Abstract: A method and an apparatus to regulate voltage supply have been disclosed. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a power converter block to generate an output voltage from an input voltage and a voltage regulator controller coupled to the power converter block to input at least one time-modulated signal to the power converter block, the at least one time-modulated signal having a duty cycle, the voltage regulator controller including a counter having an increment value substantially proportional to the input voltage, wherein the counter is used to adjust the duty cycle of the at least one time-modulated signal. Other embodiments have been claimed and described.

Abstract: A Direct Current (DC)-DC converter and method in a wireless communication system are provided. The converter includes a mode determiner, a DC-DC module, and a bypass module. The mode determiner controls operation of the DC-DC module depending on a magnitude of an input voltage. When the DC-DC module is activated by the mode determiner, the DC-DC module steps up the input voltage to a reference voltage and provides the step-up voltage to a corresponding electronic device. When the DC-DC module is inactivated by the mode determiner, the bypass module passes the input voltage to the electronic device.

Abstract: One embodiment relates to a control system. The control system includes a controller configured to drive a load based on a set-point of the load. The controller is also configured to measure a load characteristic of the load and compute an average load characteristic. The controller is further configured to determine a corrected set-point based on the computed average and to drive the load in response to the corrected set-point. Other systems and methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A high voltage power supply for use in a system such as a microfluidics system, uses a DC-DC converter in parallel with a voltage-controlled resistor. A feedback circuit provides a control signal for the DC-DC converter and voltage-controlled resistor so as to regulate the output voltage of the high voltage power supply, as well as, to sink or source current from the high voltage supply.

Abstract: A converter circuit providing multiple current bypass routes between the output leads to provide reliability in a series connection of several converters. If the converter malfunctions due to component failure, the current bypass routes provide a path for the current that views the malfunctioning converter as substantially a short. Diodes prevent backflow into the power source connected to the converter. Redundancy is provided in the bypass portions of the converter circuit that provides alternate parallel paths in case a defective component in one of the paths opens the circuit along that path. In one example, the converter is implemented as a buck plus boost converter where either the buck or the boost portion or both are operative responsive to a controller controlling the switches of both portions. Most of the converter circuit may be implemented in an integrated circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for provision of a drive signal for a switch which controls the current drawn by an inductive energy storage element in a power factor correction circuit, in which a control signal which controls the power consumption is available. One drive cycle of the switch comprises: detection of a predetermined storage state of the inductive energy storage element; when the predetermined storage state of the storage element is detected, production of a switching-on level for the drive signal for a regular switched-on duration which is dependent on the control signal or for a maximum switched-on duration which is dependent on an input voltage, when the regular switched-on duration is greater than the maximum switched-on duration; and production of a switching-off level for the drive signal for a switched-off duration until the next detection of the predetermined storage state.

Abstract: A maximum power point tracking method, applied to a tracking device, employs a DC/DC converter connecting with a solar cell array, and including a controller actuating the DC/DC converter to perform an active resistance characteristic; a maximum power point tracking circuit adjusting the active resistance of the DC/DC converter; monitoring a change of an output power of the solar cell array in determining a direction for adjusting the active resistance of the DC/DC converter; and the maximum power point tracking circuit repeatedly adjusting the active resistance of the DC/DC converter. If the change of the output power of the solar cell array is positive, the active resistance of the DC/DC converter is adjusted in the same direction; but, conversely, if the change of the output power of the solar cell array is negative, the active resistance of the DC/DC converter is adjusted in an opposite direction.

Abstract: A three-phase AC voltage regulator is for adjusting a line voltage on transmission lines. The three-phase AC voltage regulator includes a sampling circuit, a reference-voltage circuit, a comparator, a switch, a power supply, and a compensator. The sampling circuit is for sampling the line voltage. The reference-voltage circuit is for receiving a line-to-line voltage from the transmission lines and generating a standard voltage. The comparator is for comparing the line voltage and the standard voltage to obtain a signal. The switch is for being turned on or off based on the signal. The power supply is for supplying various electric powers to the compensator. The compensator is for receiving the electric power and generating compensating voltages. The compensating voltages are used to compensate the line voltage.

