Abstract: An optical communication device includes a conversion unit that receives an optical signal transmitted from a first optical communication device and converts the optical signal into a digital electric signal based on a clock signal, a clock switching unit that switches an oscillator generating the clock signal, and an operation mode control unit that detects an operation mode of the first optical communication device in the digital electric signal and commands the clock switching unit to perform switching from the oscillator generating the clock signal to an oscillator generating a clock signal at a frequency based on the operation mode of the first optical communication device.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for communicating signals using a multi-dimensional symbol constellation. In one example, a process for modulating a carrier signal includes the actions of mapping data to symbols of a multi-dimensional symbol constellation that includes at least three dimensions, each dimension of the constellation represented by a respective modulation signal. The dimensions of the constellation include first and second dimensions each of which are represented by respective in-phase modulation values and quadrature phase modulation values of a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal, and a third dimension represented by a transpositional modulation (TM) signal. The method further includes modulating a carrier signal with the TM signal and the QAM signal.

Abstract: A digitally implemented radio frequency sensor for physiology sensing may be configured to generate oscillation signals for emitting radio frequency pulses for range gated sensing. The sensor may include a radio frequency transmitter configured to emit the pulses and a receiver configured to receive reflected ones of the emitted radio frequency pulses under control of a microcontroller. The received pulses may be processed by the microcontroller to detect physiology characteristics such as motion, sleep, respiration and/or heartbeat. The microcontroller may be configured to generate timing pulses such as with a pulse generator for transmission of radio frequency sensing pulses. The microprocessor may sample received signals, such as in phase and quadrature phase analogue signals, to implement digital demodulation and baseband filtering of the received signals.

Abstract: An endpoint element of a distributed antenna system includes processing circuitry configured for processing a plurality of digital signals for conditioning the signals and compression circuitry configured for compressing at least one of the digital signals according to a compression scheme to yield at least one compressed digital signal and compression settings. The digital signals are combined into a single digital stream and combined and time division multiplexed onto a serial data link with the compression settings. The digital signals are also transmitted with compression settings to another endpoint element over the serial data link.

Abstract: A method for data transmission, wherein a first element conveys electrical power to a second element via an electrical supply line, and wherein the second element transmits data to the first element by modulating a current conveyed via the electrical supply line.

Abstract: Circuit design computing equipment may perform register moves within a circuit design. When moving the registers, counter values may be maintained for non-justifiable elements. The counter values may be maintained and updated on a per element, per clock domain basis to account for register moves across the corresponding non-justifiable elements. The maximum counter value for each clock domain may be chosen as an adjustment value that is used to generate a sequence for resetting the modified circuit design after the register moves. The adjustment value may be bound by a user-specified maximum value. This retiming operation may also be verified by performing rewind verification. The rewind verification involves retiming the retimed circuit back to the original circuit, while respecting the counter values. If verification succeeds, the circuit design may be reset using a smaller adjustment value. If verification fails, a correct counter value may be suggested for each clock domain.

Abstract: A method includes controlling a power supply system to avoid an over-voltage event across one or more switching devices of the power supply system. The controlling is based on switching overlap information that includes instructions for either advancing or retarding a switching signal associated with at least one of the switching devices.

Abstract: A generator of short optical pulses includes: a generator of optical pulses with a wavelength equal to ?/2 and a spectral width less than ?/3; a generator of optical pulses of a duration less than 10 picoseconds at a wavelength ?/3; a device for recombining the pulses from the generators; a parametric amplification device receiving the output of the recombination device as input; a filter extracting, from the output of the amplification device, a band centered about a wavelength ?; a second harmonic generator receiving the output of the filter and generating a band centered over a wavelength ?/2; and a programmable device making it possible to temporally adjust the pulses corresponding to the bands, in order to allow for the generation of a pulse with a wavelength equal to ?/3 and of a duration less than the period of the optical cycle.

Abstract: Disclosed examples include an RF transponder circuit with signal input nodes, a rectifier circuit with a power transistor and a current mirror circuit to generate a rectifier mirror current signal, a limiter circuit with a limiter transistor and a current mirror circuit to generate a limiter mirror current signal, and a demodulator circuit to demodulate an amplitude shift keying (ASK) RF signal received at the signal input nodes according to the rectifier and limiter mirror current signal to generate a binary demodulator data signal representing the presence or absence of a threshold amount of energy in the RF signal.

