Abstract: A power supply charger for charging battery cells divided into at least two battery cell groups, each battery cell group having an associated protector circuit module. The power supply charger comprises, for each battery cell group, a power converter, a constant-current and constant-voltage device connected to the power converter for selectively applying a voltage from the power converter across the battery cell group and a current sensing circuit. The power supply charger further comprises, for each battery cell of a battery cell group, a voltage sensing circuit and a balancer circuit. Finally, the power supply charger comprises a micro-controller operatively connected to the various components and is so configured as to, for each battery cell group, selectively apply a voltage across the battery cell group or decrease the voltage of individual battery cells in the battery cell group in response to sensed battery cell voltage and battery cell group current.

Abstract: A time budget during which a portable device will be enabled to acquire content is established and the time budget as well as a filter is used to determine which content the portable device will acquire during a synchronization process.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a battery system whose life can be extended. A cell pack having at least one lithium secondary battery that uses a manganese-based cathode material and a control unit that controls charging and discharging of the cell pack are provided, and the control unit controls charging and discharging within a low-degradation voltage range that is set on the basis of a target cell degradation rate.

Abstract: A system and method for operating, or electrically communicating with, an electrical supply network are disclosed. A vehicle is coupled to the electrical supply network, a trigger causes a partial discharge of an electrical energy storage device of the vehicle into electric power network, discharging electrical energy into the electric power network from the vehicle.

Abstract: During use of a secondary battery, a concentration change ratio estimating unit estimates a ratio of change in electrolytic solution concentration based on a charging/discharging current. According to the estimated ratio of change, a concentration estimated value calculating unit sequentially calculates an electrolytic solution concentration estimated value during the use of the secondary battery. Based on the estimated electrolytic solution concentration estimated value, a determining unit determines whether or not the electrolytic solution concentration is within a normal range. When the electrolytic solution concentration is outside the normal range, a charging/discharging condition modifying unit modifies a charging/discharging condition of the secondary battery to bring the electrolytic solution concentration back to the normal range, thus avoiding a tendency of overcharge or a tendency of overdischarge.

Abstract: Various synchronization and content acquisition tasks able to be performed by a portable device are governed by reference to a budget. In operation, the budget may be adjusted as a function of a state of a battery associated with the portable device, as a function of one more file sizes associated with content to be acquired, as a function of a data transfer rate, and/or as a function of a temperature associated with the portable device. A filter may also be provided for use in determining which content the portable device will acquire.

Abstract: There is herein provided an uninterruptible power supply device with a degradation judgment circuit of a storage battery which can perform an exact judgment, continuing the power supply to a load apparatus stably without giving the excessive burden to the storage battery. The storage battery is floatingly charged from a rectifier connected with the power source. The device has the control circuit for controlling the output voltage of the rectifier and the degradation judgment circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is lowered to below a steady state by the control circuit. As a result, the storage battery discharges with the current Idc restricted rather than rated discharge current. And a part of power supply is supplied to the load. The degradation judgment circuit judges the degradation of the storage battery based on the discharge voltage Vdc.

Abstract: A storage voltage of a battery pack is controlled with control electronics. The storage voltage of a battery pack is sensed, and a discharge mechanism is triggered if the storage voltage is within a predetermined range of voltage, to thereby adjust the storage voltage of the battery pack to below the predetermined range of voltage, or if the storage voltage is at or above a predetermined voltage, to thereby adjust the storage voltage of the battery pack to below the predetermined voltage. Control electronics sense a storage voltage of a battery pack and trigger a discharge mechanism if the storage voltage is within a predetermined range of voltage, to thereby adjust the storage voltage of the battery pack to below the predetermined range of voltage, or if the storage voltage is at or above a predetermined voltage, to thereby adjust the storage voltage of the battery pack to below the predetermined voltage. The control electronics are coupled to an electronic device and a battery pack.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided to calculate a quantity indicating a charged state of an on-vehicle battery. The battery powers a starter starting up an on-vehicle engine. In the apparatus, a plurality of pairs of data consisting of current and voltage of the battery are acquired at predetermined sampling intervals during a cranking period of the engine in response to starting up the starter. At intervals, a value of an internal resistance of the battery is calculated based on the plurality of pairs of data of current and voltage. The internal resistance is one kind of the charged-state indicating quantity. An open voltage difference is calculated, which is a difference between a pseudo circuit-open voltage of the battery given before starting up the starter and a pseudo circuit-open voltage of the battery given after the cranking period. The value of the internal resistance is corrected using the open voltage difference.

