Abstract: A method of monitoring a functional state of an electricity meter, includes generating at least one temperature signal from which an actual temperature value of the electricity meter can be derived; determining whether the actual temperature value and/or a gradient thereof exceeds at least one threshold value derived from at least one predefined temperature curve representing predefined temperature values of the electricity meter over time according to a modelled thermal behaviour of the electricity meter. Further, a computer program, a computer-readable data carrier having stored thereon a computer program, a data carrier signal carrying a computer program, and an electricity meter configured to carry out the computer program are described. Finally, an electricity metering system, in particular an Advanced Metering Infrastructure, includes at least one electricity meter and/or at least one administration device configured to carry out a method of monitoring a functional state of an electricity meter.

Abstract: A monitoring system is provided. The monitoring system includes a non-conductive tube, a conductive tape, a metallic plate, and an electrostatic field meter. The non-conductive tube includes an outer surface. The conductive tape is wrapped around the outer surface of the non-conductive tube. The metallic plate contacts and extends away from the conductive tape. The electrostatic field meter is disposed a predetermined distance away from the metallic plate, and a static charge of the metallic plate is detectable by the electrostatic field meter. A method of monitoring static charge is also provided.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment of an interfacial tension measurement system of the present disclosure is one in which Faraday waves or instability are formed within a vessel of fluids to be tested via electrostatic oscillations. Then, by tracking the amplitude of an applied electrical voltage having an AC harmonic load to the mixture of fluids that result in a Faraday instability, as well as the wavelength of the instability, the interfacial tension measurement system determines the interfacial tension between layers of immiscible liquids present in the vessel.

Abstract: A method of cleaning a wafer in semiconductor fabrication is provided. The method includes cleaning a wafer using a wafer scrubber. The method further includes moving the wafer scrubber into an agitated cleaning fluid. The method also includes creating a contact between the wafer scrubber and a cleaning stage in the agitated cleaning fluid. In addition, the method includes cleaning the wafer or a second wafer by the wafer scrubber after the wafer scrubber is cleaned by the agitated cleaning fluid.

Abstract: Presented is a particle sensing system is for providing particle distribution information in a fluid flow in which thermophoretic particle movement is induced (10) towards a sensor (12) for sensing collected particles. In accordance with the present invention, the thermophoretic particle movement is in opposite direction to the direction of gravity, and the sensor (12) is located above the sensing volume. The sensor (12) comprises a series (70) of sensor elements arranged along the length direction of the elongate channel, each sensor element positioned for sensing a particular particle size. Additionally, a method providing particle distribution information in a fluid flow is presented.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system for setting the timing or phase of the separation of droplets from a fluid stream in a flow cytometer, or the timing or phase of a charge pulse generator, based upon the collected charge of charged droplets. In one embodiment, a conductive mesh can be used to collect the charged droplets that are either deflected or not deflected by the deflection plates. In another embodiment, the charge can be collected from metal plates in the waste collection device. In addition, a defanning device is disclosed that allows substantially uniform deflection of charged cells.

Abstract: The separated particle charge multivariate analysis instrument includes a transparent sealed container and, inside the transparent sealed container, an axial fan, a tube carrier plate, a rail board, double screw shafts, a biaxial motor, parallel electrode plates and so on. The separated particle charge multivariate analysis instrument of the present invention measures out the charge amount of the particle after leaving the particle bed by simulating a controllable environmental factor in the transparent sealed container on the basis of the inner tube, the outer tube, the electrometer and the charge amount of the particle entering into the inner tube at the measurement site, and analyzes effects of environmental factors, particle physical parameters and geometric parameters to the charge by adjusting environmental variables in the transparent sealed container.

Abstract: A potentiometric sensor, comprising: a potentiometer track; a collector track opposite the potentiometer track; a conductive magnetic cushion slider coupled to the potentiometer track and the collector track; and a sealed body housing the potentiometer track, the collector track, and the conductive magnetic cushion is disclosed. The potentiometric sensor may provide a variable output voltage indicative of a level of liquid in a container. The output voltage of the potentiometric sensor may be based on a position of a magnet, which may determine a position of the conductive magnetic cushion or a ferromagnetic spring. The magnet may be outside of the sealed body. As the sensor will be more cost effective and less space consuming, the totally sealed sensor incorporating the conductive magnetic cushion or a ferromagnetic spring may replace many applications that allow a hysteresis of less than 1 mm. Additionally, these applications may be used on rotary systems.

