Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods to determine a direction to a ground fault of an electrical generator or motor using a known steady-state standing error referenced to a positive-sequence voltage measurement to determine a system standing error and utilizing the system standing error to determine an operating current with anomalies attributable to a fault. A ground fault may be determined using zero-sequence voltage signals from the generator or motor installation. The operating current, along with the zero-sequence voltage, may be used to determine a direction to the fault. The generator or motor may be high-impedance grounded. The systems and methods further indicate the direction to a fault where multiple generators or motors are connected to a common bus.

Abstract: A method and system for analyzing the error of a measurement domain based on a single load jump and a computer-readable storage medium are provided. According to the method and the system, high-density measurement is performed on the load of a master meter and sub-meters in a measurement domain for a long time to obtain massive load data. After that, based on a single load jump, a load measurement difference of the master meter before and after the jump, and a load measurement difference of a jumping sub-meter before and after the jump are obtained. The error deviation degree of the jumping sub-meter relative to the master meter is uniquely defined. After statistical data of error deviation degrees of all the sub-meters relative to the master meter is obtained, error analysis is performed on the whole measurement domain based on the statistical data.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a method for controlling an uninterruptable power supply and a respective computer program. The uninterruptable power supply comprises a grid connection, a grid switch connected to the grid connection, a rectifier and an inverter interconnected via a DC link, an energy storage connected to the DC link, a load connection, to which the inverter is connected, and a bypass switch, which is connected in parallel to the rectifier, the DC link and the inverter between the grid switch and the load connection, wherein the grid switch is a mechanical switch and the bypass switch is a semiconductor switch.

Abstract: A system and method for identifying an earth fault in a resonant grounded medium voltage network that employs a REFCL compensation system. The method derives a zero-sequence real power from a phase voltage to ground on each phase and a current on each phase and aligns the zero-sequence real power in time with a magnitude of a zero-sequence voltage provided by the REFCL compensation system. The method determines when the zero-sequence real power and the zero-sequence voltage exceed predetermined thresholds. The method delays the magnitude of the zero-sequence voltage for a predetermined period of time when the zero-sequence voltage exceeds the threshold and determines that the fault is occurring when both the time aligned zero-sequence real power exceeds the threshold and the magnitude of the zero-sequence voltage exceeds the threshold for the predetermined period of time at the same time.

Abstract: Fault detection system (800) for a medium voltage circuit comprising assemblies of an electric power distribution cable (205), a first transformation center (210) comprising a first transformer and a first grounding conductor (603), a first grounding system comprising a first grounding resistor (RPAT1) connected to the first transformer through the first grounding conductor (603), the first transformation center (210) connected to a first end of the cable (205) and a second transformation center (220) comprising a second transformer and a second grounding conductor (603), a second grounding system comprising a second grounding resistor (RPAT2) connected to the second transformer through the second grounding conductor (603), the second transformation center (220) connected to a second end of the cable (205).

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for detecting and characterizing arc faults in an aerospace electric propulsion system and then coordinating the operation of various elements of the protection system to execute a fault-clearing sequence. In a current-based method, the arc is detected and characterized based on differential readouts from current sensors. The difference between currents measured at two ends of a protection zone are compared to a difference threshold. In a power-based method, the arc is detected and characterized based on differential readouts from voltage and current sensors. The differential voltage and current readouts are used to compute the respective powers at two ends of a protection zone. The difference between the respective powers is integrated over a period of time and then the integrated difference is compared to a difference threshold. A differential protection trip mode is invoked when the difference threshold is exceeded.

Abstract: A failure detection apparatus includes: a first switch configured to be connected to a positive electrode of a battery; a second switch configured to be connected to a negative electrode of the battery; detection resistances that are connected in series between the first switch and the second switch; and a measurement circuit that measures a voltage of the detection resistances, wherein (i) both the first switch and the second switch are turned on to form a failure-detection series-connected circuit consisting of the battery and the detection resistances, and (ii) a failure detection mode is provided to detect a failure based on the voltage measured by the measurement circuit.

Abstract: An apparatus for a first current sensor for a switching converter has an inductor and a first switch. The first switch is arranged to selectively couple the inductor to a first voltage. The first current sensor generates a first output current that is dependent on an inductor current flowing through the inductor The first current sensor compensates for an error arising due to the first switch in the generation of the first output current. The apparatus provides an improved current sensor for a switching converter that overcomes or mitigates the problem of errors in the measurement of a current.