Abstract: A method of adjusting sensitivity of signal interpretation includes the steps of: continuously receiving an input signal; setting a sampling parameter; sampling the input signal according to the sampling parameter to obtain a plurality of sampling signals; judging whether the sampling signals are the same or not; generating a first control signal according to the sampling signals if the sampling signals are the same; and generating a second control signal according to the input signal if the sampling signals are not the same. A device of adjusting the sensitivity of signal interpretation is also disclosed.

Abstract: A power control device includes a comparison unit, a control unit and a switch unit. The comparison unit electrically connects to a first power rail and a second power rail, respectively, and generates a comparing signal according to a reference signal, a first voltage level and a second voltage level. The control unit electrically connects to the comparison unit for receiving the comparing signal. Then, the control unit generates a control signal based on the comparing signal. The switch unit electrically connects to the control unit, and is on/off based on the control signal, so as to connect/disconnect the first power rail and the second power rail.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to operate various logic blocks of an integrated circuit (IC) at independent voltages are described. In one embodiment, supply of power to one or more domains in an IC is adjusted based on an indication that power consumption by components of the corresponding domain is to be modified. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Provided is a voltage control circuit which suppresses a calorific value that generates when short-circuit fault occurs even if a voltage value of an input voltage is large. At the time of short-circuit fault, an additional control voltage Va whose voltage value becomes larger when the voltage value of the input voltage Vin is larger is input to the voltage control p-channel MOS transistor (110) from a transistor control MOS transistor (160), to thereby increase resistance of the voltage control p-channel MOS transistor (110) to suppress a short-circuit current. As a result, when the input voltage Vin is larger, the current value of a holding current or a calorific value after the short-circuit protecting operation has been conducted can be suppressed.

Abstract: A method for regulating a voltage in an integrated circuit device includes providing a first regulated output based upon a first voltage input range and subsequently receiving the first regulated output and providing a second regulated output based upon a second voltage input range of the first regulated output. A circuit is further provided that operates accordingly. Additionally, a clipper circuit is provided at the input to protect for over voltage conditions that may results, for example, from a charging battery to cause an output voltage of the battery to substantially exceed ordinary output voltage levels.

Abstract: A sensitivity switchable detection circuit includes a high gain circuit for outputting a first signal, a low gain circuit for outputting a second signal, and an output switching circuit for switching between the first signal and the second signal. When the first signal is smaller than a lower limit, the first signal determines a detected signal. When the second signal is larger than an upper limit, the second signal determines the detected signal. When the first signal is larger than the lower limit and the second signal is lower than the upper limit, a weighting function that uses the first signal and the second signal as input variables determines the detected signal.

Abstract: A power supply is provided, which is capable of stabilizing a generated output of the fuel cell using neither a voltage nor a current outputted from the fuel cell as a negative feedback signal. The power supply includes a fuel cell 110, a DC-DC converter 120 that adjusts a voltage outputted from the fuel cell 110 according to a PWM signal and then outputs the voltage to a load device 200, a switching controller 130 that generates the PWM signal and outputs this signal to the DC-DC converter 120, a voltmeter 140 that measures a voltage Vout outputted from the DC-DC converter 120, and a rechargeable battery 150 connected to the load device 200 in parallel. The DC-DC converter 120 calculates a duty ratio of the PWM signal by performing a specific computation using the voltage Vout and a target fuel cell voltage Vt.

Abstract: A system for sensing the supply current of a switched DC-to-DC converter. The system includes a first circuit that senses a first voltage that is proportional to the supply current, wherein the first voltage has first ripple; a second circuit coupled to the first circuit, wherein the second circuit outputs a second voltage that is based on the first voltage, and wherein the second voltage has a second ripple that is smaller than the first ripple; and a third circuit coupled to the second circuit, wherein the third circuit compares the second voltage to a reference voltage to provide an indication of the supply current.

Abstract: A charge controller that includes an input interface that receives input DC electrical signals. A converter section converts the input DC electrical signals to output DC electrical signals. Control means is operably coupled to the converter section. The control means includes means for operating the converter section at an estimated maximum power point of the input DC electrical signals. The estimated maximum power point is derived by a novel control scheme that quickly adapts to changing conditions and thus affords optimum energy harvest from the source and improved energy conversion efficiencies.

