to the battery pack at least in part based on the individual state of charge of at least one battery cell.

Abstract: Provided is a battery module including a battery part including one battery cell or a plurality of battery cells connected in series, first and second leads respectively led out from a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the battery part, a first FET in which the first FET is an N-channel type and a drain of the first FET is connected to the first lead and a source of the first FET is connected to a positive output terminal, a negative output terminal connected to the second lead, a pre-discharge circuit provided in parallel with a drain-source path of the first FET and is configured to raise a potential of the positive output terminal prior to an ON state of the first FET at discharging, and a forced OFF circuit configured to turn off the first FET by short-circuiting between a gate and the source of the first FET.

Abstract: Methods of charging a vehicle battery pack are disclosed. Example methods may include determining a voltage imbalance between at least two parallel strings of a battery pack exceeds a threshold magnitude. Methods may further include electrically reducing the voltage imbalance between the at least two parallel strings using a series circuit including a first group of one or more of the battery cells of a first one of the parallel strings, and reconnecting the parallel strings in an electrical circuit in parallel to each other, in which configuration the strings of the battery pack may supply power to the vehicle.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a power adapter and a terminal. The power adapter is coupled to a mobile terminal via a USB interface, and a data line of the USB interface is used for a bidirectional communication between the power adapter and the mobile terminal. The power adapter supports a normal charging mode and a quick charging mode, and a charging current of the quick charging mode is greater than a charging current of the normal charging mode. The method includes: communicating, by the power adapter, with the mobile terminal via the data line of the USB interface, so as to determine to charge the mobile terminal in the quick charging mode; and adjusting, by the power adapter, a charging current of the power adapter to be the charging current of the quick charging mode to charge the mobile terminal.

Abstract: A battery pack that is mounted to a laptop computer, wherein two or more battery cells that can be charged and discharged are housed in a pack case; the battery cells are cylindrical battery cells having a circular vertical cross-section; the pack case is configured with a lower case in which battery cells are received and an upper case that is coupled to the lower case in order to close and seal the battery cells; in the upper case, a thickness of an upper contact point portion that contacts an upper end external circumferential surface of the battery cells is 70% or less of that of the remaining portions of the upper case, and a first sheet is attached to an outer surface of the upper case corresponding to the upper contact point portion; and in the lower case, a thickness of a lower contact point portion that contacts a lower end external circumferential surface of the battery cells is 70% or less of that of the remaining portions of the lower case, and a second sheet is attached to an outer surface of the

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a vehicle lower portion structure including: a case main body portion, disposed at a vehicle lower side of a vehicle cabin floor and including a bottom wall and peripheral walls that extend toward a vehicle upper side from a peripheral edge portion of the bottom wall, and accommodating a battery at an interior thereof; a front portion extending portion formed integrally with the case main body portion at a vehicle front side of the case main body portion, at the peripheral wall that is at a vehicle front side of the case main body portion; and an impact absorbing portion, extending in a vehicle longitudinal direction and deforming due to input of collision load from a vehicle front side, a rear end portion of the impact absorbing portion being connected to a vehicle front side region of the front portion extending portion.

Abstract: An improved battery pack and system including such battery pack is disclosed. The battery pack includes a power control module positioned to allow for increased battery power or reduced battery pack size.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a housing, a battery, a battery pack output voltage path that includes a charge power switch and a discharge power switch, and a battery sense output. A switch can be operably coupled between the battery and the battery sense output and configured to selectively open and close a battery sense path between the battery and the battery sense output. By one approach a first control circuit controls the open and close state of the aforementioned switch (in response, for example, to a comparison of the voltage differential across the switch to a predetermined threshold such that the switch is opened when the voltage differential across the switch becomes too positive or too negative with respect to battery voltage).