Abstract: A method, system and type of database for transmitting data is disclosed in which the data is organized into a structured linear database. The structured linear database includes a routing header portion, a file allocation table, a data portion and a tailbit portion. The structured linear database may be transmitted over any type of network, such as a TM-UWB system or a fiber-optic system. Once the data to be transmitted is identified, a corresponding field is identified in the field allocation table giving the location of the data within the transmission. This field is then referenced by the user to access the specific type of data desired at the given location of the transmission. this process may be repeated enabling data to be stored on transmission lines and accessed at any point at any time providing an always on network.

Abstract: Embodiment reduced-state trellis equalization techniques compute accumulated path metrics (APMs) for a subset of candidate states for at least some stages in the trellis based on a neighborhood map of an ML state. This reduces the number of APMs that are computed and stored during trellis equalization. Other embodiments select a subset of candidate states for which APMs are transported to the next stage of the trellis based on the neighborhood map. This eliminates the need to sort the remaining APMs during reduced state trellis equalization. The neighborhood map identifies a subset of the highest probability neighbors for an ML state. The subset of candidate states identified as highest probability neighbors may be saved in a look-up table. The look-up table may be generated offline and/or generated/updated dynamically during run-time operation.

Abstract: A symbol clock recovery circuit for recovering a symbol clock in an M-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) signal. The recovery circuit includes a largest magnitude comparison circuit that selects a largest magnitude signal value from a group of M signal values aligned with a hypothesis symbol boundary location and the average of that largest magnitude value is compared with a threshold, or with results from other boundary location hypotheses, or with both, to determine the true position of the symbol boundary.

Abstract: System, methods and apparatus are described that include a serial bus, including a serial bus used for Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) and/or camera control interface (CCI) operations. The bus has a first line and a second line, a first set of devices coupled to the bus and a second set of devices coupled to the bus. A method of operating the bus includes configuring the first set of devices to use the first line for data transmissions and use the second line for a first clock signal in a first mode of operation, and configuring the second set of devices to use both the first line and the second line for data transmissions while embedding a second clock signal within symbol transitions of the data transmissions in a second mode of operation.

Abstract: An automatic test system configured for generating a periodic signal of a programmable frequency. The automatic test system may comprise a clock, an edge generator coupled to the clock, a phase locked loop, and a delay adjustment circuit. The edge generator may comprise an edge generator output, an enable input and a delay input. The edge generator may produce at the edge generator output a signal with a delay relative to an edge of the clock specified by a value at the delay input in each cycle of the clock for which the enable input is asserted. The phase locked loop may comprise a reference input and a phase locked loop output configured to provide the periodic signal of the programmable frequency. The delay adjustment circuit may comprise an accumulator that may increase in value by a programmed amount for each cycle of the clock.

Abstract: A method for configuring a first near-field communication device according to a modulation type transmitted by a second device, wherein: a decoder of the first device is configured to decode an overcoded type-B modulation; a signal received during a first time slot corresponding to the duration of a symbol of an initialization frame is decoded; and the first device is configured according to the value of the decoded symbol to determine the modulation type.

Abstract: The peak level of a high frequency analog signal in an RF receiver is detected by a system which samples the signal and compares it against a static threshold, generating an above/below status. The system is implemented with a sampler of sufficient aperture bandwidth to capture the signal in question, operated at a clock frequency, dynamically chosen as a function of fLO (local oscillator frequency) and the desired fIF (intermediate frequency), to minimize in-band intermodulation products. The sampler produces kickback intermodulation products that are positioned out-of-band, or are of low enough power in-band so as to be inconsequential. Samples are taken for a statistically significant period of time, and the status is used to adapt the threshold to systematically determine the peak amplitude of the signal being observed.

Abstract: Wireless noise is detected within a time period specifically held after a data packet is wirelessly communicated, where no data is purposefully wirelessly communicated during this time period. The time period may be an inter-frame space (IFS) period within which no data is to be wirelessly communicated, and that is a period waited for prior to accessing a wireless medium over which data is wirelessly communicated. One or more actions are performed to counteract the noise. The frequency at which a liquid crystal display is being driven may be decreased so that harmonics caused thereby that caused the noise are no longer within the wireless communication frequency range. An opposite-in-phase version of the noise may also or alternatively be combined with a signal when data is subsequently wirelessly received. The signal includes a data component and a noise component, the opposite-in-phase version of the noise canceling out the noise component.