Abstract: Charging time of a capacitor is shortened while avoiding erroneous firing due to distortion of a power supply voltage and sustaining an inrush current at a constant level. In the charge control method of a capacitor in a thyristor converter comprising a thyristor for rectifying an AC voltage, a CPU delivering an on/off control signal to a thyristor driver for driving the thyristor, a voltage detection sensor for measuring the AC voltage and the capacitor charging voltage, and the capacitor connected with a DC circuit, the AC voltage and the capacitor charging voltage are measured by means of the voltage detection sensor, differential voltage between the firing phase voltage of the thyristor and the capacitor charging voltage is determined, and the thyristor is fired only when the firing phase voltage of the thyristor becomes lower than a specified voltage determined from the differential voltage.

Abstract: A DC-DC converter with an inductor connected in series with a power transistor between first and second terminals of a DC supply source, and with a modulator circuit that has a control output connected to a control gate of the power transistor. The modulator circuit provides a periodic pulse signal the duty cycle of which determines an output voltage at an output terminal of the converter. The modulator circuit comprises an oscillator that determines the frequency of the periodic pulse signal. The modulator circuit also comprises a feedforward structure that determines an approximated duty cycle for the pulse signal based on the value of the input voltage, the sensed output voltage and the amount of current flow in the inductor. An error amplifier in the modulator has a first input connected to a reference voltage source, a second input connected to the output terminal of the converter and an output that supplies a corrective signal used by the modulator to adjust the duty cycle of the pulse signal.

Abstract: A power supply control circuit includes: a conducting part configured to be controllable in its a conducting amount for conducting a power supply current to a load circuit; a current change ratio detecting part detecting a change rate of the power supply current supplied to the load circuit; and a control part controlling the conducting amount of the conducting part according to the change rate of the power supply current detected by the current change detecting part, wherein: the control part carries out feedback control of reducing an increasing rate of the conducting part as the power supply current change rate is larger.

Abstract: A method for determining a recovery voltage in a battery includes detecting a transient increased current draw event drawing current from the battery, the transient increased current draw event starting at a start time and ending at an end time; and in response to detecting the transient increased current draw event, waiting until time and/or voltage criteria are met to determine recovered battery voltage. An implantable pulse generator (PG) device for stimulating a human organ includes a battery, a power sink drawing current from the battery, wherein drawing increased current from the battery for transient periods causes battery voltage to decrease; and a status indicator detecting a transient increased current draw event and waiting a minimum time duration after the transient increased current draw event to measure battery voltage in order to determine a recovery voltage.

Abstract: A remote sensing power supply regulator uses high impedance sensing inputs coupled internally to at least one circuit element within an integrated circuit, so as to regulate the voltages produced by the power supply to a level that maintains nominal voltage levels at the internal circuit element within the very large scale integrated circuit. The sense point can be chosen to serve one or a group of on-board load elements that are operationally sensitive to voltage droop and/or ground bounce.

Abstract: In all electronic products, the voltage supply circuit is an essential component for providing a stable supply voltage into the application device. The present invention provides a multi-level voltage supply circuit for solving some problems existing in the application device, in which the multi-level voltage supply circuit includes a first voltage drop component, a second voltage drop component, and a control module. When the first voltage drop component is controlled by the control module in the conducting state, the output voltage is substantially equal to the input voltage minus the first voltage drop. When the first voltage drop component is controlled by the control module in the non-conducting state, the output voltage is substantially equal to the input voltage minus the second voltage drop.

Abstract: A circuit and a method for detecting a voltage of a transformer are provided. The circuit includes a current output circuit coupled to a winding of a transformer to generate a current signal. A current-to-voltage circuit is coupled to the current output circuit to generate a voltage signal in response to the current signal. A sample-and-hold circuit generates an output signal by sampling the voltage signal. An input voltage is applied to the transformer. The output signal is correlated to the input voltage of the transformer.

Abstract: A control circuit for a DC-DC converter that prevents a deficiency from occurring due to sudden interruption in power supply. The control circuit activates and inactivates a main switching output transistor and a synchronous rectification output transistor to convert the input voltage to an output voltage. The output voltage is smoothed by a smoothing capacitor. When the input voltage decreases, the control circuit activates the synchronous rectification output transistor to readily discharge the smoothing capacitor via the synchronous rectification output transistor.

