Abstract: A method for producing seed corn from the corn plants, for use in growing subsequent corn plants, includes measuring a moisture content of corn kernels on ears of the corn plants in the field and removing, by a combine harvester, the ears of corn from the corn plants when the moisture content satisfies a threshold moisture content. The method then includes separating the corn kernels from cobs of the ears of corn onboard the combine harvester and collecting the separated corn kernels for use as seed corn, whereby one or more subsequent corn plants can be grown from the collected corn kernels.

Abstract: Embodiments relate to guiding medical care based on detected gastric function. For example, gastric acid stimulant or suppressant is administered, and then a change in the gastric juice H+ concentration is measured. This change is compared to a guidance H+ concentration differential indicative of relatively healthy gastric function. Medical care is guided based on a relatively healthy gastric function if the measured H+ concentration differential is equal to or exceeds the guidance H+ concentration differential, while medical care is guided based on a relatively unhealthy gastric function if the measured H+ concentration differential is less than the guidance H+ concentration differential. Disclosed embodiments implementing this procedure include, but are not limited to, methods, apparatus, processors, computer programs, and computer-readable mediums.

Abstract: A medical device for the electromagnetic tracking of a medical instrument transported through the medical device. The medical device has a central axis and a channel that receives and transports a medical instrument through the medical device. The channel extends to a distal portion of the medical device and connects with an opening in the medical device that is not aligned with the central axis. The medical device includes a tracking component that is a plurality of coordinated electromagnetic sensors for generating a virtual axis of travel for the medical instrument, with the virtual axis passing through the opening of the device and being aligned with tool insertion axis.

Abstract: Improved techniques for identifying objects, such as toy objects, are presented herein. In particular, a play system (e.g., game, doll playset, track set, etc.) includes a probed surface for use in obtaining electrical tomography measurements when toy objects are placed on the probed surface. The play system is configured to analyze the electrical tomography measurements to determine an identity of the toy object placed on the probed surface.

Abstract: A skin detection and evaluation method includes: obtaining a face image of a user; detecting a skin problem that appears in the face image; prompting in a first interface, the user that the skin problem appears on a face, wherein the first interface comprises the face image; and displaying a second interface in response to a first operation performed by the user in the first interface, wherein the second interface comprises a first facial simulated image obtained after the skin problem is aged; or displaying a third interface in response to a second operation performed by the user in the first interface, wherein the third interface comprises a second facial simulated image obtained after the skin problem is de-aged.

Abstract: A device for analysis of cells comprises: an integrated circuit arrangement on a substrate; a dielectric layer formed above the integrated circuit arrangement; a microelectrode array layer formed above the dielectric layer, said microelectrode array layer comprising a plurality of individual electrodes, wherein each electrode is connected to the integrated circuit arrangement through a via in the dielectric layer; and wherein a plurality of longitudinal trenches in the dielectric layer and the microelectrode array layer are for stimulating cell growth on a surface of the device

Abstract: A skin detection device, including a processor and a texture recognition sensor, is disclosed. The texture recognition sensor is configured to detect surface texture of skin to be detected; and the processor is configured to determine surface smoothness of the skin to be detected according to the surface texture of the skin to be detected. The skin detection device can independently perform the health detection of the skin to be detected. A product information determination method, a product information determination device and a product information determination system are further disclosed.

Abstract: One variation of a method for deploying sensors within an agricultural facility includes: accessing scan data of a set of modules deployed within the agricultural facility; extracting characteristics of plants occupying the set of modules from the scan data; selecting a first subset of target modules from the set of modules, each target module in the set of target modules containing a group of plants exhibiting characteristics representative of plants occupying modules neighboring the target module; for each target module, scheduling a robotic manipulator within the agricultural facility to remove a particular plant from a particular plant slot in the target module and load the particular plant slot with a sensor pod from a population of sensor pods deployed in the agricultural facility; and monitoring environmental conditions at target modules in the first subset of target modules based on sensor data recorded by the first population of sensor pods.

Abstract: A wafer scale ultrasonic sensor assembly includes a wafer substrate, an ultrasonic element, first and second protective layers, conductive wires, a transmitting material, an ASIC, a conductive bump, and a soldering portion. The wafer substrate includes a via. The ultrasonic element is exposed to the via. The conductive wires are on the first protective layer and connected to the ultrasonic element. The second protective layer covers the conductive wires, and the second protective layer has an opening corresponding to the ultrasonic element. The transmitting material contacts the ultrasonic element. The ASIC is connected to the wafer substrate, so that the via forms a space between the ASIC and the ultrasonic element. The conductive pillar is in a via defined through the ASIC, the wafer substrate, and the first protective layer, and the conducive pillar is respectively connected to the conductive wires and the soldering portion.

