Abstract: A rotation velocity sensor for a reel disk having a plurality of flat portions and grooves radially formed on the bottom of the reel disk, whereby the flat portions reflect light evenly and the grooves reflect light irregularly. Reflected light is detected to determine rotational velocity of the reel disk.

Abstract: An ultrasonic measuring system for a vehicle is composed of first and second ultrasonic transducing assemblies TR1 and TR2. Each transducing assembly TR1, TR2 has three ultrasonic transducers TR11, TR12, TR13, TR21, TR22, TR23 which are separated from each other at an angle of 120 degrees in a horizontal plane about axis disposed at a front and a rear of the vehicle, respectively. Each transducer transmits ultrasonic waves to a road surface at a predefined down-angle relative to the road surface and receives reflected waves from the road surface. Each of the transducers TR21, TR22, TR23 transmits ultrasonic waves to the road surface and receiving reflected waves from the road surface in an opposite direction to a corresponding one of the transducers TR11, TR12, TR13.

Abstract: An apparatus for recording information about the angular motion of a rotatable disk disposed in a first structure is provided. The disk has regions with differing properties with respect to electromagnetic energy. The apparatus includes first means for emitting a first sequence of electromagnetic energy pulses in a first direction toward the disk. The first emitting means are mounted on the first structure adjacent a first side of the disk. The apparatus also includes second means for emitting a second sequence of electromagnetic energy pulses in a second direction toward the disk, the second emitting means also being mounted on the first structure adjacent the first side of the disk. The first and second directions are such that the first and second sequences of electromagnetic energy pulses reflect from the first side of the disk in different areas, the areas being separated in the direction of rotation of the disk.

Abstract: An indicating system for measuring movement of a material, having a magnetic pickup device, waveform conditioning circuit and light signal emitter functioning under the system's own self-made power, having a light waveguide or optic fiber connecting the light signal emitter to a light signal receiver which in turn is connected to a signal processor for outputting information such as speed, acceleration and/or position of the material.

Abstract: A stepping motor having a printed circuit rotor including a first printed circuit on one side of the rotor formed in a plurality of spiral coil windings, and a second printed circuit on the other side of the rotor formed in an equal number of like coil windings, the coil windings on one side being 90.degree. out of phase with those on the opposite side. The motor also includes a slip-ring arrangement for delivering pulsed DC power alternately to the first and second printed circuits for driving the rotor in a step-wise manner.

Abstract: An optical apparatus for sensing the motion of an object. A light source transmits light through a first and second optical fiber. The first and second optical fiber are positioned on opposite sides of a modulator or code disk to face each other along an optical path. The modulator has alternating reflective regions and transmissive regions which modulate the light propagating along the optical path as the modulator moves across the optical path. The modulated light is received by the first and second and optical fibers and transported to a predetermined location for evaluation.

Abstract: In a revolution detector of a drive motor of a disk drive, the rotor of the drive motor comprises a shell and a rotary magnet which is secured to the shell. A plurality of through holes of the detector, in which the rotary magnet is partially exposed, are provided at predetermined intervals in such positions of the shell as to give no influence to the magnetic circuit from which the output of the drive motor is derived, and the revolution characteristic of the drive motor is obtained by means of detecting the holes by a sensor in the detector, so that it becomes easier to manufacture the detector, and it is possible to detect the revolution of the drive motor with high accuracy without lowering the efficiency of the drive motor.

Abstract: An apparatus for monitoring the position of the shaft of a coolant circulating pump of a nuclear steam generating system comprising light source for directing a light beam at a number of reflecting surfaces on the shaft and a pair of spaced apart light receiving devices adapted to receive light beams reflected off the reflecting surface. Light from the receiving devices is conveyed, by fiber optic cables, to intensity measuring devices which measure the intensity of the two light beams on a time-dependent basis. A processor calculates the shaft rotational speed and the magnitude of the shaft wobble as functions of the time-dependent intensity measurements of the pair of reflected light beams.

Abstract: The actual position and velocity of a photoreceptor belt is accurately measured by sensing the passing of illuminated holes in the belt, as the belt moves in a process direction. A segmented sensor array is positioned so as to view the passing of the illuminated holes. A Gaussian light intensity distribution is sensed by a group of sensor pixels which sense the light during a sampling interval. The array produces an output which is operated upon by a centroid processor to determine the center of moment for each sampled intensity distribution. A prediction is then made for projected position of the belt which is very accurate since the centroid calculation is not effected by noise produced by stray light or poorly defined image edges.