Abstract: A method of compensating for an artifact in data collected using a standard atomic force microscope (AFM) operating in an oscillating mode. The artifact is caused by deflection of the probe not related to actual probe-sample interaction and the method includes compensating for thermal induced bending of the probe of the AFM by measuring a DC component of the measured deflection. The DC component of deflection is identified by calibrating the optical deflection detection apparatus and monitoring movement of the mean deflection, thereby allowing the preferred embodiments to minimize the adverse effect due to the artifact. Notably, plotting the DC deflection profile yields a corresponding temperature profile of the sample.

Abstract: The invention relates to devices for liquid level detection (LLD). It relates to a laboratory device having an electronic circuit for detecting a liquid level in a liquid container, a feeler, which can be advanced, and which is connected to an input side of the electronic circuit, and having a movement device, which allows the feeler to be advanced in the direction of the liquid in the liquid container. Upon the immersion of the feeler in the liquid, a capacitance change is caused in the electronic circuit, which triggers a signal in the circuit. The laboratory device comprises a reference circuit, which is connected to the input side of the circuit, and which specifies an effective capacitance on the input side of the circuit. A sequence controller is used, which causes the triggering of a test by the application of a control signal to the reference circuit, the control signal causing an increase of the effective capacitance through a switching procedure.

Abstract: A method and a system are provided to determine fill sufficiency of an electrochemical biosensor test cell by determining capacitance of the electrochemical test cell. In particular, the system samples an output signal from the chamber at a second sampling-time interval different than a first sampling-time interval such that a magnitude of each sampled output signal is measured at each succession of the second sampling-time interval instead of at the first time interval. The system determines a phase angle between an output signal and the oscillating input signal from the chamber based on the sampled output signal of the sampling step. The system calculates a capacitance of the chamber from the phase angle. A method is also provided to perform similar functionalities of the system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device for determining at least one parameter of at least one medium, said medium being introducible into at least one measuring path. An electric and/or electromagnetic field can be partially coupled into or out of the medium by passing at least one electric and/or electromagnetic signal into the measuring path. The measuring path comprises at least one line arrangement having at least two elementary cells arranged along the measuring path, said elementary cells comprising at least one electric path from at least one input to at least one output and comprising at least one respective capacitative element. The electrical properties of the capacitative element can by be modified by the medium. The electric and/or the electromagnetic signal can be applied to the input of a first elementary cell and the output of the first elementary cell can be connected to the input of a second elementary cell.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of the invention include an input circuit for electromagnetic (inductive) measurements of the conductivity of liquids. The input circuit and the induction coil are directly coupled, and the arrangement includes a current-voltage converting circuit which accomplishes the transformation from current to voltage in the induction coil, and ensures the terminal voltage to be zero. Also there is an anti-saturation circuit which is composed of an integrating circuit and a voltage dividing circuit and serves to prevent saturation in the operational amplifier which is used for the current-voltage transformation. The circuit further includes features for the detection of an open-circuit failure of the sensor coil or cable.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for using at least one static probe during polymerization in a fluid bed polymerization reactor system to monitor a coating on a surface of the reactor system and a distal portion of each static probe, wherein the coating is exposed to flowing fluid within the reactor system during the reaction. The surface may be a reactor bed wall (exposed to the reactor's fluid bed) and the coating is exposed to flowing, bubbling fluid within the fluid bed during the reaction. The method may include steps of: during the polymerization reaction, operating the static probe to generate a sequence of data values (“high speed data”) indicative of fluid flow variation (e.g., bubbling or turbulence), and determining from the high speed data at least one electrical property of the coating (e.g., of a portion of the coating on the distal portion of the static probe).

Abstract: A sensor for measuring the pH of a solution of the present invention includes: (a) a tubular body portion constructed from a flexible electrically-insulating material, the tubular body portion having an interior passage; (b) a first reverse osmosis membrane disposed in the interior passage; (c) a second reverse osmosis membrane disposed in the interior passage; (d) a proton conducting membrane disposed between the first reverse osmosis membrane and the second reverse osmosis membrane in the interior passage; (e) a first electrode; and (f) a second electrode.