Abstract: A test meter and method for detecting the presence and/or concentration of an analyte in a liquid biological sample. The meter includes an internal cavity receiving a test strip. A pressure sensor is arranged and configured to sense a pressure exerted by the inserted test strip relative to the meter housing. A controller receives signals corresponding to the sensed pressure, compares the signal to a pressure threshold value, and indicates when the sensed pressure exceeds the pressure threshold value. The method is for detecting the application of an undue pressure applied against a test strip relative to a meter, and includes receiving a test strip in a meter in a position adjacent a pressure sensor, using the sensor to sense the pressure applied by the inserted test strip relative to the meter, and comparing the sensed pressure to a predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: Included are a first cover base including an alkali glass layer, a first alkali-free glass layer provided on one face of the alkali glass layer, and a second alkali-free glass layer provided on another face of the alkali glass layer and a sensor that is provided on the first alkali-free glass layer of the first cover base and includes a plurality of first electrodes configured to detect the unevenness of a surface of an object to be detected that comes into contact with or close to the first cover base and a switching element. At least the first electrodes are formed above the first alkali-free glass layer and in a transmissive area that passes an image.

Abstract: An electronic apparatus includes a screen and a fingerprint circuit, where an inner surface of the screen is a light shielding layer. The light shielding layer includes a light transmission region located in a display area of the screen, and the fingerprint circuit is attached to the light transmission region using a frame adhesive. The fingerprint circuit includes a first surface facing the screen, a second surface facing away from the screen, and a side surface coupled between the first surface and the second surface. The frame adhesive includes a first connection area and a second connection area that are coupled together, where the second connection area is located on a periphery of the first connection area, the first connection area and the second connection area are bonded to the first surface, and the second connection area is fastened to the side surface using a first sealing adhesive.

Abstract: A technique for determining skin sodium content using bioimpedance spectroscopy includes applying a current at a predetermined frequency to skin of a subject, measuring a voltage across the skin of the subject produced by the current, determining a resistance across the skin of the subject at the predetermined frequency using the measured voltage, and determining skin sodium content using the measured voltage.

Abstract: A subtraction processing unit generates a soft portion image representing a soft portion tissue of a subject from first and second radiation images. A body thickness estimation unit estimates a body thickness distribution of the subject on the basis of imaging conditions in a case where the soft portion image and the first and second radiation images are acquired. An approximate body thickness distribution calculation unit calculates an approximate body thickness distribution obtained by approximating the estimated body thickness distribution to a model corresponding to a human body, and a body fat percentage calculation unit calculates a distribution of a body fat percentage in the subject on the basis of the approximate body thickness distribution.

Abstract: Systems and methods for hematocrit measurement are provided. In some embodiments, a method for measuring glucose in a blood sample comprises measuring hematocrit in a blood sample using a Thevenin equivalent circuit to calculate a hematocrit complex impedance value, mapping the calculated hematocrit impedance to a hematocrit concentration in the blood sample, and calculating a concentration of glucose in the blood sampled using the mapped hematocrit concentration.

Abstract: A sensor uses microneedle electrodes and multi-frequency electrical impedance spectroscopy to monitor plant water status in real time. The microneedle can be between 10 and 1000 microns in length, enabling precise placement in a variety of plant tissues. The impedance behavior can distinguish electrical properties and physiological functions of different plant tissue types. Therefore, impedance measurements can be used to monitor water stress to prevent irreversible damage to a plant and to enable improvement of plant biomass or fruit yield.

Abstract: A bioimpedance measurement apparatus is provided. The bioimpedance measurement apparatus includes an electrode-side board that is configured to be connected to a current electrode in contact with a body and that includes a current source configured to apply a current to the current electrode. The electrode-side board may be connected via a cable to a board in which a processing circuit configured to process a signal acquired through the electrode-side board and/or a frequency signal generator configured to provide a predetermined frequency signal to the electrode-side board are located.