Abstract: A device for measuring the rotational speed of a shaft. A toothed wheel is connected to rotate with the shaft within a magnetic field. A birefringement optic fiber is connected to a light source, and passes through the magnetic field. A magnetorestrictive material is supported in contact with the optical fiber and produces stress on the optical fiber in response to magnetic flux variations. Light emerging from the optical fiber is analyzed with respect to its change in phase to determine the periodic variation in the magnetic field caused by the toothed wheel.

Abstract: A circuit for producing a display indicative of a bicycle rider's pedaling technique. The circuit measures the time required for the pedals to move through a given angle of rotation. The circuit then calculates the relative pedal velocity over the angle of rotation. This process is repeated over an entire circle of rotation to determine the variations in pedal velocity as the pedal moves through a full circle. Since the pedal velocity is related to the pedaling force applied by the rider, the variations in pedaling force can be determined. Further, the circuit has a display unit which shows a rotating line of varying length to indicate the pedaling force applied as the pedals move respectively through a full circle.

Abstract: A method of determining the rotational speed of a three-phase brushless DC-motor, which comprises scanning at least one signal trace disposed on a revolving rotor of a three-phase brushless DC-motor by means of three sensors, each emitting a signal having two possible signal states, the signal trace and the sensors being of such construction and arrangement that eight values are realized by a logical combination of the two possible signal states, respectively, of the three sensors; detecting the rotor position with six of the values; and determining the rotational speed with the other two values.

Abstract: A linearly moving external part on a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine is contacted with a hand-held rotary encoder, contact tachometer having a hollow handle in which processing circuitry is disposed for converting the rotary encoder output to a waveform signal. This signal, along with a signal responsive to the firing of the number one cylinder, are applied to an engine analyzer processor for display of a single engine cycle of the waveform signal on the CRT oscilloscope of the engine analyzer. The variations in amplitude of the waveform signal correspond to speed variations of the moving part over an engine cycle to give an indication of the relative power contributions of the individual cylinders.

Abstract: A speed sensor tone wheel has a plurality of serrations formed on an inner periphery for engagement with an axially extending annular surface formed on a wheel bearing seal support. The tone wheel is mounted on the support and an outwardly facing surface of the serrations is coined to force the inner ends of the serrations into contact with the annular surface to prevent relative rotation between the tone wheel and the support. Tabs can be formed in the outer periphery of a radially outwardly extending flange of the wheel bearing seal support for extending through open spaces between the serrations and engaging a surface of the tone wheel to trap the tone wheel between the support flange and the tab. Alternatively, an indentation can be formed in the flange to project into an associated one of the serrations.

Abstract: A detector for sensing speed/direction of movement of apparatus including a reticle with alternate transparent and opaque portions coupled to the apparatus and having a light source mounted on one side and two spaced apart light sensors on the other side, which sensors produce alternate output signals with movement of the reticle. The sensor output signals are differentially compared to produce a digital output signal with a constant duty cycle. A second pair of light sensors is utilized to produce quadrature digital signals.

Abstract: A Speed Sensor for a rotating member utilizes a magneto optic switch and a magnet mounted in the vicinity of the rotating member. Under normal conditions the magnetic field is at right angles to the axis of sensitivity of the switch thereby blocking light transmission through the switch. When a ferrous tooth on the rotating member passes the sensor, the magnetic field is distorted due to the change in reluctance caused by passage of the tooth thereby generating a magnetic field component along the switch axis of sensitivity turning the switch on and producing an output speed signal.

Abstract: A speed detection apparatus has a rotor magnet (11, 12, 13) having a plurality of magnetic coil portions formed in the direction of its circumference, and a coil pattern for signal detection (6, 7) rotationally displaced relative to an opposing rotor magnet. The rotor magnet has a first magnetized portion (5) for detection of a rotation phase of the rotor and formed in the one portion at a specific position and a second magnetized portion (8) for detection of a rotation speed of the rotor and provided at a portion other than the first magnetized portion and a non-magnetized portion (14) having a crescent shape and provided at a specific position of the rotor symmetrical from a center of rotation of the rotor magnet, with respect to the first magnetized portion.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting the rotation of an eddy wheel in an electric power meter is described. The sensor includes a pair of light sources arranged to focus light on the edge of the wheel, and a light detector arranged to sense reflections from the edge of the wheel caused by the light from the light sources. The light from either sensor is sufficient to trigger the detector, thereby requiring a sufficiently large interruption in the reflection, for example as caused by a mark on the edge of the eddy wheel, to interrupt the detector output. A filter is described for eliminating jitter in rotation of the eddy wheel.

