Abstract: When a series string of similar circuit components, such as capacitors, are connected across a source of d-c voltage and those circuit components do not divide the applied voltage equally because of having different leakage resistances, and consequently different leakage currents, the voltage imbalance may become so great that the maximum allowable voltage or voltage rating of at least one of the circuit components may be exceeded, resulting in damage to or the destruction of that component. To limit the voltage imbalance, thereby to protect the circuit components, each of those components is shunted by a separate voltage limiting device, such as a zener diode. The threshold or breakdown voltage of each limiting device is less than the maximum acceptable voltage of the device's companion circuit component so the voltage across that component will be limited to and will never be greater than that maximum acceptable level regardless of the differences that exist in the leakage resistances.

Abstract: A controller for regulating current flow through a resistive heating element in order to adjust the temperature thereof is disclosed. The controller includes a means for periodically measuring the resistance of the heating element. During controller calibration, the rate of change of the measured heating element resistance is ascertained in order to determine whether the heating element is at ambient temperature. Computations are performed on the value of the measured heating element resistance associated with ambient temperature conditions, enabling the controller to predict the value of the heating element resistance at a desired temperature. Current is then conducted through the heating element to generate heat, while periodic measurements of the heating element resistance are performed.

Abstract: An electron tube socket assembly capable of withstanding shocks up to 18 G's, operating in the frequency range of 10 KH to 1000 megahertz and conducting filament currents on the order of 250 amperes. Stacked contactors are positioned so as to encircle corresponding ring contacts on an electron tube. Film-type capacitors are positioned between the contactors so as to be physically integrated into the construction of the tube assembly. Lump capacitors associated with the delivery of the modulated RF signal to the filament element of the tube are physically positioned between the filament contactors such that the delivery of the modulated RF signal through the capacitors and each of the filament contactors is substantially equidistant and a balancing effect is achieved. The contactors contain apertures dimensioned to allow cooling air to pass through to cool the anode of the tube being used in the socket assembly yet prevent the feedback of RF energy from the tube output to the tube input.

Abstract: Said circuit includes a generator (7) at ground potential and delivering power at a high-frequency which is transmitted to the electronic apparatus (2) to be powered via two high-frequency transformers (10, 8) one of which is at ground potential and the other of which is at the potential of the electronic apparatus (2). Said transformers are galvanically isolated from each other by two capacitors (4 and 9).

Abstract: A solar power system has a photovoltaic array having a locus of peak power points for various insolation levels, a voltage-dependent variable resistance load such as a water electrolysis unit electrically connected to the array, and a demand-dependent variable resistance load such as a DC to AC inverter connected in parallel with the electrolysis unit. The electrolysis unit or other voltage-dependent variable resistance load has a voltage-current characteristic in which the operating point is displaced from the array's peak power point for most insolation levels. The characteristic is displaced towards higher voltage-lower current operating points. The inverter may move the operating point of the photovoltaic array toward its peak power point when the load requires power. The system may be designed so that the array operates within about 5 percent of its peak power point over a wide range of inverter power demands.

Abstract: An electric switching section within a metal encapsulation containing an insulating gas, for instance SF.sub.6 is disclosed. The metal encapsulation encloses at least one transformer and a vacuum switching tube for each phase. The switching tube is enclosed in part by the transformer device and has a stationary terminal. The transformer includes a cup-shaped electrode which constitutes the inner electrode of a capacitive voltage transformer. The bottom of the cup-shaped electrode is detachably connected to the stationary terminal of the switching tube and to an extension of a cable termination. The bottom of the electrode is further detachably fastened to a feedthrough plate, through which the extension passes. This arrangement in cooperation with a conventional outer electrode permits the voltage present at the vacuum switching tube to be measured in a simple manner.

Abstract: The arrangement of the outer electrode of a capacitive voltage transformer designed as a capacitor in a completely insulated, metal-encapsulated electrical switching section is disclosed. The outer electrode comprises a tube which is arranged coaxially in a tubular jacket of the metal encapsulation and is fastened, electrically insulated, to the tubular jacket. The inner electrode of the voltage transformer is a conductor concentrically arranged in the tubular jacket. Between the tube and the tubular jacket, an insulating tube section is arranged. An insulating bushing extends through the wall of the insulating tube section and the wall of the tubular jacket. The insulating bushing is mounted on a metallic bushing. A head screw clamps the insulating tube section between the tube and the tubular jacket, and a flange of the insulating bushing is clamped between the outside of the tubular jacket and a flange of the metallic bushing. A voltage take-off is secured to the metallic bushing.

Abstract: In a gas-insulated electric apparatus, such as a gas-insulated switchgear and a gas-insulated bus, having an insulating-gas-filled metallic container or sheath within which an electric conductor carrying a high-voltage current is supported by an insulating supporter, a potential detected by a first potential detector through at least a portion of the insulating supporter and another potential detected as a reference value by a second potential detector through an electro-static capacity disposed between the metallic container and the second potential detector are fed to the inputs of a differential amplifier of a partial discharge detecting device to thereby detect possible partial discharges along the insulating supporter with high sensitivity.