Abstract: A system (10) for remote detection of pests, in this case as applied to a domestic dwelling (11) where a base station (12) communicates with eight detector or monitor units (13). The dotted (lines (14) indicate wired or wireless communication between the units (13) and the base station (12). As used herein the expressions “monitor” and “detector” are used interchangeably or where the detector is used as part of a box or cartridge where the detector is part (and may be reusable and separable) the whole unit including the detector part may be referred to as a monitor.

Abstract: A method for single-molecule detection is provided and uses a carbon nanotube having a probe entity attached thereto to define a first state of the carbon nanotube. The carbon nanotube is introduced to a target entity to define a second state of the carbon nanotube. The electrical conductance of the carbon nanotube in the first and second states is compared to detect the presence of a biomolecular entity. A system for single-molecule detection including a carbon nanotube is also provided.

Abstract: A resistance structure, a resistance structure unit, an information identification device and a biosensor. The resistance structure comprises: a first electrode (1); a second electrode (2); a plurality of first resistance elements (3), wherein one end of each of the first resistance elements (3) is connected to the first electrode (1), and the other end thereof is connected to the second electrode (2); a first fracture (11), the first fracture (11) dividing the first electrode (1) into a first part (111) and a second part (112), the first fracture (11) being located between two adjacent first resistance elements (3) or disconnecting at least one first resistance element (3) from the first electrode (1); and a third electrode (4), wherein the third electrode (4) is connected to the first part (111) of the first electrode (1).

Abstract: Provided are a measuring apparatus and method for obtaining a measurement value from a response to a signal applied to a sample, wherein the measuring apparatus includes a first measuring unit that measures a first electric response to a first signal that is input to a first pair of electrodes that can come into contact with a sample, a second measuring unit that measures a second electric response to a second signal that is input to a second pair of electrodes that can come into contact with the sample, the second signal changing its value from a first level to a second level and thereafter maintaining the second level for a certain period of time, as a peak value of a response signal with respect to the change in the second signal, and a control unit that corrects a value indicating the amount of a measuring target component of the sample, the value being obtained from the first electric response, based on the peak value of the response signal.

Abstract: A method for plant treatment, including: receiving a first measurement for a plant from a sensor as the sensor moves within a geographic area comprising a plurality of plants; in response to receipt of the first measurement and prior to receipt of a second measurement for a second plant of the plurality, determining a set of treatment mechanism operation parameters for the plant to optimize a geographic area output parameter based on the first measurement and historical measurements for the geographic area; determining an initial treatment parameter for the plant; and operating a treatment mechanism in a treatment mode based on the set of operating parameters in response to satisfaction of the initial treatment parameter.

Abstract: A resistance structure, a resistance structure unit, an information identification device and a biosensor. The resistance structure comprises: a first electrode (1); a second electrode (2); a plurality of first resistance elements (3), wherein one end of each of the first resistance elements (3) is connected to the first electrode (1), and the other end thereof is connected to the second electrode (2); a first fracture (11), the first fracture (11) dividing the first electrode (1) into a first part (111) and a second part (112), the first fracture (11) being located between two adjacent first resistance elements (3) or disconnecting at least one first resistance element (3) from the first electrode (1); and a third electrode (4), wherein the third electrode (4) is connected to the first part (111) of the first electrode (1).

Abstract: Provided is a non-coding type biosensor. The non-coding type biosensor includes a first electrode including a first sub-electrode and a plurality of second sub-electrodes that are spaced apart from the first sub-electrode, ends of at least some of the plurality of second sub-electrodes being connected to the first sub-electrode, a reaction chamber in which a target material and a mixture solution react with each other, the reaction chamber contacting opposite ends of the plurality of second sub-electrodes, and a second electrode of which one end contacts the reaction chamber.

Abstract: Provided is a method of measuring body fat of a user, the method including: measuring a first impedance by using a 4-point measuring method; measuring a second impedance by using a 2-point measuring method; determining a bio impedance by using the first impedance and the second impedance; and determining a body fat percentage by using the bio impedance and body information of the user.

Abstract: A skin condition detection method adapted to detect a skin condition of each of a plurality of facial areas by a detection apparatus is provided. The skin condition detection method includes the following steps: providing an action prompt that prompts to place the detection apparatus on one of the facial areas; detecting a user action corresponding to the detection apparatus; determining if the user action including the detection apparatus corresponds to the facial area prompted by the action prompt; and when the user action including the detection apparatus corresponds to the facial area prompted by the action prompt, analyzing the skin condition of the facial area by a skin analysis method corresponding to the facial area. In addition, an electronic apparatus and a skin condition detection system using the skin condition detection method are also provided.