Abstract: A photo-optical coupler is connected to a shaft to provide a series of electronic pulses at a frequency corresponding to rotational velocity of the shaft. Apparatus electronics is responsive to frequency of such pulses for indicating a low speed alarm condition when such frequency is below a preselected threshold. The apparatus electronics includes a digital counter that is set to a first preselected count upon occurrence of each of the shaft rotation pulses, and which is thereafter decremented between the shaft rotation pulses. A low speed alarm condition is indicated if the counter reaches a count of zero prior to a succeeding shaft rotation pulse. In the preferred embodiment, the counter is decremented by an oscillator having a clock frequency coordinated with the first preselected count so as to activate the alarm when rotational velocity of the shaft decreases to a predetermined threshold percentage of a nominal rotational velocity of the shaft.

Abstract: An ultrasonic rotational speed sensor in which all of the various electronic devices of the sensor are arranged compactly on one side of a rotational member to be measured, while maintaining a high precision in a rotational speed measurement. In this sensor, the transmitter microphone and the receiver microphone as well as other electronic devices associated with them are arranged on the same one side of the rotational member, where the rotational speed of the rotational member is determined from a period of the ultrasonic signals transmitted from the transmitter microphone, reflected at non-notch portions of the rotational member, and received by the receiving microphone, while a direct transmission from the transmitter microphone to the receiver microphone without an interaction with the rotational member is prevented by the use of a high frequency ultrasonic signals at MHz level.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for the digital measurement of rotational movements betewen two members which rotate with respect to one another, using two light beams which circulate synchronously in opposite directions in fixed spatial relationship relative to one such member, and two sensors mounted in fixed spatial relationship to the other such member. Angular rotation of said members is determined by analysis of the frequency and phase of the output from the sensors.

Abstract: A laser light tachometer for measuring the rotational speed of a selected rotating body without making physical contact with that body. The laser technology art is used to provide a beam of light, visible even under extremely bright ambient light conditions, to be used to measure the rotational speed of a rotating device from greater distances than previously possible. A diverging beam of laser light is collimated and transmitted to a rotating body the RPM of which is to be measured. The rotating body modulates the beam and reflects it back to the tachometer where it is focused onto a photodetector, which converts it into an electrical signal representative of the speed of the rotating body. Provisions are made for direct digital readout and for supplying the signal to other devices.

Abstract: A speed detecting apparatus including an encoder for generating detection signals of different phases, a scanning device for scanning said detection signals to output a scanned detection signal, and a period detecting device for detecting the period of said scanned detection signal.

Abstract: A position encoder for monitoring the position of a robot arm includes an incremental encoder section which can be initialized locally by an initialization section. The initialization section comprises three engaged encoder gears with relative prime number of teeth, e.g., 23, 24 and 25, so that respective index apertures of the gears precess with successive revolutions of the gears. Upon startup, the robot arm can be moved sufficiently for all three apertures to be detected so that their relative phase positions can be determined. The relative phases can be used to determine an absolute initialization position. Once this initialization position is determined, robot motions can be tracked using the incremental encoder section.

Abstract: A Speed Sensor for a rotating member utilizes a magneto optic switch and a magnet mounted in the vicinity of the rotating member. Under normal conditions the magnetic field is at right angles to the axis of sensitivity of the switch thereby blocking light transmission through the switch. When a ferrous tooth on the rotating member passes the sensor, the magnetic field is distorted due to the change in reluctance caused by passage of the tooth thereby generating a magnetic field component along the switch axis of sensitivity turning the switch on and producing an output speed signal.

Abstract: A device for determining the rotational speed and position of a rotor of an electric motor having at least one signal track arranged on the rotor includes at least one sensor located at a stator-side of the electric motor for scanning the signal track, and an evaluation circuit connected to the sensor, the sensor being sensitive to given stimuli of the signal track for alternatively adopting one of three different states which individually produce levels of different magnitude; the evaluation circuit including detectors responsive in accordance with the levels, for cutting off levels of given magnitude so that a recognition of the rotor position is derivable from a first and a second one of the three states, and the rotational speed is derivable from the third one of the three states.

