Abstract: A radio-frequency oscillator incorporates a magnetoresistive device within which an electron current is able to flow. The device includes a stack including: a magnetic trapped layer, the magnetization of which is of substantially fixed direction; a magnetic free layer; and a non-magnetic intermediate layer-interposed between the free layer and the trapped layer. The oscillator also includes a mechanism capable of making an electron current flow in the layers constituting the stack and in a direction perpendicular to the plane which contains the layers. At least the free layer is devoid of any material at its center. The electron current density flowing through the stack is capable of generating a magnetization in the free layer in a micromagnetic configuration in the shape of a skewed vortex flowing in the free layer around the center of the free layer.

Abstract: A magnetic device is provided in one example that comprises a free layer having a magnetic anisotropy. The magnetic anisotropy is at least partially non-uniform. The magnetic device further comprises an antiferromagnetic layer adjacent to and weakly exchange coupled with the free layer, wherein the weak exchange coupling reduces the non-uniformity of the magnetic anisotropy of the free layer.

Abstract: An oscillator generates a signal using precession of a magnetic moment of a magnetic domain wall. The oscillator includes a free layer having the magnetic domain wall and a fixed layer corresponding to the magnetic domain wall. A non-magnetic separation layer is interposed between the free layer and the fixed layer.

Abstract: A spin-torque oscillator with antiferromagnetically-coupled free layers has at least one of the free layers with increased magnetic damping. The Gilbert magnetic damping parameter (?) is at least 0.05. The damped free layer may contain as a dopant one or more damping elements selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd and the 15 lanthanide elements. The free layer damping may also be increased by a damping layer adjacent the free layer. One type of damping layer may be an antiferromagnetic material, like a Mn alloy. As a modification to the antiferromagnetic damping layer, a bilayer damping layer may be formed of the antiferromagnetic layer and a nonmagnetic metal electrically conductive separation layer between the free layer and the antiferromagnetic layer. Another type of damping layer may be one formed of one or more of the elements selected from Pt, Pd and the lanthanides.

Abstract: A light-emitting device module includes a temperature variable device including a temperature control surface subjected to temperature control, a light-emitting device including a first electrode and mounted on a portion of the temperature control surface, a first terminal for supplying electric power to the first electrode, and a wire that causes the first terminal and the first electrode to conduct. The wire is thermally connected to the other portion of the temperature control surface.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide improved systems and methods for external frit mounted components on a sensor device. In one embodiment, a method for fabricating a sensor device comprises securing at least one component stack on a sensor body over at least one opening in the sensor body, wherein the at least one component stack comprises a plurality of components and applying a frit to the plurality of components in the at least one component stack and the sensor body. The method further comprises heating the frit, the at least one component stack, and the sensor body such that the frit melts and cooling the frit, the at least one component stack, and the sensor body such that the at least one component stack is secured to the sensor body.

Abstract: An optical module for an atomic oscillator using a quantum interference effect includes a first light source unit that emits first resonance light, a gas cell in which an alkali metal atom is sealed, a first light detection unit that detects the intensity of the first resonance light having passed through the gas cell, a determination unit that determines whether or not the first light source unit has failed, a second light source unit that irradiates the gas cell with second resonance light when the determination unit determines that the first light source unit has failed, and a second light detection unit that detects the intensity of the second resonance light having passed through the gas cell, and the optical path length of the first resonance light in the gas cell and the optical path length of the second resonance light in the gas cell are equal to each other.

Abstract: An optical module for an atomic oscillator using a quantum interference effect includes a light source part to emit resonant light having two different wavelengths, a gas cell in which an alkali metal atom gas is enclosed and to which the resonant light is irradiated, a light detection part to detect an intensity of the resonant light transmitted through the gas cell, and a gas-flow generation part to generate a flow of the alkali metal atom gas.

Abstract: A spin transfer oscillator including a magnetic stack including at least two magnetic layers, at least one of the two magnetic layers is an oscillating layer that has variable direction magnetization and a current supply device configured to cause the flow of a current of electrons perpendicularly to the plane of the magnetic stack. The magnetic stack includes a device to generate inhomogeneities of current at the level of the surface of the oscillating layer and the intensity of the current supplied by the supply device is selected such that the magnetization of the oscillating layer has a consistent magnetic configuration, the magnetic configuration oscillating as a whole at the same fundamental frequency.