Abstract: A power converter includes a power conversion circuit having a first terminal set and a second terminal set, configured to convert power input via one of the first terminal set and the second terminal set and output the converted power via the other of the first terminal set and the second terminal set; a measurement unit; a controller configured to control the power conversion circuit to generate a voltage/current waveform travelling along the first network with a power supplied by a second power source linked to the second terminal set of the power conversion circuit in response to a condition that a change rate of the measurement of the voltage/current exceeds a threshold; and locate a fault on the first network. The power conversion circuit can be re-used for different modes of operation either for power transmission under normal condition or for fault location under fault condition.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a power supply monitor operative to monitor a status of multiple power converters. Based on the monitored status, the power supply monitor detects an event associated with a first power converter of the multiple power converters. The power supply monitor communicates a notification of the event to a management entity. The notification is encoded to include an identity of the first power converter experiencing the event as determined by the power supply monitor or other suitable entity.

Abstract: Disclosed is a leakage current measuring device for a grid protection system protecting a power distribution or transmission grid from damage in case of a power surge, the grid protection system including a disconnector device and a surge arrester connected in series along a grounding path, the grounding path connecting a phase of a power distribution or transmission grid through the surge arrester and the disconnector device to ground, the disconnector device being configured for being activated in case of an overload condition, thereby disconnecting the surge arrester. The leakage current measuring device includes a leakage current sensor for measuring a leakage current IL flowing along the grounding path, the leakage current IL being indicative of the electrical connection status of the disconnector device. The electrical connection status is one of an activated and an inactivated status of the disconnector device.

Abstract: A high resolution analog to digital converter (ADC) with improved bandwidth senses an analog signal (e.g., a load current) to generate a digital signal. The ADC operates based on a load voltage produced based on charging of an element (e.g., a capacitor) by a load current and a digital to analog converter (DAC) output current (e.g., from a N-bit DAC). The ADC generates a digital output signal representative of a difference between the load voltage and a reference voltage. This digital output signal is used directly, or after digital signal processing, to operate an N-bit DAC to generate a DAC output current that tracks the load current. In addition, quantization noise is subtracted from the digital output signal thereby extending the operational bandwidth of the ADC. In certain examples, the operational bandwidth of the ADC extends up to 100s of kHz (e.g., 200-300 kHz), or even higher.

Abstract: An environment control system includes: a control unit; a serial communication bus including a main communication line having a first end connected to the control unit and first to Nth (N: an integer of 2 or more) sub communication lines branched off from a second end of the main communication line; devices connected to the first to Nth sub communication lines; and switching units disposed on all the first to Nth sub communication lines and configured to connect and disconnect the devices to and from the control unit. Each of the first to Nth sub communication lines is connected to one or more of the devices.

Abstract: A voltage detection circuit includes a first terminal for connecting to one end of a first voltage detection line through a first resistor, the first voltage detection line having another end connected to a cathode or an anode of a first individual battery; a second terminal for connecting to the one end of the first voltage detection line without the first resistor; a first current generating circuit connected to the first terminal; and a voltage detector which detects a voltage of the first terminal and a voltage of the second terminal. The voltage detector includes at least one first AD converter connected to the first terminal, and at least one second AD converter connected to the second terminal.

Abstract: The invention relates to protection from faults in a power transmission system having two or more transmission lines. Travelling waves are detected from a signal obtained with a measurement equipment associated with a bus of the power transmission system. Arrival times of a first peak of a first travelling wave, a second travelling wave and a third travelling wave, are detected from the signal. A value for line length is calculated from the arrival times and propagation velocity of the travelling wave in the corresponding transmission line. The calculated value is compared with an actual length of the corresponding transmission line, for determining if the fault is an internal fault or an external fault. According to the fault being one of the internal fault and the external fault, a signal for controlling a switching device associated with the corresponding transmission line is generated.