Abstract: A system, a method, and an article of manufacture for determining an estimated battery parameter vector indicative of a parameter of a battery are provided. The method determines a first estimated battery parameter vector indicative of a parameter of the battery at a first predetermined time based on a plurality of predicted battery parameter vectors, a plurality of predicted battery output vectors, and a first battery output vector.

Abstract: A device optimized battery-charging system for extending the useful life of a rechargeable battery. The optimized battery-charging system predicts periods of use and non-use of the device containing the battery and generates a schedule of when to charge the battery so the battery is ready for the next use cycle. During non-use cycles, the optimized battery-charging system reduces the battery charge level to an optimum level for storage based on the battery chemistry. When charging or discharging the battery, the optimized battery-charging system calculates a rate of charge or discharge that assures that the battery temperature does not exceed a preconfigured maximum value.

Abstract: An abnormal voltage detector apparatus is provided for an assembled battery including a plurality of battery blocks connected in series to each other. In the abnormal voltage detector apparatus, a detecting part detects whether or not each of the battery blocks is in a voltage abnormality state by comparing either one of a voltage of each battery block and each battery measuring voltage, that is a voltage lowered from the voltage of each battery block, with a predetermined reference voltage, generates each of abnormality detecting signals containing information about a detected result, calculates a time ratio of a time interval, for which the assembled battery is in a voltage abnormality state, to a predetermined time interval, based on the abnormality detecting signals, and detects a voltage abnormality of the assembled battery based on a calculated time ratio.

Abstract: A method and system for determining standby time for a mobile station uses a battery simulator, a base station emulator, a computer to control the test equipment and MSUT for testing a mobile station. The computer includes a module for determining a radio off battery voltage, a module for deriving a battery capacity in dependence upon the radio off battery voltage, a module for measuring battery capacity usage in a predetermined time while the mobile station is in standby mode and a module for determining a standby time for the mobile station in dependence upon the battery capacity and the battery capacity usage, where the predetermined time is less than the standby time.

Abstract: A method of monitoring a battery energy management system includes discharging a detector circuit to a minimum battery voltage, measuring an elapsed time that the minimum battery voltage is detected, resetting a timer circuit, and sampling the minimum battery voltage and the elapsed time of the minimum battery voltage in response to a predefined prompt. The discharge of the detector circuit, the measurement of the minimum battery voltage, the elapsed time of the minimum battery voltage, and the reset of the timer circuit are performed in response to an input voltage being less than the voltage stored within the detector circuit.

Abstract: A generator controller, in its various embodiments, displays genset fault messages, a genset elapsed time hour meter, service countdown reminder, monitors battery voltage changes over multiple periods of time to establish and display the “battery level,” uses the “battery level” to automatically start and stop the genset, and accepts multiple run requests from AC loads such as HVAC systems, and incorporates safety or other start inhibit features.

Abstract: Systems and methods for accurately determining the state of charge and the relative age of lithium sulfur batteries are provided. The cell resistance and taper input charge of a particular type of lithium sulfur battery are respectively measured to determine the state of charge and age of the battery.

Abstract: A remaining-battery-capacity estimating apparatus estimates the remaining capacity of a battery used as a backup. The apparatus reduces the voltage output from a rectifier to an actual load, measures current flowing from the rectifier and the battery to the actual load and a dummy load device provided separately from the actual load, controls the load of the dummy load device such that the measured current is a predetermined value, and calculates the remaining capacity of the battery based on the terminal voltage of the battery and the discharging time of discharging the battery to the actual load and the dummy load device, by referring to battery data indicating the relationship among the discharging time of the battery, the terminal voltage of the battery, and the remaining capacity of the battery, at a predetermined current of the battery.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for deactivating a bad battery cell from a battery pack for an energy storage system of an electric vehicle is disclosed. The apparatus and methodology includes a clamshell member arranged at an end of the cells and a printed circuit board arranged adjacent to the clamshell member. A collector plate is arranged adjacent to the printed circuit board and a switch is arranged on the printed circuit board. A wire bond is arranged between the switch and one of the cells and a second wire bond is arranged between the switch and the collector plate. The plurality of switches will allow for the identification of the one individual cell having a weak short circuit within the battery pack. Upon identification of the cell with the weak short circuit that cell will have its switch placed in an open position thus electrically isolating the faulty or bad cell from the battery pack.