Abstract: An optical module of an atomic oscillator using a quantum interference effect includes a light source to generate first light including a fundamental wave having a center wavelength, and including a first sideband wave and a second sideband wave having wavelengths that are different from each other, a wavelength selection unit that emits second light by selecting the first sideband wave and the second sideband wave of the first light and by allowing them to pass through, a gas cell in which an alkali metal gas is sealed and to which the second light is irradiated, and a light detection unit that detects an intensity of the second light passing through the gas cell.

Abstract: Oscillators and methods of operating the oscillators are provided, the oscillators include an oscillating unit including at least one magnetic layer having a magnetization direction that varies according to at least one selected from the group consisting of an applied current, an applied voltage and an applied magnetic field. The oscillating unit is configured to generate an oscillation signal having a set frequency. The oscillators further include an output stage that provides an output signal by differentially amplifying the oscillation signal.

Abstract: An atomic oscillator, a control method of the atomic oscillator and a quantum interference apparatus are provided in which high frequency stability can be maintained even though EIT signal intensity changes.

Abstract: A microscale apparatus includes a microscale rigidized Parylene strap having a reinforcement structure extending from a first side of the strap, a first silicon substrate suspended by the microscale rigidized Parylene strap, the microscale rigidized Parylene strap conformally coupled to the first substrate, and a second substrate conformally coupled to the microscale rigidized Parylene strap to suspend the first silicon substrate through the microscale rigidized Parylene strap.

Abstract: The invention relates to a parametric oscillator (1) for generating ultra-short pulses. The system (1) comprises a resonator (10) having an optical axis (11), an amplifier crystal (9) arranged in the resonator (10), and a pump laser system (4) for generating pump laser radiation (5) comprising pump photons, said pump laser radiation being directed onto the amplifier crystal (9). The invention is characterized in that the amplifier crystal (9) is an optically non-linear crystal configured for generating a signal photon and an idler photon from a pump photon by means of an optical-parametric process, wherein the resonator (10) is arranged in such a way that a signal pulse formed from the signal photons leaves the amplifier crystal (9) along the optical axis (11) of the resonator (10), and wherein dispersion compensation members for at least partially compensating the dispersion of the radiation circulating in the resonator (10) are provided.

Abstract: An oscillator includes: a plurality of free layers and a non-magnetic layer disposed between the plurality of free layers. Each of the plurality of free layers has perpendicular magnetic anisotropy or in-plane magnetic anisotropy. Magnetization directions of the free layers are periodically switched such that a signal within a given frequency band oscillates.

Abstract: Oscillators and methods of manufacturing and operating the same are provided, the oscillators include a pinned layer, a free layer and a barrier layer having at least one filament between the pinned layer and the free layer. The pinned layer may have a fixed magnetization direction. The free layer corresponding to the pinned layer. The at least one filament in the barrier layer may be formed by applying a voltage between the pinned layer and the free layer. The oscillators may be operated by inducing precession of a magnetic moment of at least one region of the free layer that corresponds to the at least one filament, and detecting a resistance change of the oscillator due to the precession.

Abstract: Oscillators and methods of operating the same, the oscillators include a pinned layer having a fixed magnetization direction, a first free layer over the pinned layer, and a second free layer over the first free layer. The oscillators are configured to generate a signal using precession of a magnetic moment of at least one of the first and second free layers.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a spin-torque oscillator includes a non-magnetic unit, one or more first magnetic unit, and a second magnetic unit. The non-magnetic unit is formed of a non-magnetic body. The one or more first magnetic unit is connected to the non-magnetic unit and generates a pure spin current indicating the flow of the electron spin that does not accompany an electric charge current. The second magnetic unit is connected to the non-magnetic unit in a manner such that a distance between the second magnetic unit and the first magnetic unit is shorter than a spin diffusion length indicating a distance that an electronic spin polarization is maintained in the non-magnetic unit. The second magnetic unit oscillates by the pure spin current.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide improved systems and methods for providing an atomic sensor device. In one embodiment, the device comprises a sensor body, the sensor body enclosing an atomic sensor, wherein the sensor body contains a gas evacuation site located on the sensor body, the gas evacuation site configured to connect to a gas evacuation device. The device also comprises a getter container coupled to an opening in the sensor body, an opening in the getter container coupled to an opening in the sensor body, such that gas within the sensor body can freely enter the getter container. The device further comprises an evaporable getter enclosed within the getter container, the evaporable getter facing away from the sensor body.