Abstract: A PWM signal generation circuit and a PWM control circuit are provided in which the duty ratio is easily changed and which can also avoid adverse impact from ambient temperature changes and the like. At the beginning of charging a capacitor with a current flow, a voltage level at a connection point between the negative input terminal of a comparator and the capacitor is still below a charging threshold. When the charging threshold is exceeded, the comparator is inverted to a low state and a current flows into an output point of the comparator to start discharging the capacitor. At the beginning of discharging from the capacitor, the voltage level at the connection point is still above the discharging threshold. However, when the voltage level falls below the discharging threshold, the comparator returns to a high state, and the charging operation again takes over.

Abstract: A self-contained power controller having a power driver switch, programmable controller, communication port, and environmental parameter measuring device coupled to a controllable device. The self-contained power controller needs only a single voltage source to power discrete devices, analog devices, and the controlled device. The programmable controller has a run mode which, when selected, upon the occurrence of a trigger event changes the state of a power driver switch and wherein the power driver switch is maintained by the programmable controller at the same state until the occurrence of a second event.

Abstract: A switching regulator is disclosed that is able to prevent reverse direction current flow without using a dedicated diode even when a PMOS transistor is used as a switching transistor of a step-down switching regulator. A selection circuit is provided to control connection of the substrate gate of the switching transistor, and a control circuit controls the selection circuit to connect the substrate gate to the drain of the switching transistor when the voltage on an input terminal of the switching regulator is less than or equal to the voltage on the output terminal of the switching regulator, and connect the substrate gate to the source of the switching transistor when the voltage on the input terminal is greater than the voltage on the output terminal.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for load regulation of circuit components is arranged in a receive path of a transponder, having an input path through which a first voltage signal can be tapped, having a voltage sensor arranged in the input path for measuring the first voltage signal, having at least one output path through which a discharge current signal can be tapped, having at least one controllable auxiliary current source arranged between the input path and the output path to provide the at least one discharge current signal, the control side of the auxiliary current source being connected to an output of the voltage sensor such that the value of the discharge current signal increases exponentially with increasing voltage of the first voltage signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high efficiency voltage regulator for generating a regulated output voltage from an AC power source. It includes a switch coupled to a voltage source from the AC power source to provide a supply voltage. An input detection circuit is coupled to the voltage source to turn off the switch when the voltage level of the voltage source is higher than a threshold voltage. An output detection circuit is connected to the supply voltage to turn off the switch once the voltage level of the supply voltage is higher than an output-over-voltage threshold. The switch can only be turned on when the voltage level of the voltage source is lower than the threshold voltage and the voltage level of the supply voltage is lower than a hysteresis threshold.

Abstract: A maximum power point tracking method, applied to a tracking device, employs a DC/DC converter connecting with a solar cell array, and including a controller actuating the DC/DC converter to perform an active resistance characteristic; a maximum power point tracking circuit adjusting the active resistance of the DC/DC converter; monitoring a change of an output power of the solar cell array in determining a direction for adjusting the active resistance of the DC/DC converter; and the maximum power point tracking circuit repeatedly adjusting the active resistance of the DC/DC converter. If the change of the output power of the solar cell array is positive, the active resistance of the DC/DC converter is adjusted in the same direction; but, conversely, if the change of the output power of the solar cell array is negative, the active resistance of the DC/DC converter is adjusted in an opposite direction.

Abstract: The on-chip power supply noise sensor detects high frequency overshoots and undershoots of the power supply voltage. By creating two identical current sources and attaching a time constant circuit to only one, the high frequency transient behavior differs while the low frequency behavior is equivalent. By comparing these currents, the magnitude of very high frequency power supply noise can be sensed and used to either set latches or add to a digital counter. This has the advantage of directly sensing the power supply noise in a manner that does not require calibration. Also, since the sensor requires only one power supply, it can be used anywhere on a chip. Finally, it filters out any lower frequency noise that is not interesting to the circuit designer and can be tuned to detect down to whatever frequency is needed.

Abstract: A power converter, and an associated method, for converting input power into output power. The power converter is capable of converting direct current input power as well as alternating current input power into direct current output power available for use to power an electrical load device, such as a consumer electronic device. The power conversion is performed at improved levels of efficiency, and less input power is dissipated as thermal energy.