Abstract: An energy saving system used in an electronic device is provided. The energy saving system includes a battery for supplying the electronic device with energy; a energy detector for measuring a energy level of the battery, and transmitting a battery energy saving control signal when the measured energy level is equal to or less than a predetermined energy level; and a control unit for changing a predetermined first time period into a predetermined second time period which is shorter than the predetermined first time period according to the battery energy saving control signal, and controlling the electronic device to enter a sleep mode state when an elapsed time of not receiving any operations on the electronic device reaches the predetermined second time period.

Abstract: A storage voltage of a battery pack is controlled with control electronics. The storage voltage of a battery pack is sensed, and a discharge mechanism is triggered if the storage voltage is within a predetermined range of voltage, to thereby adjust the storage voltage of the battery pack to below the predetermined range of voltage, or if the storage voltage is at or above a predetermined voltage, to thereby adjust the storage voltage of the battery pack to below the predetermined voltage. Control electronics sense a storage voltage of a battery pack and trigger a discharge mechanism if the storage voltage is within a predetermined range of voltage, to thereby adjust the storage voltage of the battery pack to below the predetermined range of voltage, or if the storage voltage is at or above a predetermined voltage, to thereby adjust the storage voltage of the battery pack to below the predetermined voltage. The control electronics are coupled to an electronic device and a battery pack.

Abstract: A battery management system includes a sensing unit, a controller, an Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) calculator, and a State of Charge (SOC) determination unit. The sensing unit measures a total voltage of the secondary battery. The controller maintains the secondary battery in an open circuit state for a first period of time after a power supply switch is turned on, and couples the secondary battery to an external device when the first period of time ends. The OCV calculator receives the measured voltage from the sensing unit and calculates an OCV of the secondary battery during the first period of time. The SOC determination unit receives the calculated OCV from the OCV calculator and determines an SOC corresponding to the OCV.

Abstract: A secondary-battery management apparatus calculates the possible discharge duration of a secondary battery correctly even after a load current changes. The secondary-battery management apparatus calculates the remaining capacity and the remaining lifetime of the secondary battery in accordance with a measured temperature of the battery in a standby state, calculates the remaining capacity of the battery in accordance with a measured discharging current of the battery while the battery is in a discharging state, and calculates the remaining capacity of the battery in accordance with a measured charging current while the battery is in a charging state. When discharging from the battery is required by means of a reduction of an output voltage of a rectifier, the deterioration of the battery is checked by discharging to a load device. A battery capacity is checked by measuring the discharge duration of the battery in the discharge by the load current pattern.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus of estimating a state of health (SOH) of a battery using internal resistance, which has been found to act as a parameter exerting the greatest influence on the SOH of the battery. The method comprises the steps of: storing an SOH estimation table constructing SOH values corresponding to various values of internal resistance according to temperature and a state of charge (SOC) in a memory; performing measurement of the temperature and estimation of the SOC of the battery when a request is made to estimate the SOH; detecting the internal resistance value of the battery; and reading the SOH values corresponding to the measured temperature, the estimated SOC of the battery, and the detected internal resistance value of the battery from the SOH estimation table.

Abstract: A method for charging a secondary battery with a constant current, in which a peak of output voltage is detected by utilizing a predetermined current value, and then the battery continues to be charged with a current value lower than the predetermined current value, so that the peak of output voltage or a voltage drop subsequent to the peak is detected, or alternatively a timer may be used, for termination of the charging operation.

Abstract: One embodiment relates to a method of pre-set discharging of a battery in a portable device which is connected to external power. The battery is charged until a fully-charged level is reached, and the time at the fully-charged level is tracked. The charging of the battery is halted after a maximum full-charge time period is elapsed. The charging is restarted after a pre-set charge level is reached. Other embodiments are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for setting an initial SOC value, which initializes the SOC in consideration of not only the temperature change of the external environment of the battery but also the internal temperature change of the battery before the battery reaches a stable unloaded state, thereby enhancing the accuracy in the setup of the initial SOC value. The method includes: measuring internal temperatures of the battery and SOCs corresponding to voltages of the battery, which change according to the time passage after a loaded state is converted into an unloaded state, and constructing an SOC estimation table by using measured values, and storing the SOC estimation table; measuring the internal temperature and the voltage of the battery when estimation of an initial SOC value of the battery is required; and reading an SOC corresponding to the measured internal temperature and the voltage of the battery from the SOC estimation table.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a device, in particular a charger device, with a measuring unit (10) for acquiring at least one battery characteristic value. It is provided that the device includes an arithmetic unit (12) which is provided to determine an ageing-specific charging mode as a function, at the least, of the acquired battery characteristic value.