Abstract: A clock data recovery circuit includes: a demodulation filter that receives a transmission signal transmitted by two orthogonal carrier waves having I and Q phases and executes demodulation to obtain a demodulated wave having an phase and a demodulated wave having a Q phase from the transmission signal; a first determination circuit that determines whether an absolute value of one of the two demodulated waves is greater than an eye opening maximum value at an ideal clock phase of the transmission signal; a second determination circuit that determines whether the one demodulated wave is greater than zero; a third determination circuit that determines whether the other one of the two demodulated waves is greater than zero; and a phase comparison unit that detects whether a phase of a clock signal included in the transmission signal is leading a phase of a data signal included in the transmission signal, based on determination results obtained by the first to third determination circuits.

Abstract: A dynamic adjusting RFID demodulator circuit includes an envelope detector having an input for receiving a modulated RF signal, a fixed reference generator coupled to the input of an RC filter, an RF level dependent signal path adding to the fixed reference level at higher RF energy levels, a comparator having a first input coupled to an output of the envelope detector, a second input coupled to an output of the RC filter, and an output for providing a data output signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for reducing interference in a communication system. A feedback-controlled biased inverting limiter is used to reduce interference power by trapping the interfering signal, while passing the wanted signal through to the output. The amplitude trap triples the frequency of a signal component of a particular amplitude, thus shifting it out of the communication band and into the stopband of the receiver or transponder filter. The feedback-controlled biased inverting limiter uses a hard limiter, window comparator, feedback loop, and an exclusive NOR gate to trap the interfering signal, while allowing the wanted signal to pass through to a receiver.

Abstract: A receiving system and a method of processing broadcast signals in the receiving system are disclosed. The receiving system includes a tuner, a known sequence detector, a carrier recovery unit, a baseband processor, and a channel equalizer. The tuner receives a broadcast signal of a passband including a data group. Herein, the data group comprises mobile service data, a plurality of known data sequences, and signaling data. The known sequence detector estimates an initial frequency offset and detects a position of each known data sequence based on the known data sequence having the first data pattern. The carrier recovery unit acquires an initial frequency synchronization using the initial frequency offset estimated by the known sequence detector and estimates a residual frequency offset based upon the known data sequences having the second data pattern so as to perform carrier recovery.

Abstract: A method of detecting a communication mode is provided to rapidly detect which one of near field communication (NFC) protocols includes a communication frame pattern of data provided to a receiving device. The method includes receiving a communication frame pattern of data transmitted from an NFC initiator after synchronizing the communication frame pattern with a predetermined sampling clock. The detection of the communication mode may be done by analyzing a start pattern out of the communication frame pattern. Since a communication mode is rapidly detected and data is automatically received without performing an additional operation to set the communication mode, operation performance of a receiving device is improved.

Abstract: An object is to provide a demodulation circuit having a sufficient demodulation ability. Another object is to provide an RFID tag which uses a demodulation circuit having a sufficient demodulation ability. A material which enables a reverse current to be small enough, for example, an oxide semiconductor material, which is a wide bandgap semiconductor, is used in part of a transistor included in a demodulation circuit. By using the semiconductor material which enables a reverse current of a transistor to be small enough, a sufficient demodulation ability can be secured even when an electromagnetic wave having a high amplitude is received.

Abstract: An ASK demodulator comprises a rectification circuit which receives and rectifies an ASK signal to generate a rectified current; an active load circuit is coupled to the rectification circuit and receives the rectified current and present an impedance which is inversely proportional to at least a part of the rectified current when a frequency of a base band signal meets a preset condition; a comparator is coupled to the rectification circuit and the active load circuit and receives a reference voltage and a voltage generated based on, at least in part, the rectified current and the impedance, and compares the reference voltage and the generated voltage to generate a demodulated signal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a demodulator for simultaneous multi-node receiving and a method therof; and, more particularly, a demodulator in a wireless communication system for receiving signals from multi nodes simultaneously and a method thereof. In accordance with the aspect of the present invention, there is provided a demodulator for simultaneous multi-node receiving which comprises: a clock generator for generating a pair of CW signals and a pair of demodulating modules, wherein the demodulating modules comprise a mixer for multiplying received signals and one of the CW signals, an integrator for integrating multiplied signal and data operating unit for calculating variation result of integrated signal at every certain symbol duration and deciding output data in accordance with the variation result.