Abstract: A reusable battery indicator comprises a voltage sensor configured to convert sensed analog characteristics of a battery to digital information; a communication circuit communicatively connected to the voltage sensor; an antenna operatively coupled to the communication circuit; and a connection mechanism having at least a first connector and a second connector that are electrically connected to the voltage sensor, the first connector and the second connector being adapted to be removably connected to a first battery terminal and to a second battery terminal, respectively, thereby completing an electrical circuit between the voltage sensor and the first and second battery terminals when the connection mechanism is coupled to the first battery terminal and to the second battery terminal.

Abstract: A battery module having first and second battery cells, a u-shaped frame member, a thermally conductive layer, a top cover plate, and first and second side cover plates is provided. The u-shaped frame member has a bottom wall and first and second side walls coupled to the bottom wall that extend upwardly from the bottom wall. The u-shaped frame member defines an interior space that holds the first and second battery cells therein. The first and second battery cells are disposed directly on the thermally conductive layer. The top cover plate is coupled to the first and second side walls to enclose a top open region of the u-shaped frame member. The first side cover plate that is coupled to the top cover plate and the bottom wall to enclose a first side open region of the u-shaped frame member.

Abstract: Disclosed a conversion device for a quick charger, comprising an input end, a voltage regulator module, a recognition module, a control module and an output end, wherein, the voltage regulator module receives a power voltage through the input end to stabilize a voltage, and outputs the power voltage after voltage stabilization to the recognition module and the control module; the control module reads a conversion voltage of the output end, and produces a conversion signal group according to the conversion voltage to output to the recognition module; and the recognition module produces a handshake signal and a voltage recognition signal according to the conversion signal, and outputs through the input end. Through the device and method, equipment that are not quickly charged may also be charged by the quick charger, so that an application scope of the quick charger is expanded.

Abstract: A battery module of the present invention is adaptable to be utilized in various configurations including and not limited to an overlapping battery cell packaging configuration and a vertical stack battery cell packaging configuration used in an automotive and non-automotive applications. The battery module has a plurality of battery heatsink assemblies with the cells disposed therebetween. A plurality of rods extend through the each heatsink assemblies to secure the heatsink assemblies and the cell with one another to form the battery module.

Abstract: A battery pack (30) is configured to couple to a power tool (10) by sliding in a sliding direction and it contains a plurality of cells (31). A pair of battery-side, electric-power terminals (312a, 312b, 314a, 314b) and a battery-side signal terminal (313) can be electrically connected to a pair of tool-side, power-supply terminals (212, 214) and a tool-side signal terminal (213), respectively, which are provided on the power tool (10). The pair of battery-side, electric-power terminals (312a, 312b, 314a, 314b) and the battery-side signal terminal (313) are disposed in parallel adjacently in a direction that intersects the sliding direction.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for charging a battery are disclosed. The apparatus includes a LED member that includes a single LED that is suitable for emitting light of different colours, each colour corresponding to a different operating status of the apparatus, and an acoustic signalling device that is suitable for emitting an acoustic signal indicating a malfunction of the apparatus or the battery. The method includes a first battery heating and desulphation step during which the battery is supplied with current pulses having a maximum value that is considerably lower than the maximum value of the charging current in a subsequent second constant current charging step, each current pulse being generated when the current absorbed by the battery after the delivery of a previous current pulse falls below a minimum preset value.

Abstract: A percussive massage device includes an enclosure having a cylindrical bore that extends along a longitudinal axis. A motor has a rotatable shaft that rotates about a central axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. A crank coupled to the shaft includes a pivot, which is offset from the central axis of the shaft. A transfer bracket has a first end portion coupled to the pivot of the crank. A flexible transfer linkage has a first end coupled to a second end portion of the transfer bracket. A piston has a first end coupled to a second end of the transfer linkage. The piston is constrained to move within a cylinder along the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical bore. An applicator head has a first end coupled to a second end of the piston and has a second end exposed outside the cylindrical bore for application to a person receiving treatment.

Abstract: A charge control apparatus according to an embodiment controls charge of a secondary battery to be charged, on the basis of a charge pattern which is calculated from inner state parameters of the secondary battery to be charged, and of a deterioration model or deterioration map of a secondary battery. The charge control apparatus updates the charge pattern on the basis of change of the inner state parameters.