Abstract: A battery device for an electronic apparatus includes a rechargeable secondary battery, a fuel cell, and a run time computing unit receiving data representative of a voltage versus residual-capacity characteristic of the secondary battery and data representative of a residual capacity of the fuel cell and determining therefrom a residual capacity and a run time of the secondary battery and a run time of the fuel cell and estimates of which of the respective power capacities of the secondary battery and the fuel cell unit will reach the respective, predetermined residual capacities thereof earlier. If it is estimated that the fuel cell will, the computing unit determines a run time of the battery device and supplies data representative of the thus determined run time of the battery device to a power management unit of the electronic apparatus.

Abstract: In a voltage detecting apparatus, a voltage controlled oscillator, when an input voltage is applied thereto, outputs a signal with a logical value that is periodically inverted. A detector counts a number of logical inversion of the output signal from the voltage controlled oscillator over an interval between edges of pulses of a pulse signal to thereby generate, based on the counted number of logical inversion, digital data as a detected result of the input voltage. A determiner determines whether a reduction of a time required to detect the input voltage is higher in priority than an increase of a resolution of detection of the input voltage. A variably setting unit variably sets a frequency of the pulse signal based on a result of the determination of whether the reduction of the time required to detect the input voltage is higher in priority than the increase of the resolution of detection of the input voltage.

Abstract: Described is system and method for controlling power of a computing terminal with an external power source. In particular, a voltage is measured within a system using a voltage detector of a computing terminal. The system includes a battery which provides power to the system and the terminal. When the measured voltage changes to a first level, a first procedure is initiated to monitor the voltage for a time period. Upon expiration of the time period, if the monitored voltage has not changed to a second level, a second procedure is initiated to power off the terminal.

Abstract: A method for operating a battery having a plurality of battery cells includes determining when certain end of life criteria for the battery are met. A counter is incremented when the certain end of life criteria are met. The battery is rebalanced when it is determined that the end of life criteria are met, and the counter is not greater than a predetermined value. An end of life of the battery is indicated when it is determined that the end of life criteria are met, and the counter is greater than the predetermined value.

Abstract: A method is used for charging a battery. According to the method of the present invention, the battery is first charged to a predetermined voltage at a substantially constant current. Then, the charging current is disabled. A pulsing current is applied to the battery for charging the battery.

Abstract: A method and circuit for adjusting a safety time-out in charging devices based on a charge current. According to one embodiment, a signal that is based on the charge current is employed to control an output of an oscillator, which controls an operation of a safety timer circuit. The safety timer circuit activates or deactivates a voltage-current (V-I) control loop of the charging device providing the safety time-out based on the charge current. In another embodiment, where a digital current-set circuit may be employed to determine a value of the charge current, a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) may provide the charge current limit to the V-I control loop, and another output of the digital current-set circuit may control the safety timer. In a further embodiment, a signal based on the charge current may be digitized and employed to control the safety timer comprising a time-out counter.

Abstract: A power management system including a battery-powered application, in which an input current is supplied by a source of current that may be a current-constrained source, such as a USB port, to a battery for charging the battery and to an application load. Battery charging current is supplied to the battery for a period of time based on magnitude of battery charging current, so that charging current of lesser magnitude is applied to the battery for a greater period of time. In accord with one implementation, battery charging current is determined by monitoring the difference between a programmed charging current, dependent on battery type, and magnitude of current used by the load. Change of battery charging current due to voltage mode charging, when charge current begins to drop as the battery approaches full charge, is detected, and in response, the charging period is set to a fixed charging period based on the battery.

Abstract: A system and method for operating an electrical supply network are disclosed. An exemplary embodiment couples a vehicle to the supply network, receives a trigger to cause a partial discharge of an electrical energy storage device of the vehicle into electric power network, and discharges electrical energy into the electric power network from the vehicle in response to receiving the trigger.