Abstract: The impedance of ionic solutions may be determined using a bridge circuit where the ionic solution forms one leg of the bridge circuit and a reference impedance characterized by a reference time constant forms a second leg of the bridge circuit. The bridge is driven by a switched DC voltage waveform. Measurement of the ionic solution is delayed after switching to allow the reference impedance to reach its asymptotic value. The reference impedance may be varied to reduce the reference time constant.

Abstract: There is provided a sensor for measuring a quantity, such as the salinity, of the soil solution without requiring continuous calibration. The sensor is based on a porous material which automatically fills up and saturates when the soil is rewet and drains when the soil dries out from plant uptake or from air drying, then being filled up with a solution representative of the quantity to be measured in the soil during plant growth.

Abstract: An electrospinning system using a spinneret and a counter electrode is first operated for a fixed amount of time at known system and operational parameters to generate a fiber mat having a measured fiber mat width associated therewith. Next, acceleration of the fiberizable material at the spinneret is modeled to determine values of mass, drag, and surface tension associated with the fiberizable material at the spinneret output. The model is then applied in an inversion process to generate predicted values of an electric charge at the spinneret output and an electric field between the spinneret and electrode required to fabricate a selected fiber mat design. The electric charge and electric field are indicative of design values for system and operational parameters needed to fabricate the selected fiber mat design.

Abstract: A sensor device (10) for making at least one determination regarding a selected characteristic of a fluid includes a support post (32) that is adapted to be exposed to the fluid. A capacitor has electrodes (66, 68) that are supported near one end of the support post (32). A housing (40) for containing electronics (120) is supported near an opposite end of the support post (32). In a disclosed arrangement, a level sensing element such as a conductive polymer rod is at least partially supported by the support post (32). A disclosed assembly procedure includes overmolding portions of the device onto other portions to provide stable and secure connections between the various portions of the assembly.

Abstract: A sensor for detecting the presence of an organic liquid. The sensor includes an a elongate substrate having a first and second opposed surface, and a first sensor surface disposed on at least a portion of the first surface of the substrate and a second sensor surface disposed on at least a portion of the second surface of the substrate. The sensor also includes a bridging electrode electrically coupling the first and second sensor surfaces, a first electrode disposed on the first surface of the substrate and electrically coupled to the first sensor surface, and a second electrode disposed the second surface of the substrate and electrically coupled to the second sensor surface.

Abstract: A system (100) for determining the performance of a wearable electrode, the system (100) comprising: a container (37) of liquid to simulate a static or dynamic environment for the electrode; a measurement module (2) to analyse and record predetermined properties of the electrode in response to passing an electrical current through the liquid during operation in the simulated environment to determine the performance of the electrode.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to various methods and systems for detecting at least one impurity in a bulk fluid. In certain embodiments, the methods are performed in conjunction with a polymerization reactor system such as a gas-phase reactor system.

Abstract: A grid sensor including grids of electrode wires for measuring the electroconductivity of flow medium in the cross-section of a pipeline is particularly suitable for applications where the flow medium flows at high pressure and high temperatures. Each of the electrode wires is connected to a spring via an insulating bead, the spring being arranged in a hole in a sensor body of the sensor having an axis which is oriented in a tensioning direction of the electrode wire, and fixed to the sensor body. Each of the electrode wires on the side opposing the spring is covered with an insulating tube arranged in an outwardly guided channel in the sensor body. The insulating tube ends inside the channel, in a cavity filled with a sealing material. Neither the insulating bead nor the insulating tube are located in the cross-section wherein the measurement is to be carried out.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for measuring streaming metrics. A method for measuring a streaming metric corresponding to a rotating surface is characterized by rotating the surface around an axis of rotation and measuring the streaming metric at a location within one radius from the axis of rotation and within three radii from the surface, wherein the location does not contact the surface. Apparatus for measuring a streaming metric corresponding to a rotating surface are characterized by a working electrode which does not contact the surface, a counter electrode, a meter connected to the working electrode and the counter electrode, a rotatable spindle on which the surface is mounted, and a container for holding electrolyte, wherein the working electrode, counter electrode, and surface are located within the container.

Abstract: Method for determining a property of a fluid for a household device includes the following steps: measurement of a physical variable of the fluid associated with the property of the fluid, in each case when a first parameter influencing the physical variable has one of at least two predetermined values, in order to obtain at least two measurement values for the first parameter, and correlation of the at least two measurement values for the first parameter, in order to obtain a first value characterizing the property of the fluid.