Abstract: A method for conducting an operation including a power tool battery pack. The battery pack can include a housing, a first cell supported by the housing and having a voltage, and a second cell supported by the housing and having a voltage. The battery pack also can be connectable to a power tool and be operable to supply power to operate the power tool. The method can include discharging one of the first cell and the second cell until the voltage of the one of the first cell and the second cell is substantially equal to the voltage of the other of the first cell and the second cell.

Abstract: Briefly the invention provides a shoulder sling supporting equipment from a slider that is in slidable communication with the length of the shoulder sling, the sling also having a reversibly engagable anchoring mechanism to limit the movement of the equipment during periods of active movement by a user. Also provided is a method for using the invented equipment sling.

Abstract: A method of displaying information on a display is provided. The method includes: receiving a request to display, on the display, information indicating whether each of a plurality of battery packs associated with the display, is mounted on a device of a plurality of devices, and, in response to the request, displaying, on a monitor of the display, information indicating whether or not each of the plurality of battery packs associated with the display is mounted on a device. Each of the plurality of battery packs is mountable on the plurality of devices.

Abstract: A calibration circuit may comprise a negative pack terminal, an intermediate node, and a first protection IC coupled to a first transistor. The first transistor may be coupled between the negative pack terminal and the intermediate node. The calibration circuit may comprise a second protection IC coupled in parallel with the first protection IC and further coupled to a second transistor. A power source may be coupled in parallel with the first and second protection ICs, and a current source may be coupled between the negative pack terminal and the intermediate node, wherein the intermediate node is positioned between the first transistor and the second transistor, and the power source is configured to provide a current to the first protection IC through a first current loop.

Abstract: Various battery packs are presented for use with twenty volt (20 V) power tools. In some embodiments, one or more lithium-ion battery cells of the battery packs are received by a handle of the power tool.

Abstract: An energy storage system, including: a first switch and a first inductor connected in series and connected to a positive electrode of an external DC system; a pre-stage bidirectional buck-boost conversion circuit, the circuit including a first terminal, a second terminal, and a third terminal; a pre-charge circuit, a fourth switch, and a super-capacitor sequentially connected in series, two terminals of a series structure resulting therefrom being connected to the third terminal of the pre-stage bidirectional buck-boost conversion circuit and the negative electrode of the external DC system, respectively; a post-stage bidirectional buck-boost conversion circuit, the circuit including a first terminal, a second terminal, and a third terminal; and a battery, a second switch, and a second inductor connected in series.

Abstract: An external electric power supply is connected to a charged electric power storage device in a reverse voltage direction to form a circuit. A voltage of the external electric power supply is adjusted such that a current does not flow immediately after the connection. Then, current measuring of acquiring a converged current value of the current in the circuit due to a decrease in the voltage of the electric power storage device, and quality deciding based on the converged current value are performed. Before the quality deciding, the electric power storage device is grouped such that the converged current value of when the electric power storage device is a normal product is constant in a group. In the quality deciding, a degree of variation in the converged current value is calculated for each group, and the quality is determined by comparing the calculated degree of variation with its predetermined level.

Abstract: A power supply control system includes at least two power supply devices. Each of the at least two power supply devices includes a battery, a monitoring unit configured to generate availability information of the battery, and a charging and discharging controller configured to control charging and discharging of the battery. A first monitoring unit of a first power supply device acquires a state of a second battery of a second power supply device from a second monitoring unit of the second power supply device. When a failure occurs in the second monitoring unit, the first monitoring unit estimates a present state of the second battery, and generates estimation availability information of the second battery based on an estimation result. A second charging and discharging controller of the second power supply device acquires the estimation availability information, and controls charging and discharging of the second battery.