Abstract: A test apparatus includes digital modulators provided in increments of multiple channels. A baseband signal generator performs retiming of data input as a modulation signal for the in-phase (quadrature) component, using a timing signal the timing of which can be adjusted, thereby generating a baseband signal. A driver generates a multi-value digital signal having a level that corresponds to the baseband signal output from the baseband signal generator. A multiplier amplitude-modulates a carrier signal with the multi-value digital signal. An adder sums the output signals of the multipliers.

Abstract: A binarization circuit includes a comparator that outputs a signal according to a differential voltage between the input and reference voltages. The first charging-discharging circuit generates a first voltage. The second charging-discharging circuit generates a second voltage. The control circuit compares the differential voltage with the threshold voltage, and switches between turn-on and turn-off of the second charging-discharging circuit based on a difference between the differential voltage and the threshold voltage. A sum of the reference and first voltages of the preceding clock is supplied to the comparator when the second charging-discharging circuit is turned off. A sum of the reference and the first and second voltages of the preceding clock is supplied to the comparator when the second charging-discharging circuit is turned on.

Abstract: An object is to provide a demodulation circuit having a sufficient demodulation ability. Another object is to provide an RFID tag which uses a demodulation circuit having a sufficient demodulation ability. A material which enables a reverse current to be small enough, for example, an oxide semiconductor material, which is a wide bandgap semiconductor, is used in part of a transistor included in a demodulation circuit. By using the semiconductor material which enables a reverse current of a transistor to be small enough, a sufficient demodulation ability can be secured even when an electromagnetic wave having a high amplitude is received.

Abstract: A method for synchronizing a receiver to a received signal begins by down-converting the received signal to a first baseband signal. A coarse frequency offset (CFO) of the first baseband signal is determined and is applied to the down-converting of the received signal to a second baseband signal. A fine frequency offset (FFO) of the second baseband signal is determined. The receiver is synchronized to the received signal using the CFO and the FFO.

Abstract: A method includes a main interference reduction mode for reducing the interference generated by a wideband device toward a narrowband device. The main interference reduction mode is performed within the wideband device and includes at least one of detecting an emission from and a reception performed by the narrowband device. A group of at least one sub-carrier having frequencies interfering with frequencies used by the narrowband device is determined from the detection step. The bits of the punctured stream that correspond to the information carried by the interfering sub-carriers of the group are determined and processed so that the processed bits are mapped into a reference symbol having an amplitude within a threshold of zero.

Abstract: A transponder circuit for receiving and processing an ASK signal having modulated communication information is provided. The transponder circuit includes a data receiver configured to receive the ASK signal. A reference clock extractor coupled to the data receiver is configured to extract a reference clock signal from the ASK signal. An amplitude determination unit is coupled to the data receiver and the reference clock extractor, and is configured to determine at least one amplitude value of the received ASK signal in at least one clock cycle of the extracted reference clock signal based on the extracted reference block. A processing unit, which is coupled to the amplitude determination unit, processes the amplitude value such that the communication information is retrieved.

Abstract: A demodulation circuit, a digital microwave system including the demodulation circuit, and a signal demodulation method are provided. The demodulation circuit includes a first circuit, a second circuit, a third circuit, and a fourth circuit connected in turn. The fourth circuit includes a pulse counting unit and a data decision unit connected in turn. The signal demodulation method includes: performing bandpass filtering on input signals; increasing gains of the bandpass filtered signals; extracting pulse signals are extracted from the gain-increased signals; counting the extracted pulse signals; filtering the pulse signals having counting values falling outside of a predetermined range, and outputting the filtered pulse signals.

Abstract: A multi-chip stack structure and a signal transmission method are disclosed in specification and drawing, where the multi-chip stack structure includes first and second chips. The first chip includes a first inductance coil with a first series capacitor, and the second chip includes a second inductance coil with a second series capacitor. The first and second inductance coils are magnetically coupled to each other. The magnetically coupled inductance coils and the capacitors constitute a coupling filter.