Abstract: An electrochemical suspended element-based sensor system includes a solution cell for holding an electrolyte comprising solution including at least one electrochemically reducible or oxidizable species. A working electrode (WE), reference electrode (RE) and a counter electrode (CE) are disposed in the solution. The CE includes an asymmetric suspended element, wherein one side of the suspended element includes a metal or a highly doped semiconductor surface. The suspended element bends when current associated with reduction or oxidation of the electrochemically reducible or oxidizable species at the WE passes through the suspended element. At least one measurement system measures the bending of the suspended element or a parameter which is a function of the bending.

Abstract: Provided is a method for measuring one or more properties of liquid crystals in an automated manner. Also provided is a liquid crystal analysis instrument (LCAS) that automatically measures one or more properties of liquid crystals.

Abstract: The device (1) allows the detection of small quantities of electrical charge (Qs) utilised for recognition of the gybridisation process of a single strand of DNA. It comprises a chip (2) in which is integrated an MOS device having a floating gate (7) a first portion (7a) of which extends in facing relation to a recess (8) formed in a surface of the chip (2) and accessible from outside the chip (2) and operable to retain an electrical charge (Qs) to be measured bound to it. A second portion (7b) of the gate (7) of the MOS device is coupled to a control electrode, (10) of the chip (2) by means of a capacitor (12) of predetermined value within the chip (2).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for reducing electromagnetic noise pick up in a Liquid Metal Cleanliness Analyzer (LiMCA), used to detect and measure particles in molten metal. An first electrode inserted in the molten metal is electrically insulated from second and third electrodes, also inserted in the molten metal. Molten metal and particles pass between the first electrode and the second and third electrodes through a passage in the electrical insulation. The second and third electrodes have a configuration with respect to the first electrode sufficient to establish symmetrical current loops between the first electrode and the second and third electrodes when a current is supplied to the second and third electrodes. The current is supplied from an ultra-capacitor. Electromagnetic noise in the symmetrical current loops is detected and is added in opposition to reduce the amplitude of the electromagnetic noise.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a device for determining the parameters of a fluctuating flow of a fluid in a pipe, wherein at least three electrodes that are placed at a distance from one another in the direction of flow are provided in the periphery of the flow, wherein alternating voltage signals are fed to a first upstream transmission electrode arrangement and to a second downstream transmission electrode arrangement and the receiving signals generated by the displacement current are detected in a receiving electrode arrangement located between the transmission electrodes and subjected to a time-discrete cross-correlation. The throughput times of the fluctuations detected by the electrodes are determined on the basis of the results.

Abstract: An integrated microstructure sensor element is proposed for detecting thermodynamic measured variables of a fluid. To that end, a supporting body, particularly a board or a wafer having at least one microstructured heating element in contact with the fluid during operation, is provided, on which or in whose vicinity are arranged first arrangement for at least intermittently acting on the heating element with an electric alternating current of defined frequency or a defined frequency band, as well a second arrangement for detecting the amplitude of the third harmonic wave of the electric voltage applied to the heating element. The proposed microstructure sensor element in the form of a compact, integrated component is suitable in particular for determining or monitoring the thermal conductivity and/or the thermal capacity of a fluid, particularly an oil in a motor vehicle.

Abstract: The present invention provides an on-chip packed reactor bed design that allows for an effective exchange of packing materials such as beads at a miniaturized level. In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of concentrating an analyte within a microfluidic analysis system, comprising the steps of: a) providing a main channel having a trapping zone suitable for trapping packing material; b) providing a slurry of a reagent treated packing material prepared in a solution having a predetermined composition of a solvent; c) inducing a flow of said packing material into said trapping zone through a flow channel connected to said trapping zone so as to load said trapping zone and form a packed bed of said packing material; d) and flowing a sample containing analytes through said packed bed, said reagent acting to concentrate at least some of said analytes within said trapping zone.