Abstract: A circuit comprising a substrate with sectors on the substrate is provided, each sector comprising clock and data lines, a controller in electrical communication with the clock and data lines, a counter bias line, an amplifier input line and nano-electronic measurement devices on the substrate. A source of each device is coupled to the counter bias line and a drain of each device is coupled to the amplifier input line to obtain an electrical signal on the drain, the identity of which is determined by electrical interaction between the device and a charge label. Each device drain is gated by a corresponding switch between an on state, in which the drain is connected to the amplifier input line, and an off state, in which the drain is isolated from the amplifier input line. The controller controls switch states responsive to clock signal line pulses and data input line data.

Abstract: The analysis of compounds utilising the physical response of cellular networks is described. Typically, the electrical characteristics of the cellular network are monitored although other characteristics such as fluorescence may be monitored. In any event, the analysis utilises signal processing techniques to derive a set of features which may be evaluated against a library of known responses. The technique may be applied to both the detection and identification of unknown compounds and the detection of concentrations of known compounds.

Abstract: In one aspect, a device includes a processor and storage accessible to the processor. The storage bears instructions executable by the processor to determine that power from a secondary power source at least one of is being received and will be received. The instructions are also executable to, responsive to the determination that power from the secondary power source at least one of is being received and will be received, perform a first action regarding operating an apparatus using the secondary power source.

Abstract: A microfluidic particle analysis device comprising an inlet with an inlet manifold providing parallel fluid communication with a bypass channel and a measuring channel having a sensor system for detecting a particle, wherein the angle of the measuring channel relative to the main flow direction is in the range of 0° to 60°, and wherein the angle of the bypass channel relative to the main flow direction is in the range of 0° to 60°. The present invention also relates to a method of using the device microfluidic particle analysis.

Abstract: An irrigation system is disclosed that includes a control system for determining whether to apply a soil conditioning agent to an agricultural field is disclosed. In an implementation, the control system includes memory operable to store one or more modules and a processor coupled to the memory. The processor is operable to execute the one or more modules to cause the processor to receive one or more signals representing a soil moisture characteristic from a soil sensor. The processor is also operable to determine whether to apply a soil conditioning agent to a soil based upon the soil moisture characteristic and to initiate operation of the irrigation assembly to apply the soil conditioning agent to the soil in response when the soil requires the soil conditioning agent.

Abstract: A support device for sensors and/or actuators, of a node element or End Device (10) of a wireless network of sensors/actuators which support device comprises a base body or base module (1) with a plurality of faces (2), to which a sensor and/or actuator module or block (3) is mounted, and an electrical supply block/module (4). The main feature of the base body (1) is the possibility of adding to the node element (10) further sensors and/or actuators (3) as well as adapter elements, bridge interface elements (60) or expansion modules (50). The base body (1) can have a plurality of connection faces (2) with positive engagement means (54), which allow to assemble the above described modules. The positive engagement means (54) ensures an electromechanical connection between the many modules and, furthermore, assists an easy and intuitive accessibility for a user.

Abstract: In various embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a receiver for body channel communication. The receiver includes an electrode configured to receive an incoming signal transmitted as a multi-level transmission signal from a transmitter through a body channel, a differentiator configured to obtain a time derivative of the incoming signal indicating a plurality of data transitions, and an analog to digital converter configured to generate a multi-level output signal representing the multi-level transmission signal based on the plurality of data transitions. A corresponding method of controlling a receiver for body channel communications is provided.

Abstract: Techniques for characterizing a molecule are described herein. In one example, a portion of the molecule is trapped in a nanopore, a variable voltage is applied across the nanopore until the trapped portion of molecule is moved within the nanopore, and the molecule is characterized based on the electrical stimulus required to affect movement of at least a portion of the trapped portion of the molecule within the nanopore.