Abstract: A type-A demodulator comprising a first rectifier configured to rectify a radio frequency (RF) signal received through an antenna and output a first voltage, a second rectifier configured to rectify the voltage of the RF signal received through the antenna and output a second voltage having a different voltage level than the first voltage, and a pause data detector configured to compare the first voltage with the second voltage and detect received pause data.

Abstract: A demodulation circuit, a digital microwave system including the demodulation circuit, and a signal demodulation method are provided. The demodulation circuit includes a first circuit, a second circuit, a third circuit, and a fourth circuit connected in turn. The fourth circuit includes a pulse counting unit and a data decision unit connected in turn. The signal demodulation method includes: performing bandpass filtering on input signals; increasing gains of the bandpass filtered signals; extracting pulse signals are extracted from the gain-increased signals; counting the extracted pulse signals; filtering the pulse signals having counting values falling outside of a predetermined range, and outputting the filtered pulse signals.

Abstract: A modem unit includes a first semiconductor die that includes a power management unit and an embedded flash memory. A mobile communication unit includes a modem unit residing on a first semiconductor die. The first semiconductor die also includes a power management unit and an embedded flash memory.

Abstract: Methods and systems for a quadrature local oscillator generator utilizing a DDFS for extremely high frequencies. Aspects of one method may include utilizing the DDFS to generate a first signal that may comprise an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature phase (Q) component. A base signal may be divided to generate a second signal with an in-phase (I) component and a quadrature phase (Q) component. The I and Q components of the first and second signals may be mixed by a plurality of mixers, and the outputs of the mixers may be combined to generate an in-phase component of a local oscillator signal and a quadrature phase component of the local oscillator signal. The frequency of the local oscillator signal may be controlled by inverting or not inverting outputs of one or more of the mixers.

Abstract: Systems (400, 500, 600) and methods (300) for generating a chaotic amplitude modulated signal absent of cyclostationary features by preserving a constant variance. The methods involve: generating a PAM signal including pulse amplitude modulation having a periodically changing amplitude; generating a first part of a constant power envelope signal (FPCPES) by dividing the PAM signal by a square root of a magnitude of the PAM signal; generating a second part of the constant power envelope signal (SPCPES) having a magnitude equal to a square root of one minus the magnitude of the PAM signal; and generating first and second spreading sequences (FSS and SSS). The methods also involve combining the FPCPES with the FSS to generate a first product signal (FPS) and combining the SPCPES with the SSS to generate a second product signal (SPS). A constant power envelope signal is generated using the FPS and SPS.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a receiver implements a method of demodulating a set of symbols dispersed within a time-frequency grid of a received OFDM signal. The method includes determining which one of two or more demodulators is preferred for use in a given region of the time-frequency grid by evaluating detection statistics generated by the demodulators for the set of symbols. Each demodulator operates according to different demodulation parameters that correspond to different interference assumptions. The method further includes recovering the set of symbols for decoding using whichever demodulator is preferred for each symbol according to the region from which the symbol is recovered. The method may be further extended by updating each demodulator's demodulation parameters using reference and/or data symbols from the region(s) where that demodulator is preferred, and recovering the desired symbols using the updated demodulation parameters.

Abstract: A communications device includes a signal input for receiving signals such as a binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) communications signal having a repeated preamble bit or symbol pattern. A modem processes the communications signal and includes a demodulator and processor that generates an initial frequency offset estimate and phase error estimate by processing such as with a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), that detects the repeated preamble pattern for a block of samples within the communications signal, correlates two halves of the block of samples with a plurality of different shifted sequences and determines a maximum correlation value for the shifted sequence that provides the maximum correlation value to establish a symbol timing estimate based on the known timing alignment of this shifted sequence. Radio circuitry is operative with the modem for processing communications data obtained from the communications signal.

Abstract: A communications device includes a signal input for receiving signals such as a binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) communications signal having a repeated preamble bit or symbol pattern. A modem processes the communications signal and includes a demodulator and processor that generates an initial frequency offset estimate and phase error estimate by processing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) that detects the repeated preamble pattern for a block of samples within the communications signal, correlates within a start of message correlator to search for a start of message sequence and correlates different phases of the repeated preamble pattern within training correlators for reducing false detections of the start of message. Radio circuitry is operative with the modem for processing communications data obtained from the communications signal.