Abstract: The rotation type absolute encoder of the present invention is constituted by a magnetic type one-pulse encoder for detecting one or more rotations, and an optical type absolute encoder comprising a plural number of aspheric LED lens as a light source, a group of detecting elements corresponding to the area of the light source, a slit disc beginning from the track of two slits, and a differential input type current-to-voltage convertor. This absolute encoder is also so constructed as to back up the circuit voltage by an external battery and an internal large capacitance capacitor when a current is cut, and has a circuit for serially transmitting a signal indicating the number of rotations and the absolute angle to an external controller, and a circuit for synthesizing and outputting one reference pulse per rotation from the signals of the magnetic type one-pulse encoder and the optical type absolute encoder.

Abstract: A velocity measuring system useful for monitoring repetitive bidirectional movements of a carrier, which supports workpieces in production, initially stores the values of a number of velocities representative of normal operation to establish a normal velocity range, and then compares the values of subsequent carrier velocities to the normal range. A continuing deviation from the normal range is indicative of defective actuator operation, allowing repair or replacement prior to hard failure and serious disruption of the production line.

Abstract: A tachometer assembly includes a precision manufactured hub assembly or member having a cylindrical hub and a backing plate for mounting on a shaft of a drive motor, a fine line disc having a plurality of radial reference lines circumferentially disposed about an outer periphery thereof, a hub bore formed in the disc concentric with the reference lines and sized to fit the cylindrical hub within two thousandths of an inch, and a circular spring retainer having a central bore with internal teeth for press fitting on the cylindrical hub and an annular rim for biasing the disc into support engagement with the backing plate.

Abstract: Three sights are formed by a laser emitter system (10) and receiver system (5). The systems are disposed so as to be coaxial, the receiver system includes a photodiode receiver (5) which is associated with means for the amplification and electronic processing (7) of a signal, the signal consisting of sudden variations of the reflection of the emitter beam. A circuit arrangement (20) is provided for supplying the laser emitters for the emission of laser signals of a duration which is relatively short in comparison with the interval between two successive emissions.

Abstract: An optical tachometer sensor for providing output relating to rotational speed of an object. The sensor illuminates a reflective mark on the object with modulated light and focuses that light via a receiving lens arrangement onto a photoelectric sensor which provides signals to conditioning circuitry for controlling output. Lenses in the sensor also form a Galilean telescope or a terrestrial telescope to allow a user to boresight the sensor by viewing the reflective marker through the sensor. A beam splitter or "hot mirror" reverses the optical path of modulated rays generated by the device for forcusing on the photoelectric sensor, while allowing visible light to pass and be aligned by a divergent ocular lens. In the terrestrial telescope embodiment, a convergent inverting lens and ocular lens provide the image for the user and the photoelectric sensor may be located at the focal point of the objective lens or the inverting lens.

Abstract: A high-voltage electrostatic painting apparatus (10) for coating an article (12) inside a spray booth (14). The apparatus (10) includes a flow rate meter (34) disposed within the electrostatic environment for measuring the rate at which paint is supplied to a discharge atomizer (18). The meter (34) includes two intermeshing rotors (44, 46) disposed within a sealed non-ferromagnetic housing (54). The two rotors (44, 46) rotate in response to liquid paint flowing through the housing (54). A magnetic coupling (64) acts through the housing (54) to drive an optical signal producing disc (62). A pick-up sensor (82) senses the optical signal from the disc (62) and sends that signal outside the booth (14) to a master control unit (40) via a fiber optic conductor (90). The master control unit (40) automatically adjusts a flow rate regulator valve (92) to provide a constant rate of paint flow to the discharge atomizer (18).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring the rate of rotation of a turbine engine shaft during the operation of the engine. A chopper extends radially from the shaft. Infrared radiation is passed through an input optical fiber having a beveled end positioned adjacent to the chopper which chops the infrared radiation. The chopped infrared radiation passes into a beveled end of an output optical fiber which is positioned adjacent to the chopper. The rate of rotation of the shaft is detected by monitoring the chopped infrared radiation from the output optical fiber. Carbonaceous coatings are formed on the beveled ends of the optical fibers by deposition of oil and combustion products thereon. While these coatings are opaque to visible light, they are transparent to the infrared radiation used in accordance with the invention.

Abstract: An optical transducer system for producing an optical output signal representative of the rotational speed of a rotary member, particularly a shaft of a gas turbine engine, comprises a conventional inductive speed probe positioned adjacent the shaft to sense the passing of the teeth of a toothed wheel secured to and rotatable with the shaft. The inductive sensor thus produces an AC output signal whose frequency is proportional to the rotational speed of the shaft, and this signal is used to excite electrostatically vibration of a cantilever beam micromachined in silicon. The vibrating beam is arranged in an optical path defined by one or more optical fibres, such that its vibrations modulate light directed along the optical path at a frequency which is again proportional to the rotational speed of the shaft.