Abstract: A diagnostic device for a secondary battery which is an all-solid-state battery containing a solid electrolyte transporting lithium ions, in which the diagnostic device includes: an interruption means configured to interrupt a charging current or a discharging current of the secondary battery connected to a circuit; a measuring means configured to measure over time a variation characteristic of a terminal voltage of the secondary battery after the current is interrupted by the interruption means; and a diagnostic means configured to diagnose the cause of the degradation of the secondary battery by comparing a change rate or a change amount in voltage between a charging characteristic specified from measured values of a terminal voltage of the secondary battery measured by the measuring means, a charging/discharging characteristic specified from the measured values of the terminal voltage measured by the measuring means, and a reference characteristic of the secondary battery.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a storage battery management device includes: a memory configured to store therein storage battery characteristics of a storage battery unit as a storage battery characteristics table; and one or more processors coupled to the memory. The one or more processors are configured to: acquire the storage battery characteristics based on storage battery information output from the storage battery unit; update the storage battery characteristics table based on the acquired storage battery characteristics; and estimate SOC of the storage battery unit by referring to the updated storage battery characteristics table.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to measuring misalignment between layers of a semiconductor device. In one embodiment, a device includes a first conductive layer; a second conductive layer; one or more first electrodes embedded in the first conductive layer; one or more second electrodes embedded in the second conductive layer; a sensing circuit connected to the one or more first electrodes; and a plurality of time-varying signal sources connected to the one or more second electrodes, wherein the one or more first electrodes and the one or more second electrodes form at least a portion of a bridge structure that exhibits an electrical property that varies as a function of misalignment of the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer in an in-plane direction.

Abstract: A method, system and apparatus for compensating for non-ideal isotropic behavior of a field probe are disclosed. A method includes, during a calibration procedure, for each of a plurality of positions of the field probe relative to a source, each position denoted by a set of angles (?, ?), performing the following steps: measuring a field by the sensors of the probe, storing the measurements and the set of angles (?, ?) for each measurement, computing a correction factor for the set of angles (?, ?) based on the measurement, and storing the correction factors. During a measurement procedure, each sensor measures a component of the field. A set of angles is determined based on the sensor measurements, and a correction factor is determined based on the set of angles. The correction factor may then be multiplied by the sensor measurements to obtain the corrected field measurements.

Abstract: Method and device for determining a fault location in an electric power distribution network with an infeed and lines in the form of a main strand and a multiplicity of branches of the main strand. First and second measured values are acquired at a first and second measurement point of the power distribution network, and a fault location is determined based on the first and the second measured values. Arrival of respective traveling waves are identified based on the first and the second measured values, and the times of the respective arrival of the traveling wave are stored. A first fault location value is generated using the respective times of both measurement points and a second fault location value is generated using the times of only the first measurement point. The fault location is determined based on the first fault location value and the second fault location value.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for accurately detecting an operating status of a battery in a battery system, where the method includes determining a charging profile of a battery in a battery system, identifying a constant voltage and a corresponding constant current in a charging cycle of the charging profile, estimating at least one of a decay constant or an internal resistance associated with the battery, using at least one of the constant voltage or the constant current, comparing the decay constant with a first threshold value or comparing the internal resistance with a second threshold value, and detecting an operating status of the battery to be faulty or healthy, based on the comparison.

Abstract: A receptacle includes a pair of spare terminals that are located on both sides of a plurality of receptacle terminals in a longitudinal direction and are short-circuited. A plug includes a pair of relay electrodes that respectively come in contact with the pair of spare terminals when the plug is connected to the receptacle. A connector inspection instrument includes a conduction detecting circuit and a pair of terminal support portions supporting a pair of inspection terminals, and a displacement mechanism. The displacement mechanism supports one or both of the pair of terminal support portions in such a way as to displace the one or both of the pair of terminal support portions in a width direction to narrow or widen an interval between the pair of inspection terminals.

Abstract: An object is to provide a new electronic control unit that can improve detection accuracy of a sense current even in a region where the current value of the sense current is small. Provided is a sense current detection unit including a plurality of sense transistors that have different current flow rates and that are connected to current output transistors controlling a current flowing in a coil load. The current in the sense current detection unit is input to an analog/digital converter, and the current value of the current flowing in the sense current detection unit is converted into a digital value. The current value of the current flowing in the sense current detection unit is increased through a combination or a selection of the plurality of sense transistors of the sense current detection unit in a region where the current value of the main current of the current output transistors is small compared to a region where the current value of the main current is large.