Abstract: Described are a method and system for dispensing a fluid. A fluid-dispensing device includes a substrate and a plurality of nozzles formed in the substrate. Each nozzle has an open-ended tip and a fluid-conducting channel between the tip and a source of fluid. A non-conducting spacer is on the substrate and electrically isolates a gate electrode from the substrate. The gate electrode is located adjacent to the tip of at least one of the nozzles to effect dispensing of the fluid in that nozzle in response to a voltage applied between the gate electrode and the nozzle or fluid in the nozzle. In one embodiment, the gate electrode includes a plurality of individually addressable gate electrodes used for selectively actuating nozzles.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for monitoring the concentration of metal cations in a chemical solution. In a preferred embodiment, the chemical solution is a solution for derouging or passivating stainless steel. A capacitive sensor provides data indicative of the concentration of chemical components (e.g., iron or chromium) in the chemical solution.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in a liquid or gaseous fluid. A capacitor is exposed to the fluid, wherein the fluid acts as the dielectric between the conductors of the capacitor. The permittivity and dielectric constant associated with the fluid is affected by the relative concentrations of the chemical components comprising the fluid. A measurement of the capacitance is used to determine the relative concentration levels of the chemical components in the fluid. In an alternative embodiment, a resistor, and associated resistance values, are used to determine the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in a liquid or gaseous fluid.

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment, a sensor (10) for measuring magnitude and polarity of static charge on particles in a liquid, including: an electrically nonconductive conduit (26) through which the particles and the liquid can flow; a magnet (20) having first and second legs (22,24) with a gap therebetween, the gap being disposed in the conduit; and three electrodes (40, 42, 44) insulatedly disposed in the first leg and having distal ends protruding into the gap. A method of measuring magnitude and polarity of static charge on particles in a liquid is also provided.

Abstract: A system for separating biological molecules includes a chip (10) on which there is an electrophoresis separation microchannel (16). At the start of the channel there is an isoelectric focusing section (14) containing a gel having a pH gradient. Molecules to be separated are placed in the focusing section (14) and move to an equilibrium position under the influence of an electric field. The electrophoretic state of the molecules is then changed, and a high voltage potential applied across the entire length of the focusing and separation sections. The molecules migrate under the influence of the electric field from the focusing section into the separation section where their position and velocity are tracked. From a knowledge of position and velocity, a user can determine both charge/mass ratio and isoelectric equilibrium point for each molecule. The gels can be replicated in the chip to allow parallel analysis, and hence comparisons, to take place.

Abstract: An oscillating device to determine the purity of single or multi-component liquids on the basis of their dielectric permittivity, in a continuous procedure through the frequency change in the static permittivity region and with strict temperature control. The oscillator is connected to a standard thermoregulated measuring cell, a frequency meter and a power source. The improved characteristic is that the circuit does not contain the usual micrometer and standard capacitors and that it has a previously determined inductance to improve measurement conditions. In this manner, and operating in the region of static frequencies to avoid relaxation phenomena, a continuous measurement is achieved with a high degree of precision that had never been previously obtained. A measurement procedure is also disclosed that is carried out with the device.

Abstract: A particle counter volume sensor for sensing by the electrical resistance puplse method the volume of particles in a fluid suspension passing through an orifice assembly which includes an orifice member made of electrically insulating material and electrically resistive material disposed before, within, and after the orifice. The orifice is cylindrical with well rounded entry and exit corners. The resistive material has a conduit for the passage of particles through it generally centered with the orifice. The resistive material has an electrical resistivity matching that of the particle suspending fluid. Thus the electric field within the orifice is substantially the same with or without the resistive material. The conduit restricts particles to trajectories through the orifice where the maximum electric field intensity is substantially uniform thus accurately sizing the particles.

Abstract: An electric discharge machine for machining a workpiece by an electric discharge by supplying a machining fluid to a gap between an electrode and the workpiece and supplying pulses to the workpiece while providing the electrode with a jump motion, the jump motion being a periodic motion of the electrode relative to the workpiece; wherein the electric discharge machine detects a state quantity caused in a main body of the electric discharge machine by a reactive force produced by a machining operation in the gap between the electrode and the workpiece and changes machining conditions of the workpiece in accordance with a detected value of the state quantity.

Abstract: Described are a method and system for dispensing a fluid. A fluid-dispensing device comprises a substrate and a plurality of nozzles formed in the substrate. Each nozzle has an open-ended tip and a fluid-conducting channel between the tip and a source of fluid. A non-conducting spacer is on the substrate and electrically isolates a gate electrode from the substrate. The gate electrode is located adjacent to the tip of at least one of the nozzles to effect dispensing of the fluid in that nozzle in response to a voltage applied between the gate electrode and the nozzle or fluid in the nozzle. In one embodiment, the gate electrode includes a plurality of individually addressable gate electrodes used for selectively actuating nozzles.