Abstract: System and methods for a nanofabricated optical circular polarizer are provided. In one embodiment, a nanofabricated circular polarizer comprises a quarter wave plate; and a linear polarizer formed on a surface of the quarter wave plate.

Abstract: An atomic oscillator includes an atom that generates interaction with first and second lights in accordance with an energy level of a three-level system; and a light source that emits the first light having a first plurality of lights of a first plurality of frequency components different from each other and the second light having a second plurality of lights of a second plurality of frequency components different from each other, wherein when the first and second lights are irradiated to the atom, an electromagnetically induced transparency phenomenon occurs in accordance with one of the first plurality of lights and one of the second plurality of lights.

Abstract: A gas cell unit includes a gas cell in which a gaseous alkali metal atom is sealed, a first heater to heat the gas cell, and a second heater which is provide to face the first heater across the gas cell and heats the gas cell. The first heater includes a first heating resistor which generates heat by energization, and the second heater includes a second heating resistor through which a current flows in the same direction as the direction of a current flowing through the first heating resistor and which generates heat by energization. Between the first heating resistor and the second heating resistor, a magnetic field generated by the energization to the first heating resistor and a magnetic field generated by the energization to the second heating resistor are mutually cancelled or weakened.

Abstract: An atomic oscillator is disclosed, including an Alkaline metal cell, a light source illuminating a laser beam to the Alkaline metal cell, and a light detector detecting light passing through the Alkaline metal cell. The Alkaline metal cell includes a first member, a second member, a cell internal portion, and an Alkaline metal raw material. In the first member, a first glass substrate is bonded on a second surface of a first substrate where a first opening part is formed. In the second member, a second glass substrate is bonded to a fourth surface of a second substrate where a second opening part is formed. The cell internal portion is formed by the first opening part and the second opening part by bonding the first surface to the third surface. The Alkaline metal raw material is enclosed by the cell internal portion.

Abstract: A spin-torque oscillator (STO) has increased magnetic damping of the oscillating free ferromagnetic layer. The Gilbert magnetic damping parameter (a) is at least 0.05, and preferably greater than 0.05. The free layer may be a any type of conventional ferromagnetic material, but contains one or more damping elements as a dopant. The damping element is selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd and the 15 lanthanide elements. The free layer damping may also be increased by a damping layer adjacent the free layer. One type of damping layer may be an antiferromagnetic material, like a Mn alloy. As a modification to the antiferromagnetic damping layer, a bilayer damping layer may be formed of the antiferromagnetic layer and a nonmagnetic metal electrically conductive separation layer between the free layer and the antiferromagnetic layer. Another type of damping layer may be one formed of one or more of the elements selected from Pt, Pd and the lanthanides.

Abstract: A quantum interference device causing electromagnetically induced transparency in an alkali metal atom includes: a light source generating first and second resonant lights with frequency differences ??; a magnetic field generator applying a magnetic field to the atom; a light detector detecting intensities of the first and second resonant lights passing through the atom; and a controller causing a frequency difference between specified first and second resonant lights to equal a frequency difference corresponding to an energy difference between two ground levels of the atom based on the detected light. The controller causes the frequency ?? or magnetic field intensity to satisfy 2×?×n=?? or ??×n=2×?. The frequency ? corresponds to an energy difference between two Zeeman split levels differentiated by one magnetic quantum number and generated in the two ground levels of the atom by energy splitting.

Abstract: In an example, a chip-scale atomic clock physics package is provided. This chip-scale atomic clock physics package includes a body defining a cavity, and a first scaffold mounted in the cavity. A laser is mounted on the first surface of the first scaffold. A second scaffold is also mounted in the cavity. The second scaffold is disposed such that the first surface of the second scaffold is facing the first scaffold. A first photodetector is mounted on the first surface of the second scaffold. A vapor cell is mounted on the first surface of the second scaffold. A waveplate is also included, wherein the laser, waveplate, first photodetector, and vapor cell are disposed such that a beam from the laser can propagate through the waveplate and the vapor cell and be detected by the first photodetector. A lid is also included for covering the cavity.