Abstract: A method for fault location to multi-terminal traveling wave in a direct current distribution line, which belongs to the field of power line fault ranging and location technology. The method includes a main site and a plurality of acquisition points installed into the distribution line and includes steps as follows. Step 1001: collecting and uploading a traveling wave signal by each of the acquisition points after a fault occurs in the line; step 1002: generating a fault record set; step 1003: computing the shortest paths from a central site to other sites and their lengths; step 1004: using expanded two-terminal traveling wave ranging principle for pairing computation; step 1005: converting positions of possible disturbance points into possible disturbance occurrence time points; step 1006: extrapolating from equal path lengths of the possible disturbance points to obtain disturbance time data; and step 1007: determining a final disturbance point.

Abstract: A system and method are provided to detect a fault on a circuit. A current sensor is provided for sensing current on at least one line conductor and/or a neutral conductor on a circuit, and a switch is operated between at least first and second positions to selectively control a signal pathway on the at least one line conductor or the neutral conductor in relations to the sensor. The sensor performs a first current measurement corresponding to current across one conductor from the at least one line conductor and the neutral conductor in the first position, and a second current measurement corresponding to a current balance or imbalance between the conductors in the second position. The current sensor outputs the first current measurement for detecting an arc fault in the first position, or the second current measurement for detecting a ground fault in the second position.

Abstract: A digital output monitor circuit includes a first digital circuit that performs mutual conversion between serial data and parallel data, a second digital circuit that decodes data output from the first digital circuit and generates a control signal for an analog circuit, and a third digital circuit that converts at least the control signal for an analog circuit into digital data. The first digital circuit converts the data output from the third digital circuit into serial data and outputs as an output data signal.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a combined fabrication and calibration process for sensor modules and temperature sensor modules in particular. The present disclosure also provides the completed calibrated sensor module and an electronic device containing the calibrated sensor module.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the determination of impedances in an electrical network. Methods and apparatuses for determining one or more impedances within a root and branch network are disclosed. The impedance of a common root part and the impedance of a branch of the electrical network may be determined based on the current in the common root part, the current in a branch of the electrical network and the voltage across the common root part and the branch. By determining the impedance of different parts of the electrical network in this way, the network may be monitored over time and the location of any faults or impending faults in the network may be identified more exactly without requiring invasive network probing and testing.

Abstract: The present disclosure illustrates the errors that are encountered when using both single-ended and double-ended normal-mode fault location calculations when a fault occurs in a pole-open condition. The disclosure provides systems and methods for accurately calculating the location of faults that occur during pole-open conditions, including single-ended approaches and double-ended approaches.

Abstract: An example medical probe apparatus includes a main body; and a head which is detachably provided in the main body, and includes a transducer array configured to output an ultrasound for diagnosis of an object, the main body including: a transceiver configured to transmit and receive a signal to and from the transducer array through a plurality of channels; and at least one processor configured to control the transceiver to transmit a predetermined test signal to the transducer array of the head mounted to the main body, determine a probe type corresponding to the transducer array of the mounted head based on a feedback signal received through the transceiver in response to the test signal, and make the probe apparatus operate corresponding to the determined probe type.

Abstract: A real-time power monitoring method executable by an electronic device, comprising: performing an ADC calibration operation to a voltage of a first battery of the electronic device; calculating and forming a diagonal line for the first battery; determining whether the comparison result between a gain and an offset and an optimum gain and an optimum offset is located with a preset error range; if the comparison result is located with the preset error range, determining that the voltage calibration for the first battery is successful; and, if the comparison result is located outside the preset error range, determining that the voltage calibration for the first battery is unsuccessful, analyzing and fixing the first battery and for re-performing the ADC calibration to the first battery.

Abstract: Provided are a method and a device for identifying a distribution network topology error. The method includes: calculating a voltage of a coupling node to which each load belongs and obtaining a voltage sample space of coupling nodes to which all loads belong; calculating a current of a branch to which each load belongs and obtaining a current sample space of branches to which all loads belong; calculating a voltage correlation coefficient and a current correlation coefficient respectively between different loads according to the obtained voltage sample space and the current sample space; and completing verification and correction of the distribution network topology.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments relate to identifying Electronic Control Unit (ECU) anomalies in a vehicle. Operations may include monitoring, in the vehicle, data representing real-time processing activity of the ECU; accessing, in the vehicle, historical data relating to processing activity of the ECU, the historical data representing expected processing activity of the ECU; comparing, in the vehicle, the real-time processing activity data with the historical data, to identify at least one anomaly in the real-time processing activity of the ECU; and implementing a control action for the ECU when the at least one anomaly is identified.