Abstract: A connector for connecting two furniture modules or other stationary objects to form a modular system. The connector includes two hardware pieces, to be mounted onto two furniture modules, respectively. The first piece fits into the second piece in a loading/unloading position, and then moves to a locked position. One or more detent on one hardware piece and one or more systems of tracks in the other hardware piece are provided to help the two pieces move relative to each other in a guided manner, go into and stay in the locked position, and move out of the locked position into the loading/unloading position when sufficient force is applied. Each system of tracks includes multiple indentations and one or more barriers, where the detent can move along the indentations and is resisted or blocked by the barriers.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a plurality of batteries including a first battery and a second battery, and a circuit board including a main surface and a protruding surface extending from the main surface, the main surface being located at one surface of the first battery and the protruding surface being located at the second battery. The second battery is electrically connected to the circuit board through the protruding surface.

Abstract: It is intended to recognize the state of charge or depth of discharge of the battery more accurately than conventional technologies and to recognize health of a battery appropriately. Complex impedance between positive and negative electrodes of the battery is determined at a plurality of frequencies, and the state of charge or depth of discharge of the battery is estimated by comparing frequency dependency of Warburg impedance of the determined complex impedances with frequency dependency of Warburg impedance corresponding to a known state of charge or depth of discharge of the battery.

Abstract: Systems and methods for reuse of battery pack-side current and voltage sensing are disclosed. By reusing elements within a battery pack, a battery field effect transistor (FET) within a power management integrated circuit (PMIC) may be eliminated or at least bypassed. In a first aspect, a current mirror is coupled to a charge protection circuit in the battery pack to capture a sensed current. Likewise, a voltage sensor captures a voltage level for a charging path. Current and voltage are output to the PMIC for use in regulating a buck charger. In a second aspect, current data and voltage data are collected and digitized before being sent to the PMIC for use in regulating the buck charger.

Abstract: Disclosed is a charger for charging a rechargeable battery, comprising a control device and at least one electromechanical interface device for connecting at least one rechargeable battery to the charger and supplying a voltage to said battery. The interface device comprises at least a first terminal and a second terminal and can be set to at least one first position and to a second position; the first terminal can be used for charging a first rechargeable battery when the interface is in the first position, and the second terminal can be used for charging a second rechargeable battery when the interface is in the second position.

Abstract: An electric device includes an electric component that includes an electrode terminal which includes a projection portion, and a circuit substrate that includes a connected portion which is electrically connected to the projection portion, in which the connected portion includes a recess portion that is in contact with the projection portion.

Abstract: A method manages an electrical energy storage battery comprising first and second branches in parallel and each having N storage elements in series. The method includes providing a non-dissipative balancing device for balancing electrical voltages at terminals of the storage elements. The device includes N+1 switching elements of a first type to electrically connect, in parallel, two storage elements belonging to first and second branches at a same stage, and 2N switching elements of a second type to electrically connect, in parallel, two storage elements belonging to first and second branches at adjacent stages. The method also includes choosing only a portion of the storage elements of the first branch, choosing only a portion of the storage elements of the second branch, and controlling the switching elements so as to electrically connect to one another, in parallel, the selected storage elements of the first and second branches.

Abstract: A system, an electrical combination and a method for powering a load device. The combination may include a burst circuit configured to provide power to the load device to perform a burst operation, the burst circuit including a supercapacitor, a first switch between a power source and the supercapacitor and operable to control whether power is provided from the power source to charge the supercapacitor, and a second switch between the supercapacitor and the load device and operable to control whether power is provided from the supercapacitor to the load device; and an electronic processor configured to control the first switch and the second switch based at least in part on a voltage of the supercapacitor.

Abstract: A computing device has an energy storage device system with multiple energy storage devices. Various different criteria are used to determine which one or more of the multiple energy storage devices to discharge at any given time to provide power to the computing device. The criteria can include characteristics of the energy storage devices as well as hardware and/or physical characteristics of the computing device, characteristics of the energy storage devices and/or the computing device that change while the computing device operates, and predicted behavior or usage of the computing device. These criteria are evaluated during operation of the computing device, and the appropriate energy storage device(s) from which to draw power at any given time based on these criteria are determined.