Abstract: There is provided an uninterruptible power supply system capable of preventing life shortening of a lithium-ion secondary battery attributable to its overcharge over the whole period of its use. At the start of use of the lithium-ion secondary battery 22, a charging voltage is set comparatively low. On the other hand, as the lithium-ion secondary battery 22 comes closer to an end of its life, its charging voltage becomes higher. A charging control means 37 variably sets the charging voltage applied to the lithium-ion secondary battery 22 so as to realize a discharge duration thereof may become slightly longer than a backup time required for the system and hence life shortening of the lithium-ion secondary battery 22 attributable to overcharge can be prevented.

Abstract: An electric source noise pattern analysis method for vehicle battery protection and power management and device thereof provides ignition status recognized against battery discharge due to electric equipment requirement. This device is connected in parallel with the main battery and backup battery of a vehicle. This device features the addition of a source characteristic sensing unit which analyzes voltages, currents, power noises of main battery and backup battery, a pattern analysis method which utilizes the sensing characteristics to recognize the running and power used situation of vehicle, and a power management and control unit which employs at least one adjustment timer to manage main battery and backup battery relied on the vehicle situation. The device which operates to connect and disconnect the main and the backup battery from the load based on a sophisticated management algorithm to control to prevent from power exhausted by electric appliances.

Abstract: This invention provides a battery pack for driving a compact electric motor of a compact engine starting device mounted on a working machine, comprising lithium-based secondary battery comprising two cells, the entire discharge capacity of the cells being 500 to 2000 mAh, charging voltage per one cell being 3.0 to 4.2 V, various electronic circuits like driving and battery protection circuits of an electric motor, maximum discharge current of the battery having high rate of 10 to 60 A, the protection circuit including an overdischarge inhibit circuit (A) interposed in the electric motor driving circuit and automatically stopping the driving operation of the electric motor after time required for starting the engine elapsed, the volume of the battery pack being as extremely low as 2.5×104 to 1.0×105 mm3, the tire required until the engine is started from the actuation of the electric motor being set to an interval as short as 5 to 15 seconds, since high current can flow.

Abstract: A battery apparatus is provided, in which even if a battery thereof is used under the low temperature environment or the battery has been charged/discharged many times, by changing and setting the end voltage that ends the discharge from the battery cell on the basis of the property of the battery, the dischargeable period can be extended. A battery apparatus for controlling an operation by detecting a charge/discharge state of a battery cell, which is chargeable/dischargeable, to supply a power source voltage to an electronic apparatus, includes: end voltage setting means for setting an end voltage that ends the discharge from the battery cell on the basis of a discharge property of the battery cell; and an end a voltage controller for varying and controlling a setting of the end voltage in accordance with a condition of the battery cell being used.

Abstract: An abnormal voltage detector apparatus is provided for an assembled battery including a plurality of battery blocks connected in series to each other. In the abnormal voltage detector apparatus, a detecting part detects whether or not each of the battery blocks is in a voltage abnormality state by comparing either one of a voltage of each battery block and each battery measuring voltage, that is a voltage lowered from the voltage of each battery block, with a predetermined reference voltage, generates each of abnormality detecting signals containing information about a detected result, calculates a time ratio of a time interval, for which the assembled battery is in a voltage abnormality state, to a predetermined time interval, based on the abnormality detecting signals, and detects a voltage abnormality of the assembled battery based on a calculated time ratio.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for managing power consumption within a handheld multistandard communication system are disclosed and may comprise receiving a power setting signal from a control device within the handheld multistandard communication system. The power setting signal may indicate a desired power level setting. In accordance with the power setting signal, power supplied to at least one device within the handheld multistandard communication system may be adjusted based on a generated power adjustment signal. The power adjustment signal may control the power supplied to the device. The adjusted power supplied to the at least one device within the handheld multistandard communication system may correspond to one or more power level settings. The power level settings may comprise a NORMAL operating power level setting and/or a LOW power level setting.

Abstract: A charging and discharging control circuit controls charging and discharging of a secondary battery by monitoring at least one of a voltage across, and an electric current through, the secondary battery and controlling a switching circuit in a charging and discharging pathway of the secondary battery. A charging and discharging switch control circuit controls the switching circuit. A driver circuit outputs a signal from the charging and discharging switch control circuit to the switching circuit through an output terminal. A logic circuit compares a voltage of the signal from the driver circuit with a voltage applied to the output terminal from an external portion. The charging and discharging control circuit is switched between a normal operating state and a testing state in accordance with a result of the comparison by the logic circuit.