Abstract: Circuits, systems, methods and software for controlling a power conversion and/or correcting and/or controlling a power factor in such conversion(s). The present invention generally takes a computational approach to reducing or minimizing zero current periods in the critical mode of power converter operation, and advantageously reduces zero current periods in the critical mode of power converter operation, thereby maximizing the power factor of the power converter in the critical mode and reducing noise that may be injected back into AC power lines. The present power factor controller allows for greater design flexibility, reduced design complexity, and reduced resolution and greater tolerance for error in certain parameter measurements useful in power factor correction and/or control.

Abstract: A semiconductor device has a DC-DC converter control circuit for selectively carrying out a boosting operation and a deboosting operation in accordance with a value of a power supply voltage supplied to the DC-DC converter control circuit and for outputting an activation pulse during a rise of the power supply voltage. The DC-DC converter control circuit has a voltage detection circuit for monitoring the power supply voltage to judge whether the DC-DC converter control circuit carries out the boosting operation or the deboosting operation. A control circuit controls the output of the activation pulse in accordance with an output signal from the voltage detection circuit and stops the output of the activation pulse when the voltage detection circuit judges that the DC-DC converter control circuit carries out the deboosting operation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for digitally controlling the average input current of a switch mode power supply are disclosed. In preferred embodiments, the switch mode power supplies are DC-DC converters. One aspect of the invention relates to a method for controlling the switch of a switch mode power supply by digitally sampling the input current once during each power supply switching cycle at a time that is synchronized with the switching cycle. The predetermined time at which the input current is sampled may be midway through the time that the switch is in the “ON” state. This midway time may also be delayed slightly to compensate for delays associated with the switch.

Abstract: A power supply system is disclosed. In one embodiment the power supply system includes a source of DC power that provides a DC bus voltage between a pair of DC bus terminals, and a power supply that receives power from the DC bus terminals and delivers power to a load. An output measurement circuit measures output parameters delivered by the power supply and provides a corresponding set of feedback signals. A feedback regulator connected receives the feedback signals and provides a feedback output signal operative to regulate the output of the power supply to achieve a desired voltage, current, or power level specified by a setpoint signal. An adaptive feedforward circuit connected to the feedback regulator and to the DC bus terminals provides a combined regulation signal to the power supply that minimizes perturbations in the output of the power supply due to DC bus ripple voltage.

Abstract: A device is provided for the correction of the power factor in forced switching power supplies. The device includes a converter, and a first control circuit coupled with the converter so as to obtain a regulated voltage on the output terminal from an alternating network input voltage. The converter includes a power transistor, and the first control circuit is suitable for driving the power transistor in every switching cycle comprising the turn-on time and the turn-off time of the power transistor. The device for the correction of the power factor further includes a second control circuit coupled to the first control circuit and capable of modulating the turn-off time of the power transistor.

Abstract: If an input voltage to an output control device is above a lower limit value, the output control device operates in a constant voltage control mode for maintaining an output voltage at a substantially constant voltage. If the input voltage of the output control device falls below the lower limit value, the output voltage is controlled to be lower than the constant voltage in the constant voltage control mode, and the output control device operates in a lower limit value sustaining mode for maintaining the input voltage at the lower limit value. Then, the output control device shifts to a current increasing mode in which the output current rises as the output voltage falls.

Abstract: In a method and system for providing isolated power, a flyback controller includes a transformer operable to receive a primary voltage input and generate a secondary voltage output. A switch electrically coupled in series with a primary side of the transformer receives a control signal for controlling a duty cycle of the primary voltage. A controller is operable to generate the control signal responsive to receiving a plurality of inputs from the primary side. The controller regulates the secondary voltage output without receiving feedback input from a secondary side of the transformer by computing the secondary voltage as a predefined function of the plurality of the inputs when the switch is open.

Abstract: The present invention is directed generally to a power supply. According to various embodiments, the power supply includes at least one DC/DC converter. The converter includes a primary switch controlled by a pulse width modulated control signal such that the primary switch is on for a D time period of each switching cycle of the converter and is off for a 1-D time period of each switching cycle. Also, the power supply includes a current sensing element connected in series with the primary switch. In addition, the power supply includes a current limit circuit connected to the current sensing element. The current limit circuit includes a functional circuit having a first input responsive to a first signal whose voltage is proportional to the output current of the converter during the D time period of the switching cycle of the converter.