Abstract: An input and output device of an inspection device is configured to instruct charging devices capable of charging respective cells to perform constant current charging or constant voltage charging, and acquire a voltage value and a current value of each of the cells from corresponding one of the charging devices. A controller of the inspection device is configured to instruct the charging devices to perform constant current charging of the respective cells, and perform constant voltage charging of the respective cells when a voltage value of each of the cells acquired from corresponding one of the charging devices reaches a preset value. The controller of the inspection device is configured to determine presence or absence of a micro-short circuit in each of the cells with reference to a peak current value of corresponding one of the cells generated in switching from the constant current charging to the constant voltage charging.

Abstract: Described is a cable rejuvenation apparatus for a cable used in a subsea environment. The apparatus applies a bias signal to a conducting element of the cable, the bias signal being selected to improve the insulation properties of the cable. The bias signal is generated by a bias signal generator that includes a voltage source that generates a bias voltage having a time varying component. The bias voltage promotes an electrochemical reaction between the conducting element and the salt containing liquid of the subsea environment resulting in the formation of a barrier material at the fault location restricting further leakage current flow and enhancing the insulation resistance of the cable. The bias signal is a voltage selected such that the electrochemical reaction promoted by the bias voltage maintains the presence of the barrier material at the fault location.

Abstract: Improved power line management is provided by the systems and methods disclosed herein that accurately measures voltage in a power distribution system. In various embodiments, the system may include one or more sensor units, each coupled to the power lines using a capacitive or resistive voltage divider to yield a voltage at a sensor unit that is within a measurable range. In one aspect, this voltage may also be used to power the sensor unit and/or other devices coupled to it.

Abstract: A method can be used to determine a fault location in a power transmission line that connects a first terminal with a second terminal. Parameters associated with travelling waves are detected from measurements carried out at the first and second terminals. The parameters include arrival times of first and second peaks of the travelling waves at the first and second terminals respectively, and rise times of the first peaks of corresponding travelling waves. A first half, a second half, or a mid-point of the power transmission line is identified as having a fault based on the parameters. The fault location can be estimated based on the arrival times of the first and second peaks of the travelling waves detected from measurements carried out at the first and second terminals, a velocity of propagation of the travelling wave in the power transmission line, and/or a length of the power transmission line.

Abstract: In accordance with an embodiment, a sensor includes: a signal source with a first signal source terminal and a second signal source terminal; a bridge circuit connected to the first and second signal source terminals, the bridge circuit including: a first branch including: a first reference impedance element; and a first sensor impedance element configured to transduce a magnitude to be measured into a first impedance-related parameter; and a second branch including: a second reference impedance element; and a second sensor impedance element configured to transduce the magnitude to be measured into a second sensor impedance-related parameter.

Abstract: Current measurement device and methods are provided. An output signal is provided based on a voltage across a resistive element. A correction circuit is configured to estimate an indication of a temperature change of the resistive element based on the voltage across the resistive element and to correct the output of the current measurement device based on the indication of the temperature change and a measured temperature.

Abstract: A sparse voltage measurement-based fault location determination system and method for an alternating current (AC) distribution network is described. This method can use sparse voltage measurements and Bayesian compressive sensing (BCS) algorithm to reconstruct a sparse current vector. A fault location is then determined based on the reconstructed sparse current vector. The disclosed method provides robust fault location results under a variety of asymmetrical fault scenarios. Fewer intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) allocated in the terminal buses are needed for determining the fault location; therefore, this implementation is relatively cost effective.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for managing a battery. The battery management apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a memory unit and a control unit. The memory unit is configured to store a plurality of discharge curve models including a first discharge curve model associated with a first state of charge value, and in this instance, the first discharge curve model defines a change in voltage of a battery having the first state of charge value over time under a first discharge condition. The control unit is connected to the memory unit, allowing communication with the memory unit, and is configured to call the first discharge curve model stored in the memory unit.