Abstract: A repeated preamble bit or symbol pattern such as for a binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) communications signal is received within a modem. An initial frequency offset and phase error estimate is generated by processing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) that detects the repeated preamble pattern for a block of samples within the communications signal. Two halves of the block of samples are correlated with a plurality of different BPSK shifted sequences to obtain a symbol timing alignment based on the shifted sequence providing the maximum correlation value. A frequency offset estimate is iteratively updated an N number of times using the shifted sequence providing the maximum correlation value to refine an acquisition estimate of the frequency offset and phase error of the received communications signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for demodulating information emitted by amplitude modulation with two levels by a reader (2) to a transponder (4), comprising a step to determine if this symbol is identical to or is different from the previous symbol, after each symbol.

Abstract: A device and a method for estimating a Carrier to Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (CINR) in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system are provided. The CINR estimating method includes receiving a preamble symbol and transmitting subcarrier transmitted from a base station, calculating an interference power and noise power using the preamble symbol and transmitting subcarrier, calculating a receive power used for the base station to transmit a preamble and data symbol, estimating a preamble CINR value using an interference power, a noise power, and a receive power, calculating the noise power from a subcarrier not transmitting a preamble, and calculating an average CINR of data subcarriers using the preamble CINR value and the noise power. Accordingly, a precise CINR can be estimated using a preamble when the preamble power is amplified in comparison with the data symbol power.

Abstract: Conventional modulation envelope demodulators for amplitude modulated signals (e.g. ASK coded signals RX) contain rectifier elements which extract a baseband signal BB. Disadvantageously, due to a non-linear characteristic of the rectifier elements, an amplitude of the baseband signal BB depends on an amplitude of the high-frequent carrier signal. The present invention discloses an improved demodulation circuit for demodulating of ASK coded or amplitude modulated signals. This is achieved by using a sampling mixer 4 and a phase adjusting regulation loop (5) by means of which the sampling of the ASK coded signal RX at its maxima is performed with high accuracy. Due to the absence of any rectifying elements, the baseband signal BB can be fully extracted from the ASK coded signals RX.

Abstract: Methods and systems for modulating a signal are described. A phase-modulated signal that includes a sequence of contiguous one-cycle sinusoidal waveforms having a frequency above 50 MHz is generated. The phases of the one-cycle sinusoidal waveforms correspond to symbols of a message signal. A bandwidth of the phase-modulated signal is reduced using a bandpass filter centered at the frequency of the contiguous one-cycle sinusoidal waveforms. The phase-modulated signal is wirelessly transmitted.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an ASK demodulator includes a rectifier, a first low-pass filter, a second low-pass filter, a comparator, and a threshold controller. The rectifier rectifies an ASK signal. The first low-pass filter outputs a signal corresponding to an envelope curve output from the rectifier. The second low-pass filter outputs an integrated signal of the signal output from the first low-pass filter. The comparator detects an output logic in accordance with comparison between the signal output from the first low-pass filter and a threshold obtained by adding a predetermined hysteresis width to the integrated signal output from the second low-pass filter. The threshold controller controls the threshold by setting the predetermined hysteresis width based on a direct current offset voltage caused by element dispersions of the comparator.

Abstract: An ASK demodulator for use in an RFID transponder having a limiter circuit associated with the antenna circuit and converting the ASK antenna field strength modulation into an ASK limiter current modulation by limiting the antenna voltage to a fixed value and thereby causing the limiter current to be substantially proportional to the ASK antenna field strength, and a current discriminator circuit that discriminates the ASK limiter current modulation. By converting the field strength modulation into a proportional limiter current and discriminating that limiter current, a linear relationship and a stable demodulator sensitivity are achieved. The current discrimination can be made accurately under low-voltage conditions.

Abstract: An adaptive demodulator for a contactless device, including a rectifier configured to rectify a voltage which is dependent on a signal received by the contactless device, and a voltage regulator coupled to the rectifier and configured to adjust the voltage to be within a voltage window.

Abstract: An ultra-wideband clear channel assessment system uses a double-window energy technique for energy detection, which indicates a clear or busy channel.