Abstract: A low-cost, wide input range, DC-DC voltage-switching converter regulator device for supplying power to various components in an automotive application includes two pairs of serialized switch elements for controlling separate Boost and Buck Modes each through a respective one of said pairs.

Abstract: A device for power factor correction in a forced switching power supply unit is provided. The device includes a converter and a control device coupled to the converter so as to obtain from an input alternating mains voltage a direct regulated voltage on the output terminal. The converter includes a power transistor, and the control device includes an error amplifier having its inverting terminal coupled to a first signal that is proportional to the regulated voltage and its non-inverting terminal coupled to a reference voltage. A drive circuit of the power transistor is coupled to the output terminal of the error amplifier. The control device also includes a circuit for generating a current signal that is representative of the effective input voltage. The current signal is coupled to the inverting terminal of the error amplifier to vary the regulated voltage in reply to variations in the effective input voltage.

Abstract: A system and method is providing for adjusting the current limit of a power supply. The current limit is set at a level that corresponds to the maximum flow of amperage that is within the bounds of the power characteristics of the input line to the power supply.

Abstract: A method for controlling a switching power converter provides an efficient algorithm for controlling the output voltage across loads that are relatively light with small transients. When the output voltage is at or below a predetermined first magnitude, a determination is made of the charge required for one or more pulses to increase the output voltage to a predetermined second magnitude which is greater than a target output voltage. Corrective action is taken to raise the output voltage to the second magnitude and the system takes no further corrective action until output voltage is determined to be at or below the first magnitude. The method is useful with synchronous or non-synchronous power converters of buck, boost, buck/boost or other topologies. The method further provides a simple means for determining the amount of charge removed from a battery.

Abstract: A switching regulator provides programming output current control through a single input terminal by modifying the reference voltage in the control loop of the switching regulator. The switching regulator includes a first input terminal receiving a program input voltage indicative of a desired output current, a voltage divider receiving a first reference voltage and providing a second reference voltage at a first node between the first and second resistors and a third reference voltage at a second node between the second and third resistors, and a precision active pulldown circuit coupled to receive the program input voltage and operative to pull down the second reference voltage at the first node in response to the program input voltage. In operation, the third reference voltage is used in the control loop of the switching regulator to control the output current of the switching regulator in response to the program input voltage.

Abstract: A method for starting up a voltage-mode switching power supply into a biased load includes computing a ratio of the load voltage at the biased load to an input voltage of the switching power supply, generating a first signal indicative of the duty cycle of the voltage-mode switching power supply, comparing the first signal indicative of the duty cycle to the ratio, and turning on an output stage of the voltage-mode switching power supply only when the first signal indicative of the duty cycle is equal to the ratio. In this manner, the voltage-mode switching power supply can be started up to supply power to a biased load without dragging down the load voltage of the biased load.

Abstract: A DC-DC high frequency boost converter with a supply voltage input (110), a boosted voltage output (112), a series circuit of an inductor (114) and a rectifying device (116) connected in series between said supply voltage input (110) and said boosted voltage output (112), has a switch (124) connected between ground and a connection node (120) of said inductor (114) and said rectifying device (116). A control circuit (126) is provided for controlling said switch (124), and a zero inductor current detection circuit (128) is provided that compares a voltage (Un) on said connection node (120) with a reference voltage (Uref) and provides a zero inductor current indication (Comp) when both voltages are equal.

Abstract: A high voltage power supply for use in a system such as a microfluidics system, uses a DC—DC converter in parallel with a voltage-controlled resistor. A feedback circuit provides a control signal for the DC—DC converter and voltage-controlled resistor so as to regulate the output voltage of the high voltage power supply, as well as, to sink or source current from the high voltage supply.

Abstract: A power converter delivers electrical power from an electrical power source to a load according to a plurality of operation modes corresponding to different levels of input voltage or output current. The power converter comprises a power stage for delivering the electrical power from the power source to the load, a switch in the power stage that electrically couples or decouples the load to the power source, and a switch controller coupled to the switch for controlling the on-times and off-times of the switch according to the plurality of operation modes. Each of the operation modes correspond to associated ranges of at least one of an input voltage to the power converter and an output current from the power converter, where the associated ranges are different for each of the operation modes.