Abstract: A slide screw tuner movement control mechanism uses two horizontal stepper motors driving the ACME lead screw, which controls the horizontal position of the mobile carriage moving the tuning probe along the slabline. Each motor is linked with the ACME using different gear ratio, designed for coarse and fine horizontal increment (step size). This allows making ultra-wideband tuners with Fmax:Fmin>10:1 for optimized tuning speed at low frequencies and high tuning resolution at high frequencies. Appropriate calibration and optimized movement algorithms extract the best compromise between speed and tuning resolution.

Abstract: Method for detecting sensor errors, wherein measurements are taken, discharge time data with a first discharge time constant is read out from a data storage unit of the sensor and corresponding measurement signals as well as the discharge time data are transmitted to a computing unit, where a signal processing, a signal evaluation and a data evaluation occur in the computing unit and filtered signals are formed by filtering the measurement signals, where parameter values of a discharge function are determined via a logarithmic function of the filtered signals, a second discharge time constant is determined from the discharge function and where the first discharge time constant and the second discharge time constant are compared to detect errors, faults or damage of the sensor such that the influences of sensor errors on the measurements can be reduced.

Abstract: Systems and methods for isolating radio frequency (RF) signals in high frequency circuit assemblies, including but not limited to 5G communication systems, are provided. The circuit assemblies include an RF suppression structure, which can be in the form of a low ohm resistor, that extends across a transmission line, and that has contacts that are electrically joined to a ground plane. Alternatively or in addition, the circuit assemblies include a low ohm resistor that extends over a transition between a signal via and an end of a transmission line, and that has contacts that are electrically joined to a ground plane. A circuit assembly as disclosed herein can further include multiple low ohm resistors spaced apart from one another by a distance that is a fraction of a wavelength of a highest frequency signal carried by the transmission line.

Abstract: A vector network analyzer (VNA) for analyzing the response of a device under test (DUT), the VNA comprising a plurality of VNA ports configured to be connected to the DUT; a plurality of source ports configured to be connected to the VNA ports; a plurality of couplers for coupling a plurality of coupled signals, wherein said plurality of coupled signals are combined to provide a sum signal; and a receiver configured to receive said forward sum signal.

Abstract: A directional coupler includes an electrically conductive main line coupled at least partially in and/or on a dielectric layer and having input and output ports. An electrically conductive coupled line separated from the main line includes a coupled port and is at least partially formed in and/or on the dielectric layer. An electrically conductive ground layer couples with the dielectric layer and is electrically isolated from the main and coupled lines. One or more tuning elements, formed of electrically conductive elements arranged in a pattern (but electrically isolated from the main and coupled lines and ground layer) and/or formed using an electrically conductive layer (the electrically conductive layer electrically isolated from the main and coupled lines and ground layer and with or without a pattern of openings therein) are at least partially encapsulated in the dielectric layer and increase a coupling coefficient and/or directivity of the directional coupler.

Abstract: A directional coupler device includes an asymmetric dual directional coupler for receiving a radio frequency (RF) signal and a switching circuit. The asymmetric dual directional coupler includes a main line having an input port and an output port, multiple coupled lines separated from the main line, the coupled lines having different lengths for providing different coupling factors, respectively, where each coupled line has first and second ports. The switching circuit selectively applies one of the different coupling factors of the coupled lines, depending on frequency of the RF signal in relation to a predetermined threshold frequency, while coupling a portion of forward power or reverse power of the RF signal to a coupling reading port, to mitigate power loss in an upper frequency range of the RF signal, while satisfying coupling criteria.

Abstract: Provided is a resonant structure including a microwave cavity and a sideline radio-frequency (RF) power coupler including: an inner conductor; an outer conductor sharing a central axis with the inner conductor, the outer conductor being electrically coupled to an outer wall of the microwave cavity; and an insulation layer between the inner conductor and the outer conductor.

Abstract: Provided are coaxial waveguide microstructures. The microstructures include a substrate and a coaxial waveguide disposed above the substrate. The coaxial waveguide includes: a center conductor; an outer conductor including one or more walls, spaced apart from and disposed around the center conductor; one or more dielectric support members for supporting the center conductor in contact with the center conductor and enclosed within the outer conductor; and a core volume between the center conductor and the outer conductor, wherein the core volume is under vacuum or in a gas state. Also provided are methods of forming coaxial waveguide microstructures by a sequential build process and hermetic packages which include a coaxial waveguide microstructure.

Abstract: A splitter circuit includes a first branch circuit and a second branch circuit. Each branch circuit includes a capacitor, an inductor and a resistor. A first end of the capacitor is configured to receive RF signals. A first end of the inductor is coupled to a second end of the capacitor. The second end of the inductor is coupled to ground. The resistor is coupled to the second end of the capacitor to output RF signals. The resistor in the first branch circuit and the resistor of the second branch circuit respectively output RF signals to different devices.

Abstract: A contactless connector requires no physical contact. A terminated transmitting transmission line on a first board is parallel to a dual-terminated receiving transmission line on a second board. The boards are placed face-to-face with a small air gap in-between. A driver drives a driven pulse onto a first end of the transmitting transmission line. The driven pulse capacitively induces a positive induced pulse on the first end of the receiving transmission line. As the driven pulse travels from the first end to the second end of the transmitting transmission line, energy is transferred to the induced pulse, which travels down the receiving transmission line. Inductive coupling becomes stronger than capacitive as the length increases, so that at the second end, the induced pulse is negative and then swings positive. A Schmitt trigger receiver on the second end of the receiving transmission line detects the signal.

Abstract: A vertical three dimensional (3D) microstrip line structure for improved tunable characteristic impedance, methods of manufacturing the same and design structures are provided. More specifically, a method is provided that includes forming a first microstrip line structure within a back end of the line (BEOL) stack. The method further includes forming a second microstrip line structure separated from the BEOL stack by a predetermined horizontal distance.