Abstract: A measuring and indicating device for a snow skier including a rotatable roller attachable to the rear of a ski and adapted to rotate in rolling contact with the underlying snow utilizes an indicator unit positionable remote of the roller such as upon the wrist of the skier. The device further includes elements supported adjacent the roller for sensing the rotation thereof and generating signals corresponding to the sensed rotation. The indicator unit includes a calculator for receiving the signals generated by the sensing elements and calculating a predetermined characteristic, such as speed or distance, of travel by the snow skier corresponding to the received signals. The indicator unit further includes a display for displaying the calculated characteristic in the form of a numerical value.

Abstract: A device for detecting the rotational speed of a motor by a first rotational speed sensor and at least a second rotational speed sensor and a switch unit connected to the rotational speed sensors, the switch unit selecting signals from one of the sensors within a respective given rotational speed range.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a combination touchless (photo type) and contact type tachometer having a digital display for measuring high, medium and low rotating and surface speeds. Mechanical rotation may be detected by a photo emitting-receiving sensor on the left-hand end of the device or by the contact transmitter located on the right-hand side. The received signal is amplified by an amplifier circuit and regulated by a regulator circuit. Subsequently the data is processed by a standard micro-processor IC circuit, for performing calculations, unit conversion and display decoding. The speed and other information are precisely displayed by a shiftable and reversible, rotatable 180.degree., digital displaying unit to achieve the advantages of an easy to read, precise, economical and effective tachometer.

Abstract: A thrust bearing contructed to comprise a pair of disc elements one of which is arranged to rotate and the other of which is kept stationary, the surface of the rotating side opposing the stationary element being provided with a pattern of spiral grooves which are non-reflective while the remaining lands of the pattern are reflective so that a pulsed light beam is reflected from the pattern when a light beam is directed onto the rotating pattern through a hole provided in the stationary element, the reflected light pulses being utilized for determining the rotational speed of the element under rotation.

Abstract: A rotary type electrostatic spray painting device including a rotary shaft driven by an air turbine. A reflecting face portion and a non-reflecting face portion are formed on the rear end face of the rotary shaft. A rotating speed sensor is arranged adjacent to the rear end face of the rotary shaft to detect the rotating speed of the rotary shaft from light reflected from the reflecting face portion. The amount of pressurized air fed into the air turbine is controlled in response to the output signal of the rotating speed sensor so that the rotating speed of the rotary shaft becomes equal to a desired rotating speed.

Abstract: A photoelectric displacement detecting apparatus for measuring a length from a repeated number of bright and dark portions of light formed by the repetitions of overlappings of slits in respective slit rows during a relative movement between a main scale and an index scale, the apparatus comprising reference marks provided on the main scale at suitable intervals, a mark detecting device provided on the index scale, identification marks provided in spaces between the reference marks for identifying these spaces, and an identification mark reading device actuated by the mark detecting device. An identification mark ascertaining device is provided for comparing the identification mark read by the identification mark reading device with the identification mark preset by a mark selecting-setting device and ascertaining whether both identification marks coincide with each other or not.

Abstract: A shaft angle encoder comprises a code disc (21) mountable coaxially upon a rotary shaft (20) whose angular position is to be continuously measured. Coarse-bit angular position data are encoded digitally in Gray code by a pattern of opaque and transparent sectors provided on a plurality of inner annular tracks on the code disc (21). Fine-bit angular position data are encoded in analog triangular waveforms generated by the outermost annular track on the code disc (21). The analog position data are converted to fine-bit digital values, which are combined with coarse-bit digital values to obtain an angular position measurement. Alignment of the fine-bit digital values with the coarse-bit digital values obtained from the Gray code position data is accomplished by using information provided by overlapping the least significant bit of the coarse-bit digital values with the most significant bit of the fine-code digital values.

Abstract: In a reflecting type optical rotary encoder capable of detecting a number of rotation and rotating direction of a code wheel by projecting light emitted from a light emitting element onto reflecting portions provided on the code wheel through a first optical fiber, and by guiding light reflected from the reflecting portions into light receiving elements through second optical fibers, end portions adjacent to the code wheel of the first and second optical fibers are brought into abutment with each other, and an angle substantially equal to 90.degree. is formed between an end surface and a side surface of each of the second optical fibers.