Abstract: A nanogap device includes a first insulation layer having a nanopore formed therein, a first nanogap electrode which may be formed on the first insulation layer and may be divided into two parts with a nanogap interposed between the two parts, the nanogap facing the nanopore, a second insulation layer formed on the first nanogap electrode, a first graphene layer formed on the second insulation layer, a first semiconductor layer formed on the first graphene layer, a first drain electrode formed on the first semiconductor layer, and a first source electrode formed on the first graphene layer such as to be apart from the first semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A method for detecting electromagnetic waves derived from bacterial DNA, comprising extracting and purifying nucleic acids from a sample; diluting the extracted purified nucleic acids in an aqueous solvent; measuring a low frequency electromagnetic emission over time from the diluted extracted purified nucleic acids in an aqueous solvent; performing a signal analysis of the low frequency electromagnetic emission over time; and producing an output, based on the signal analysis, in dependence on the DNA in the sample. The DNA may be extracted from at least one of blood, feces, urine, saliva, tears, seminal fluid, sweat, seminal and vaginal fluids of a patient, or water to determine, e.g., potability. The samples may be frozen. The extracting and purifying may comprise diluting the sample with an aqueous buffer and mixing; degrading proteins in the diluted sample; precipitating DNA from the buffer solution; and resuspending the precipitated DNA in an aqueous solution.

Abstract: A differential amplifier is described that provides a high common mode rejection ration (CMRR) without requiring the use of precisely matched components. One variation employs a method of noise reduction to increase the SNR of the device. The differential amplifier may be used in an apparatus for measuring biopotentials of a patient, such as an electrode for measuring brain activity. The electrodes can communicate the measured biopotentials with a remote system for further processing, while providing electrical isolation to the patient.

Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to provide a fingerprint sensor package having a novel structure and a method for manufacturing same, the fingerprint sensor package enabled with obtaining an accurate fingerprint image by minimizing the distance between a top surface of a sensing portion in a fingerprint sensor and a fingerprint, so as to improve mechanical strength and tolerance to electrostatic discharge compared to existing fingerprint sensor packages.

Abstract: According to one aspect, the disclosure is directed to an example embodiment in which a circuit-based arrangement includes a circuit-based substrate securing a channel, with an effective width that is not limited by the Debye screening length, along a surface of the substrate. A pair of reservoirs are included in or on the substrate and configured for containing and presenting a sample having bio-molecules for delivery in the channel. A pair of electrodes electrically couple a charge in the sample to enhance ionic current flow therein (e.g., to overcome the electrolyte screening), and a sense electrode is located along the channel for sensing a characteristic of the biological sample by using the electrostatic interaction between the enhanced ionic current flow of the sample and the sense electrode. Actual detection occurs by using a charge-signal processing circuit to process the sensed charge signal and, therefrom, provide an output indicative of a signature for the bio-molecules delivered in the channel.

Abstract: A system for determining usability of an analytical test strip having two electrodes connected in series with a sample cell includes a test meter configured to receive the test strip. The sample cell receives a fluid sample, the sample cell with the received fluid sample having a frequency-dependent impedance. A microprocessor and circuit in the test meter cause application of an AC waveform across the sample cell via the electrodes upon detection of sample in the sample cell and concurrently measure of a current through the electrodes. The AC waveform has a frequency at which the characteristic impedance is substantially zero. The measured current is inversely proportional to a series resistance of the two electrodes. A hand-held test meter and a method for determining usability of an analytical test strip are also described.

Abstract: A planar sensor having a conductor pattern for electric field sensing and its manufacturing method, the planar sensor comprising arrays of planar electrically conductive sensor areas (2) arranged to follow each other in a successive manner along the longitudinal direction, and conductors connecting electrically conductive sensor area to at least one connector, wherein the sensor further comprises a first elastic flooring layer (3) and at least one of the following: a second elastic flooring layer (4) or a flexible circuit board, and the electrically conductive sensor areas (2) and the conductors are attached between the first elastic flooring layer (3) and the second elastic flooring layer (4) or between the first elastic flooring layer (3) and the flexible circuit board to form a unitary floor sensor structure.

Abstract: Measurement devices, systems, and methods to measure a high field conductivity of a fluid are provided herein. The measurement device includes a fluid cell, a pair of electrodes, a voltage switch, and a measurement unit. The fluid cell is on an inclined plane to receive the fluid. The pair of electrodes are connected to the fluid cell. The pair of electrodes are spaced apart from one another to receive the fluid therebetween and positioned parallel to one another to pass an electrical current therethrough. The power unit provides a high voltage power supply to one electrode of the pair of electrodes. The measurement unit measures the electrical current that passes between the pair of electrodes through the fluid.