Abstract: An intelligent fuse provides the operational status of the power network upon which the fuse is installed to a mobile device of a remote user. A fuse electronic circuit embedded in the fuse holder of the fuse captures the characteristic values of the power network and transmits the data to the mobile device. The mobile device has an application installed thereon to calculate the distance to fault location from the recording fuse using the fuse electronic circuit-captured data. The fuse electronic circuit-captured data is further used to visualize the data collected at the measurement points of the electrical system upon which the fuse is installed.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure provide a system for detecting and monitoring a crack in an integrated circuit (IC), including: at least one electrically conductive perimeter line (PLINE) extending about, and electrically isolated from, a protective structure formed in an inactive region of the IC, wherein an active region of the IC is enclosed within the protective structure; a circuit for sensing a change in an electrical characteristic of the at least one PLINE, the change in the electrical characteristic indicating a presence of a crack in the inactive region of the IC; and a connecting structure for electrically coupling each PLINE to the sensing circuit.

Abstract: A power supply system includes a wireless power supply end and a wireless receiving end. The wireless receiving end includes a resonant receiving component and a rectifying and voltage-stabilizing component that is connected to the resonant receiving component to output a voltage-stabilized power supply (VCC). A load sudden-change protection circuit includes an overvoltage protection component and an under-voltage protection component that are each respectively connected to the voltage-stabilized power supply and a load. The overvoltage protection component turns on the load when the voltage of the voltage-stabilized power supply is higher than a first preset voltage due to sudden turn-off of the load. The under-voltage protection component turns off the load when the voltage of the voltage-stabilized power supply is lower than a second preset voltage due to sudden turn-on of the load.

Abstract: In an uninterruptible power supply, first connection members that connect input side-switches of a plurality of uninterruptible power supply modules to each other and that connect output-side switches of the plurality of uninterruptible power supply modules to each other, and second connection members connected in parallel to the first connection members are disposed at positions accessible from a front side of the uninterruptible power supply modules.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide a power flow monitoring device for a power system, a power system stabilization device, and a power flow monitoring method for a power system, which are highly reliable and accurate.

Abstract: A DC distance protection controller for identifying a fault within a protection zone that extends between a first terminal and a set point along a DC power transmission conduit which lies between the first terminal and a second terminal within a DC electrical power network. The protection controller periodically obtains as respective sampled pairs a measured voltage value and a measured current value of the DC power transmission conduit; isolates a fault component voltage value and a fault component current value to define a respective corresponding isolated pair; calculates from each isolated pair a fault component operating voltage of the DC power transmission conduit at the set point; compare a given calculated fault component operating voltage with a historical voltage value; and identifies a fault within the protection zone when the given calculated fault component operating voltage is greater than the historical voltage value.

Abstract: A state output apparatus includes a power storage device information acquirer configured to acquire power storage device information including a voltage and a current of a power storage device; an integrated current amount calculator configured to calculate an integrated current amount supplied to the power storage device during a period in which the voltage changes from a first voltage to a second voltage between a discharge end voltage and a charge end voltage by charging the power storage device; an integrated current amount comparer configured to compare the calculated integrated current amount with a reference integrated current amount stored in a storage device; and a state outputter configured to output a result of the comparison as information indicating a state of the power storage device.

Abstract: Modern FPGAs operate at a core voltage around 1V and therefore even small voltage fluctuations can lead to timing violations and logic errors. The Power Delivery Network (PDN) between a power supply and the FPGA core must be carefully designed to achieve a low output impedance over a broad range of frequencies. The present disclosure describes two techniques for characterization of the PDN: 1) to extract the DC resistance in the power delivery path, and 2) to identify the high impedance frequency band(s) in the PDN. An embedded impedance extraction tool is synthesized within the FPGA load, in coordination with a mixed-signal current-mode dc-dc converter. A self-calibrated Carry-Chain based ADC (CC-ADC) is used for high-speed sampling of the core voltage. By modifying the PDN based on the extracted results, the voltage operating range and reliability of a crossbar application may be greatly extended.

Abstract: There is described a method of determining power transmission line parameters using non-synchronous measurements acquired from different locations along a power transmission line.