Abstract: An apparatus for the Optoelectronic Measuring of the rotational speed of a shaft, and in particular the rotational speed of a shaft of a turbosupercharger which is part of an internal combustion engine. This apparatus makes it possible to measure the rotational speed of such a shaft in a simple, reliable, and cost-effective manner by utilizing an amplitude modulated pencil of light which is converted into a usable electronic signal by a special electronic evaluating system. The light modulator is a component already existing on the turbosupercharger shaft, thereby further reducing complexity and cost.

Abstract: In a magnetron a spinner (22), rotatable on a longitudinal axis (x) has a number of evenly spaced markings formed circumferentially on an exterior surface. The markings are sensed, as the spinner rotates, by a photo sensitive transistor (PT) coupled to window (26) in the vacuum envelope of the magnetron by a fiber optic pipe (FP1). The periodicity of pulses, generated by the transistor in response to movement of markings past the window, is divided in a network (43) to generate a succession of further pulses. The further pulses are then counted in circuit (44) and the instantaneous count compared with reference frequency values stored in memory (46) to generate an output signal O/P(1) related to the instantaneous magnetron frequency.

Abstract: A shaft angle encoder comprises a code disc (21) mountable coaxially upon a rotary shaft (20) whose angular position is to be continuously measured. Coarse-bit angular position data are encoded digitally in Gray code by a pattern of opaque and transparent sectors provided on a plurality of inner annular tracks on the code disc (21). Fine-bit angular position data are encoded in analog triangular waveforms generated by the outermost annular track on the code disc (21). The analog position data are converted to fine-bit digital values, which are combined with coarse-bit digital values to obtain an angular position measurement. Alignment of the fine-bit digital values with the coarse-bit digital values obtained from the Gray code position data is accomplished by using information provided by overlapping the least significant bit of the coarse-bit digital values with the most significant bit of the fine-code digital values.

Abstract: An evaluation arrangement for a digital incremental transmitter of the type wherein two phase-shifted sinusoidal voltages of the same period are produced generates a periodic triangular voltage signal which is subsequently converted to digital values. The digital values are produced in response to an interlinking of linear portions of the sinusoidal voltages. The digital values are used to address a read-only memory in which are stored a plurality of absolute values within a period.

Abstract: A rotary encoder used for measuring the rotational velocity, for example, of a rotating disk provided with reflecting surfaces and non-reflecting surfaces which are formed alternately on its periphery with a pitch l. The encoder includes one output optical fiber and two input optical fibers. All of the fibers have their one end surfaces opposed to the periphery of the disk. The input fibers are attached to the opposite sides of the output fiber in side-by-side relation. The interval between the end surfaces of the input fibers is set equal to l (n.+-.1/4), where n is a positive integer. Light-emitting devices connected to the input fibers produce output waveforms that are 90 degrees out of phase.

Abstract: A displacement measuring device, using an incremental code, which includes a coding member (22) resting on the object (21) to be measured and having a coding section for generating such signals that a sensing element can discriminate the signals as 0 or 1, sensing means (25A, 25B) disposed to sense the coding section of the coding member for producing sensed signals in response to the displacement of the coding member (22), and rectangular wave-converting circuits (27A, 27B) for receiving and converting the sensed signal into rectangular wave signals. A clock pulse generator (28) is provided in the device for generating a clock pulse with a higher repetition-frequency than the repetition-frequency of the sensed signal.

Abstract: A turbocharger control device for use in conjunction with an internal combustion engine includes a turbine driven by exhaust gases; a compressor connected with the turbine by having a shaft having a hole through the diameter; a photo projector and photo receiver facing each other across the shaft at the location of the through-hole for generating a light pulse signal proportional to the rate of rotation of the shaft; a photo-voltage converter connected optically with the photo receiver for converting the light pulse signal to an electrical pulse signal; an engine control unit connected electrically with the converter for generating a control signal in response to the electrical signal; an actuator connected with the engine control unit for movement in response to the control signal; an exhaust gas bypass passage connected between upstream and downstream portions of the turbine; and a bypass valve operatively connected to the actuator and associated with the bypass passage for controlling the flow through the

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the actual speed and maximum safe speed of a centrifuge rotor. A single circular array of equally spaced coding elements of two clearly distinguishable types is attached to the rotor. A single detector responsive to the coding elements produces an output signal that varies in accordance with both the number and type of the coding elements. A first circuit network is responsive to the number of coding elements encountered per unit time, without regard to type, to produce an actual speed or tachometer signal. A second circuit network is responsive to the number of coding elements of each type encountered during each revolution of the rotor, without regard to the speed thereof, to produce a rotor identification signal that is indicative of the maximum safe speed of the rotor.