Abstract: An electromagnetic wave generator for outputting wideband electromagnetic waves, including terahertz (THz) band waves, and for controlling wavelengths of the output electromagnetic waves and an optical shutter are provided. The electromagnetic wave generator includes two electrodes that separately face each other, a chargeable particle disposed between the two electrodes, and a chamber disposed to surround the chargeable particle between the two electrodes. When DC voltages are applied to the two electrodes to generate an electric field between the two electrodes, the chargeable particle may be charged. Then, the chargeable particle reciprocates between the two electrodes to generate the electromagnetic waves. A wavelength of the output electromagnetic wave may be controlled by adjusting a potential difference between the two electrodes.

Abstract: An atomic oscillator using an electromagnetically induced transparency phenomenon caused by irradiation of a resonant light pair to an alkali metal atom, includes: a light source that generates a first light having a center frequency f1 and a plurality of frequency components different from each other in frequency by ?f, and a second light having a center frequency f2 and a plurality of frequency components different from each other in frequency by ?f; a light detection unit that detects intensities of lights including the first light and the second light passing through the alkali metal atom; and a control unit that controls, based on a detection result of the light detection unit, to cause a frequency difference between a specified frequency component of the first light and a specified frequency component of the second light to be equal to a frequency corresponding to an energy difference between two ground levels of the alkali metal atom, wherein a frequency difference between the center frequency f1 of th

Abstract: A method of controlling an atomic oscillator includes generating a resonant light pair in response to a center frequency signal and a sideband signal, and setting the sideband signal so that an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon does not occur in a gas cell of the atomic oscillator. The method includes applying the resonant light pair to the gas cell and detecting an intensity level of light transmitted through the gas cell. While the sideband signal is set so that the EIT phenomenon is not occurring, the center frequency signal is varied until a minimum value of the intensity level is identified. A first frequency is calculated by subtracting a predetermined frequency offset from the center frequency at which the intensity level was equal to the minimum value. A center frequency of the resonant light pair is set to the first frequency for operation of the atomic oscillator.

Abstract: A microscale apparatus includes a microscale rigidized Parylene strap having a reinforcement structure extending from a first side of the strap, a first silicon substrate suspended by the microscale rigidized Parylene strap, the microscale rigidized Parylene strap conformally coupled to the first substrate, and a second substrate conformally coupled to the microscale rigidized Parylene strap to suspend the first silicon substrate through the microscale rigidized Parylene strap.

Abstract: A solid state atomic clock may utilize quantum states capable of exhibiting a hyperfine resonance in order to generate a frequency standard. A device capable of coupling a free running oscillator to the hyperfine resonance frequency in order to generated output signal is described herein. In some aspect of the invention, the atomic clock may be fabricated on a silicon substrate and it may be integrated, in chip scale, as part of an electronic integrated circuit. The principal of operation, the method of making and system which utilized a solid state atomic clock are also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of fabricating vapor cells comprises forming a plurality of vapor cell dies in a first wafer having an interior surface region and a perimeter, and forming a plurality of interconnected vent channels in the first wafer. The vent channels provide at least one pathway for gas from each vapor cell die to travel outside of the perimeter of the first wafer. The method further comprises anodically bonding a second wafer to one side of the first wafer, and anodically bonding a third wafer to an opposing side of the first wafer. The vent channels allow gas toward the interior surface region of the first wafer to be in substantially continuous pressure-equilibrium with gas outside of the perimeter of the first wafer during the anodic bonding of the second and third wafers to the first wafer.

Abstract: A device for an atomic clock, including: a laser source (102) generating a laser beam; a quarter-wave plate (105) modifying the linear polarization of the laser beam into a circular polarization and vice versa; a gas cell (106) placed on the laser beam having a circular polarization; a mirror (107) sending the laser beam back toward the gas cell; a first photodetector (108a); means (103, 101a, 107) for diverting the reflected beam of the laser source (102), and a second photodetector (109) placed behind the mirror (107), the mirror being semitransparent and allowing a portion of the laser beam to pass therethrough, the second photodetector (109) being used for controlling the optical frequency of the laser and/or for controlling the temperature of the cell (106).