Abstract: An electrostatic occupant detection system includes an electrostatic sensor and an electronic control unit. The electronic control unit is switchable between an occupant determination state in which the electronic control unit outputs a sine wave having a constant amplitude and a diagnosis state in which the electronic control unit maintains a voltage of the electrostatic sensor at a constant level. The electronic control unit gradually changes at least one of an amplitude and a frequency of the sine wave either when the electronic control unit switches from the occupant determination state to the diagnosis state and/or when the electronic control unit switches from the diagnosis state to the occupant determination state.

Abstract: Apparatus for use in performing impedance measurements on a subject. The apparatus includes a processing system for causing a first signal to be applied to the subject, determining an indication of a second signal measured across the subject, using the indication of the second signal to determine any imbalance and if an imbalance exists, determining a modified first signal in accordance with the imbalance and causing the modified first signal to be applied to the subject to thereby allow at least one impedance measurement to be performed.

Abstract: According to an embodiment of the present invention, a method of determining or adjusting the sensitivity of a biosensor arrangement comprising at least one field effect biosensor is provided, each of the at least one field effect biosensor comprising: a semiconductor substrate comprising a source region, a drain region and a channel region disposed between the source region and the drain region; a gate isolation layer covering the channel region; and a reference electrode disposed over the gate isolation layer such that a electrolytic solution to be sensed can be provided between the reference electrode and the gate isolation layer.

Abstract: In an organic EL panel inspection method, to determine whether an organic EL panel is good or bad, a plurality of voltages having different values are sequentially applied to the organic EL panel, thereby measuring the respective currents. According to the currents, the following three criteria are checked: criterion (1), whether or not a spike current is present in the measured currents, criterion (2), between when the plurality of voltages are sequentially applied from one direction to the other direction of the voltage and when the plurality of voltages are sequentially applied from the other direction to the one direction, whether or not currents having different current densities occur at the same voltage, and criterion (3), the absolute value of the current density of current flowing when a predetermined voltage in the reverse direction is applied to the organic EL panel.

Abstract: An analyte sensor apparatus and a corresponding fluid medium, the analyte sensor apparatus comprising a sensing element, the external surface of which comprises a membrane to inhibit exposure of the sensing element; the corresponding fluid medium comprising a receptor species and an activatable species, the receptor species for interacting with an analyte to activate the activatable species, activation of the activated species causing increased porosity of the membrane of an in-contact analyte sensor apparatus to correspondingly increase exposure of the sensing element to allow for production of a detectable electrical signal which can be used to sense the presence of the analyte.

Abstract: A source-measure unit (SMU) may be implemented with respective digital control loops for output voltage and output current. The output voltage and output current may be measured with dedicated ADCs (analog-to-digital converters). The readings obtained by the ADCs may be compared to a setpoint, which may be set in a digital loop controller. The digital loop controller may be used to produce an output to drive a DAC (digital-to-analog converter) until the output voltage and/or output current and/or a function thereof reach the respective desired levels. The digital loop controller may implement respective integrating functions for the respective digital control loops, and may also implement a compensation function featuring pole-zero pairs to stabilize the respective current/voltage outputs. Coefficients of the compensation function may be calculated based on user programmable parameters corresponding to the gain bandwidth product, compensation frequency, and ratio of the added pole-zero frequencies.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a method for measuring a target component in an erythrocyte-containing specimen with high reliability while suppressing the influence of the Ht value of the specimen. [Solution to Problem] In the measurement method of the present invention, first, prior to measurement, a relationship between amounts of the target component and a plurality of signals corresponding thereto is provided. Then, a plurality of signals derived from the target component in the erythrocyte-containing specimen are acquired with a biosensor. With reference to the relationship, the amount of the target component in the specimen is determined based on the thus-acquired plurality of signals.

Abstract: A method for detecting electromagnetic waves derived from bacterial DNA, comprising extracting and purifying nucleic acids from a sample; diluting the extracted purified nucleic acids in an aqueous solvent; measuring a low frequency electromagnetic emission over time from the diluted extracted purified nucleic acids in an aqueous solvent; performing a signal analysis of the low frequency electromagnetic emission over time; and producing an output, based on the signal analysis, in dependence on the DNA in the sample. The DNA may be extracted from at least one of blood, feces, urine, saliva, tears, seminal fluid, sweat, seminal and vaginal fluids of a patient, or water to determine, e.g., potability. The samples may be frozen. The extracting and purifying may comprise diluting the sample with an aqueous buffer and mixing; degrading proteins in the diluted sample; precipitating DNA from the buffer solution; and resuspending the precipitated DNA in an aqueous solution.