Abstract: A portable information handling system power source has plural separate modules that removeably couple to each other to selectively provide external power from battery and AC power sources. A controller module includes logic to coordinate power transfer to and from an information handling system. An AC-to-DC adapter module couples to the controller module to provide power from an AC power source to the information handling system through the controller module, which coordinates power transfer with the information handling system. A battery power source module couples to the controller module to provide battery power, with the battery charged by power from either the information handling system or the AC-to-DC adapter module.

Abstract: A battery pack is provided for use with a power tool. The battery pack includes a housing and a plurality of battery cells connected in series within the housing, such that an inter-cell node is defined between each pair of adjacent battery cells. A plurality of terminals is at least partially exposed outside of the housing for coupling the battery cells to at least one of a power tool or a battery charger. The plurality of terminals include a positive terminal, a negative terminal and one or more inter-cell terminals, where at least one of the inter-cell terminals is electrically coupled via a positive temperature coefficient thermistor to one of the inter-cell nodes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery cell having an electrode assembly that is sealed with an electrolyte solution within a battery case, the electrode assembly including one or more positive electrodes to which a positive electrode terminal is connected; one or more first negative electrodes to which a first negative electrode terminal is connected; one or more second negative electrodes to which a second negative electrode terminal is connected; and a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the first negative electrode or second negative electrode, or a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the first negative electrode or second negative electrode and a separator disposed between the first negative electrode and the second negative electrode.

Abstract: A computing device has an energy storage device system with multiple energy storage devices. Various different criteria are used to determine which one or more of the multiple energy storage devices to discharge at any given time to provide power to the computing device. The criteria can include characteristics of the energy storage devices as well as hardware and/or physical characteristics of the computing device, characteristics of the energy storage devices and/or the computing device that change while the computing device operates, and predicted behavior or usage of the computing device. These criteria are evaluated during operation of the computing device, and the appropriate energy storage device(s) from which to draw power at any given time based on these criteria are determined.

Abstract: Provided herein are devices, methods and other means, including those related to printers, as well as computer readable media for storing code to execute instructions for a device, and other systems for providing and supporting mobile printing and other types of devices. The printer, for example, can be coupled with one or more docks and/or other accessory devices, examples of which are also discussed herein.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a power adapter and a terminal. The power adapter is coupled to a mobile terminal via a USB interface, and a data line of the USB interface is used for a bidirectional communication between the power adapter and the mobile terminal. The power adapter supports a normal charging mode and a quick charging mode, and a charging current of the quick charging mode is greater than a charging current of the normal charging mode. The method includes: communicating, by the power adapter, with the mobile terminal via the data line of the USB interface, so as to determine to charge the mobile terminal in the quick charging mode; and adjusting, by the power adapter, a charging current of the power adapter to be the charging current of the quick charging mode to charge the mobile terminal.

Abstract: A method for recharging a battery pack (40; 40?) includes attaching a portable charger (120) to a user, which portable charger comprises or is attached to a self-contained power supply (130, 140) and wherein a first charging port (132, 146) of the portable charger is disposed, e.g., on a belt (144) worn by the user, hanging the battery pack on the belt while the battery pack is physically engaged and in electrical communication with a power tool (10; 10?), and initiating a transfer of power from the charger to the battery pack when the first charging port is at least proximal to a second charging port (85, 148) that is in electrical communication with at least one battery cell (50) of the battery pack. A portable charging system capable of performing this method, as well as an adapter for use in performing this method, are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an isolating two-way constant-current maintenance system based on a power supply of shared equipment, comprising a power supply, an electronic switch K1, a current sensor, a main battery management system controller, and a plurality of secondary battery management system controllers; wherein the power supply is connected with the current sensor; the current sensor is respectively connected with the electronic switch K1 and the main battery management system controller; the electronic switch is respectively connected with the main battery management system controller and the secondary battery management system controllers; the main battery management system controller is respectively in a communication connection with the plurality of secondary battery management system controllers; and each one of the secondary battery management system controllers is connected with a battery pack.

Abstract: A method comprises providing power from a battery to an external device using a first circuit; and receiving power from a first power source to provide power to the battery using a second circuit while providing power to the external device.