Abstract: A quantum interference device causing electromagnetically induced transparency in an alkali metal atom includes: a light source generating first and second resonant lights with frequency differences ??; a magnetic field generator applying a magnetic field to the atom; a light detector detecting intensities of the first and second resonant lights passing through the atom; and a controller causing a frequency difference between specified first and second resonant lights to equal a frequency difference corresponding to an energy difference between two ground levels of the atom based on the detected light. The controller causes the frequency ?? or magnetic field intensity to satisfy 2×?×n=?? or ??×n=2×?. The frequency ? corresponds to an energy difference between two Zeeman split levels differentiated by one magnetic quantum number and generated in the two ground levels of the atom by energy splitting.

Abstract: An optical module for an atomic oscillator uses a quantum interference effect. The optical module includes a light source adapted to emit light including a fundamental wave having a center wavelength, and sideband waves of the fundamental wave, a wavelength selection section receiving the light from the light source, and adapted to transmit the sideband waves out of the light input, a gas cell encapsulating an alkali metal gas, and irradiated with light transmitted through the wavelength selection section, and a light detection section adapted to detect an intensity of light transmitted through the gas cell. The wavelength selection section includes an etalon and a temperature control section adapted to control temperature of the etalon.

Abstract: A magnetic device is provided in one example that comprises a free layer having a magnetic anisotropy. The magnetic anisotropy is at least partially non-uniform. The magnetic device further comprises an antiferromagnetic layer adjacent to and weakly exchange coupled with the free layer, wherein the weak exchange coupling reduces the non-uniformity of the magnetic anisotropy of the free layer.

Abstract: An optical module for an atomic oscillator using a quantum interference effect includes a light source adapted to emit light including a fundamental wave having a predetermined wavelength, and sideband waves of the fundamental wave, a wavelength selection section receiving the light from the light source, and adapted to transmit the sideband waves out of the light input, a gas cell encapsulating an alkali metal gas, and irradiated with light transmitted through the wavelength selection section, and a light detection section adapted to detect an intensity of light transmitted through the gas cell, and the wavelength selection section includes a fiber Bragg grating, and a temperature control section adapted to control temperature of the fiber Bragg grating.

Abstract: An optical module for an atomic oscillator using a quantum interference effect includes a light source adapted to emit light including a fundamental wave having a predetermined wavelength, and sideband waves of the fundamental wave, a wavelength selection section receiving the light from the light source, and adapted to transmit the sideband waves, a gas cell encapsulating an alkali metal gas and irradiated with light transmitted through the wavelength selection section, and a light detection section adapted to detect an intensity of light transmitted through the gas cell, and the wavelength selection section including an optical filter section adapted to transmit light having a wavelength within a predetermined wavelength range, and an optical filter characteristic control section adapted to vary the wavelength range of light to be transmitted by the optical filter section.

Abstract: An optical module for an atomic oscillator using a quantum interference effect includes a light source adapted to emit light including a fundamental wave having a predetermined wavelength, and sideband waves of the fundamental wave, a wavelength selection section receiving the light from the light source, and adapted to transmit the sideband waves out of the light input, a gas cell encapsulating an alkali metal gas, and irradiated with light transmitted through the wavelength selection section, and a light detection section adapted to detect an intensity of light transmitted through the gas cell, and the wavelength selection section includes a fiber Bragg grating, and a voltage application section adapted to apply a voltage to the fiber Bragg grating.

Abstract: A gas cell unit has a gas cell, inside which gaseous metallic atoms are sealed a first heater that heats the gas cell, and a second heater that is provided to face the first heater via the gas cell and heats the gas cell. The heaters include a first heating resistor and a second heating resistor which are provided so as to face each other, are heated by electric current flow, and mutually offset the magnetic fields generated along with the electric current flow.

Abstract: A gas cell unit has a gas cell, inside which a gaseous alkali metal atom is sealed, a heater that heats the gas cell. The heater includes a heating resistor including a plurality of band-like portions so as to be parallel to each other. By making the directions of electric current flowing through two band-like portions adjacent to each other opposite to each other, it is possible to mutually offset or alleviate the magnetic fields generated along with the electric conduction to the plurality of band-like portions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an atomic frequency acquisition device comprising a gas cell (400) filled with an atomic gas, a laser light source (100) emitting a laser beam which enters the gas cell (40) and excites a first energy transition of the atomic gas, a local oscillator (700) for generating an oscillator frequency in a frequency range including a frequency of a HFS transition of the atomic gas, and a modulator (600) modulating the laser light source (100) so as to emit laser radiation modulated with the oscillator frequency. An optical reflector (500) is arranged behind the gas cell (400) to reflect the laser beam after passage through the atomic gas so as to re-enter the laser cavity. A photodetector (200) detects beat frequencies caused by self-mixing interference within the laser cavity.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for charging a compact vapor cell, including placing an alkali-filled capillary into a reservoir cell formed in a substrate, the reservoir cell in vapor communication with an interrogation cell in the substrate and bonding a transparent window to the substrate on a common face of the reservoir cell and the interrogation cell to form a compact vapor cell. Capillary action in the capillary delays migration of alkali in the alkali-filled capillary from the reservoir cell into the interrogation cell during the bonding.