Abstract: A flow metering method and a flowmeter capable of providing an electric output corresponding to the metered flow rate of metered fluid by an electric circuit including a thermal type flow sensor disposed in a metering flow path and an electric output corresponding to the reference flow rate of the metered fluid by an electric circuit including a reference thermal type flow sensor disposed in a reference flow path allowing the metered flow to flow freely; the flow metering method, comprising the steps of providing a calibration curve including a reference flow calibration curve and a measurement flow calibration curve at a plurality of temperatures for reference fluid beforehand, providing the deviated amount of the temperature of the reference flow calibration curve from the reference temperature corresponding to the electric output based on the electric output corresponding to the reference flow calibration curve based on the deviated amount, and converting the temperature corrected amount to the flow value

Abstract: A microfabricated potentiometric sensor and a method of measuring the activity of analyte ions in a sample solution, the sensor comprising: a substrate chip; a flow channel defined by the substrate chip through which analyte ions of a sample solution are in use driven; at least one ion-selective electrode comprising a chamber defined by the substrate chip and including a port in communication with the flow channel, an ion-selective membrane disposed in the chamber, and a conductive element configured such as in use to be in electrical connection with the ion-selective membrane; a reference electrode configured such as in use to be in electrical connection with the flow channel; whereby, on driving analyte ions of a sample solution through the flow channel, an electromotive force is developed between the at least one ion-selective electrode and the reference electrode which is representative of the activity of the analyte ions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlling static charges in a fluidized bed olefin polymerization reactor. Static charges which develop in the polymer products are measured and, if they fall outside a predetermined range, static charge control agents are introduced into the reactor. By controlling the static charges in the reactor, sheeting and drooling can be controlled.

Abstract: A signal to be produced, which represents a digital data stream, is generated using the currents or voltages from current or voltage sources selected from multiple current or voltage sources. The current or voltage sources whose currents or voltages are used to generate the signal which is to be produced are selected based on the contents of the elements of a shift register whose input connection has the signal which is to be filtered applied to it.

Abstract: Waste plastics, which contain coloring agents and are in various forms, are heated and electrified to divide into three groups in order to collect them without crushing while maintaining their product forms. Each group consists of high exothermic plastics, low exothermic plastics or PVC.

Abstract: A streaming current detector having a probe in which dielectric elements used to generate the streaming current—specifically, a sleeve for slideably receiving a reciprocating piston and the piston itself—can be replaced independently of the electrodes. Paired electrodes, each positioned proximate with one of the distal ends of the sleeve, are mounted on immobile structures other than the sleeve. The latter include a housing which forms a sheath for the sleeve and a retaining fitting. Threadedly engaged with the housing, this fitting also holds the sleeve in place. Generally, removal and replacement of each probe element can be accomplished in the field in under one minute. Costs of the dielectric elements are only a small fraction of those in the prior art, allowing a consumer to replace them much more frequently, as well as to substitute matched dielectric elements designed for their chemical and/or physical compatibility with a particular test fluid.

Abstract: A streaming current detector having a probe in which dielectric elements used to generate the streaming current—specifically, a sleeve for slideably receiving a reciprocating piston and the piston itself—can be replaced independently of the electrodes. Paired electrodes, each positioned proximate with one of the distal ends of the sleeve, are mounted on immobile structures other than the sleeve. The latter include a housing which forms a sheath for the sleeve and a retaining fitting. Threadedly engaged with the housing, this fitting also holds the sleeve in place. Generally, removal and replacement of each probe element can be accomplished in the field in under one minute. Costs of the dielectric elements are only a small fraction of those in the prior art, allowing a consumer to replace them much more frequently, as well as to substitute matched dielectric elements designed for their chemical and/or physical compatibility with a particular test fluid.

Abstract: The invention relates to an apparatus and method for measuring the static charge developed by a flowable solid as it passes through a conduit. A flowable solid is conveyed through a conduit in such a manner that the powder develops a static charge due to the triboelectric effect as it moves against the conduit walls. The static charge on the solid is then measured using a static charge measuring device such as a Faraday drum or cage.

Abstract: Waste plastics, which contain coloring agents and are in various forms, are heated and electrified to divide into three groups in order to collect them without crashing while maintaining their product forms. Each group consists of high exothermic plastics, low exothermic plastics or PVC.