Abstract: A degradation judgment circuit for a secondary battery used in a main apparatus includes a state data acquisition portion, an estimation portion, and a judgment portion. The state data acquisition portion acquires state data that shows the state of the secondary battery during a period from when the secondary battery is connected to the main apparatus to when the degradation of the secondary battery is judged. The estimation portion estimates (a) an internal resistance value at the time of judging degradation of the secondary battery or (b) a change in internal resistance value at the time of judging degradation of the secondary battery with respect to an initial internal resistance value at the time of connecting the secondary battery to the main apparatus, based on the state data. The judgment portion judges the degradation of the secondary battery based on the result of the estimation by the estimation portion.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus that is driven by a rechargeable battery, wherein the battery is depleted from a fully charged state and repeatedly charged and discharged, comprises a full charge capacity acquisition unit for acquiring a present full charge capacity of the battery which the battery has at the present time, a total charge acquiring unit for acquiring information indicating a total amount of charge provided to the battery in a time period from a start time of using the battery until the present full charge capacity is acquired, and a restoring unit for performing a battery restoration in which the battery is fully discharged or fully charged in order to recover the full charge capacity if it is determined that the present full charge capacity is smaller than an expected full charge capacity that the battery should have depending on the information.

Abstract: A charging method for a lead-acid battery allows the lead-acid battery to finish charging within an hour, and keeps the temperature of the lead-acid battery below 40 C. The charging method comprises three important parts, which are charging period, rest period, and discharging period. The three parts cooperate together to achieve an objective that allows the lead-acid battery to finish charging within an hour, and keeps the temperature of the lead-acid battery below 40° C., otherwise the service life of the lead-acid battery will be shortened, and the lead-acid battery will even be destroyed.

Abstract: Circuitry for charging a battery includes a switch for coupling the power source to the battery. The switch is turned on and off in accordance with a periodic control signal including a plurality of periods. Each period includes a first duration during which the control signal is in a first state and a second duration during which the control signal is in a second state. The switch is turned on when the control signal is in the first state to couple the power source to the battery, and turned off when the control signal is in the second state to decouple the power source from the battery. Since the switch is periodically turned off while the battery is being charged, the average amount of heat generated by the switch is reduced, thereby preventing excessive thermal emission from the battery charging circuitry.

Abstract: A battery charging method that detects the voltage of each series-connected battery, discharges batteries with voltage exceeding a prescribed voltage, and charges a plurality of batteries while maintaining cell balance. This charging method detects the voltage of each battery being charged and if any battery voltage exceeds the prescribed voltage, only the battery that exceeds the prescribed voltage is discharged, after a specified charging time, until its voltage drops to the prescribed voltage. Batteries that do not exceed the prescribed voltage are not discharged, and thereby all batteries are charged while balancing their voltages.

Abstract: For estimation of a critical state of a performance under a working condition of a secondary cell, in consideration of an internal resistance of the cell, a variable data provider provides variable data on the performance, including a first data on a variant of the performance, a second data on a current of the cell, and an estimated third data on a dynamic characteristic of the internal resistance, a specified data provider provides specified data on the cell, including a fourth data on a permissible range of the variant under the prescribed working condition, and exact data on the dynamic characteristic, and a critical state estimator processes the variable and specified data for estimation of the critical state, and has an internal resistance setter to process the second and third data to set exact data as a function of second data defining the dynamic characteristic, and an estimating element to process the first, fourth, and exact data to estimate the critical state.

Abstract: A battery management system (BMS) manages a battery for a hybrid vehicle including an engine control unit and a motor generator controlled by the engine control unit and connected to a battery including at least one battery pack, each pack including a plurality of battery cells. The BMS includes a sensor and an MCU unit. The sensor detects temperature, current, and open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery. The MCU receives the detected temperature, current, and OCV, calculates a key-off time period which is a period between a time point when a battery key-on state ends and a time point when a subsequent battery key-on state begins, calculates an OCV error range corresponding to an SOC error range detected at the key-off time point, and infers an initial SOC of the battery.

Abstract: A countdown timer for high performance flashlights and similar battery-operated devices that is initialized with a runtime figure equal to the life expectancy of installed linear depletion-curve cells, that is always on and visible, that counts down whenever the flashlight is switched to the ON position, and that displays time remaining until the installed cells/charge are depleted, thus permitting the user to see at a glance the approximate runtime remaining on the installed power supply.