Abstract: A method of controlling an atomic oscillator includes generating a resonant light pair in response to a center frequency signal and a sideband signal, and setting the sideband signal so that an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) phenomenon does not occur in a gas cell of the atomic oscillator. The method includes applying the resonant light pair to the gas cell and detecting an intensity level of light transmitted through the gas cell. While the sideband signal is set so that the EIT phenomenon is not occurring, the center frequency signal is varied until a minimum value of the intensity level is identified. A first frequency is calculated by subtracting a predetermined frequency offset from the center frequency at which the intensity level was equal to the minimum value. A center frequency of the resonant light pair is set to the first frequency for operation of the atomic oscillator.

Abstract: An atomic oscillator, attention is paid to the fact that the degree of change of the energy difference between the two ground levels of the alkali metal atom with respect to the change of the magnetic field intensity is specific to each of the magnetic quantum numbers, a resonant light pair to cause a transition between the two ground levels corresponding to each of the plural magnetic quantum numbers is sequentially generated, plural pieces of profile information capable of specifying the energy difference between the two ground levels corresponding to each of the magnetic quantum numbers are sequentially acquired based on the detection signal, the change amount of the magnetic field intensity is specified based on the acquired plural pieces of profile information, and the control is performed so that the intensity of the magnetic field becomes constant.

Abstract: A device for an atomic clock, including: a laser source (102) that generates a laser beam; a splitter (101) that makes it possible to divert and allow a portion of the laser beam to pass therethrough in accordance with a predefined percentage; a quarter-wave plate (105) that modifies the linear polarization of the laser beam into circular polarization and vice versa; a gas cell arranged on the circular polarization laser beam; a mirror (107) sending the laser beam back toward the gas cell (106); a first photodetector (108a), and a polarizer (103) arranged between the laser beam outlet and the splitter in order to protect the laser source from the retroreflections emitted by different optical elements constituting the device.

Abstract: A method to construct a chip-scale atomic clock is provided. The method comprises providing a scaffolding for components in a chip-scale atomic clock. The components include a laser and at least one other component. The method also includes operationally positioning the components on the scaffolding so that an emitting surface of the laser is non-parallel to partially reflective surfaces of the at least one other component.

Abstract: A quantum interference device includes: gaseous alkali metal atoms; and a light source for causing a resonant light pair having different frequencies that keep a frequency difference equivalent to an energy difference between two ground states of the alkali metal atoms, the quantum interference device causing the alkali metal atoms and the resonant light pair to interact each other to cause an electromagnetically induced transparency phenomenon (EIT), wherein there are a plurality of the resonant light pairs, and center frequencies of the respective resonant light pairs are different from one another.

Abstract: An atomic clock comprises endohedral fullerene systems which provide the standard frequency oscillations. A magnet device applies a magnetic field to the endohedral fullerenes. The applied magnetic field is adjustable. An excitation device both excites each endohedral fullerene system to cause it to undergo transitions which generate the time-keeping oscillations, and also probes the systems such that the oscillations can be measured and the device controlled. A detection device senses the response of the systems induced by the excitation device. The output of the detection device is fed to a controller. The controller produces the atomic clock output, which is the clock signal or frequency standard, and also controls the magnet device and the excitation device.

Abstract: Designs and processes for thermally stabilizing a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (vcsel) in a chip-scale atomic clock are provided. In one embodiment, a Chip-Scale Atomic Clock includes: a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (vcsel); a heater block coupled to a base of the vcsel; a photo detector; a vapor cell, wherein the vapor cell includes a chamber that defines at least part of an optical path for laser light between the vcsel and the photo detector; and an iso-thermal cage surrounding the vcsel on all sides, the iso-thermal cage coupled to the heater block via a thermally conductive path.