Abstract: A transformer (101) includes four terminals (N1 to N4), and parasitic resistances (109 and 110) are present in the transformer (101). A coupling capacitor (102) is provided between the terminals (N1 and N3), and a coupling capacitor (103) is provided between the terminals (N2 and N4). Shunt capacitors (104 to 107) are respectively provided between the respective terminals (N1 to N4) and a ground. Further, a phase shifter (112) is electrically connected to the terminal (N2), and a phase shifter (113) having a phase delay larger than that of the phase shifter (112) is connected to the terminal (N3).

Abstract: Embodiments of coupler systems (10) include a directional coupler (12), a tuning element (14a, 14b), and an actuator (16a, 16b). The coupler (12) is configured to split an input signal into two output signals or, alternatively, to combine two input signals into a single output. The tuning element (14a, 14b) is a capacitive device that allows the frequency response of the coupler (12) to be varied, so that the coupler (12) can be tuned to a particular frequency or range of frequencies at a given operating condition. The actuator (16a, 16b) generates a mechanical force that actuates tuning element (14a, 14b).

Abstract: The embodiment of the present disclosure discloses a power division network device, which comprises a shielding house and a circuit board. Two opposite surface layers of the circuit board are respectively provided with a signal transmission line and a coupling line. The signal transmission line and the coupling line are suspended in the shielding house. The coupling line comprises a coupling area, and a load interface and an output signal interface connected at the two ends of the coupling area. The projection of the coupling area on the surface layer where the signal transmission line is located falls onto the signal transmission line and forms thereon a projection area. The length of the projection area in the longitudinal direction of the signal transmission line is one quarter wavelength. Broadside coupling by way of making the projection of the coupling line fall onto the signal transmission line can realize the allocation and sampling of the signals transmitted in the signal transmission line.

Abstract: The broadband directional coupler is used for measuring the power of a forward and/or a returning high-frequency signal on a line. For this purpose, the broadband directional coupler provides a voltage splitter which is connected to an inner conductor (1) of the line. This voltage splitter provides a first resistor (8) which is connected to an outer conductor of the line. The voltage splitter comprises ohmic resistors, and a first connection of a second resistor (4) is connected to the inner conductor (1) of the line, and a second connection of the second resistor (4) is connected to a first connection of a third resistor (6). A second connection of the third resistor (6) is connected directly or indirectly to a first connection of the first resistor (8) and at the same time to the outer conductor of the line. In this context, a measured voltage is picked up at the second connection of the second resistor (4) or at the first connection of the third resistor (6).

Abstract: The RF signal generated by a ZigBee radio on the outside of a building structure is conveyed to the interior of the building by guiding it along an electric cable bundle that passes through the building's wall to supply domestic electric power to the interior of the structure. The RF signal is launched by a unique coupler comprising a pair of insulated foil conductors.

Abstract: A transceiver capable of processing signals having wavelengths of less than 1 millimeter and/or more than 1 millimeter comprising a mixer/filter circuit coupled to an IF filter where said mixer/filter circuit is positioned within a mixer block to receive incoming signals guided into one or more feed horn openings of the mixer block by an optical arrangement. The IF filter is also disposed within the mixer block, but is positioned substantially orthogonal with respect to the mixer/filter circuit for efficient use of space.

Abstract: A coupling loop with each leg connected by two resistors, R1 and R2 going to ground on a disk shaped printed circuit board provides a directional coupler with directivity tuned by rotating this disk assembly and coupling controlled by the distance to the main RF transmission line. Once the desired level of directivity is obtained, this board is locked with screws from the top.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a coupling device are shown. In various embodiments, a variable frequency divider comprises a first transmission line and a second transmission line. The first transmission line may comprise a first and a second end. The first end may comprise a first terminal and the second end may comprise a first branch and a second branch. The first transmission line may be configured to receive a first signal at a first frequency at the first terminal and divide the first signal to output the divided first signal at the first branch and the second branch. The second transmission line may be proximate the first transmission line and configured to receive a second signal at a second frequency to control the frequencies of the output divided first signal at the first branch and the second branch through electromagnetic influence between the first transmission line and the second transmission line.

Abstract: Various embodiments are described herein for a combiner. The combiner includes first and second transmission lines, a dielectric material disposed about the first and second transmission lines, an intermediate conductor arrangement disposed about the dielectric material, and an outer conductor arrangement disposed about the intermediate conductor. The dielectric material has a dielectric constant higher than that of air, and the intermediate conductor arrangement has reactive portions.

Abstract: In a directional coupler with two coupled lines arranged in a flat chamber of an enclosed metal housing within the coupling region side-by-side in the longitudinal direction and at a spacing distance from one another, of which the ends are connected to connecting ports attached at the sides of the metal housing, these coupled lines include flat, sheet-metal strip conductors, which are arranged within the coupling region with their broad sides facing towards one another side-by-side at a spacing distance and held by several support elements made of insulating material in a cantilever manner at a spacing distance from the opposing internal walls of the flat metal-housing chamber within the latter. In this context, at least one strip conductor is curved relative to the opposing strip conductor in such a manner that the spacing distance of the strip conductors in coupling region increases starting from the beginning of the coupling region approximately exponentially up to the end of the coupling region.

Abstract: A coupler assembly has first and second conductors with first and second dielectric supports extending along a coupling section and supporting the first and second conductors at a support section.

Abstract: A directional coupler comprising a first connection for the inlet or outlet of a shaft, a first decoupling connection which is used to decouple a coupled shaft, a second connection for the inlet or outlet of the inlet or outlet shaft from the first connection and a second decoupling connection which is used to decouple the coupled shaft. The first connection and the first decoupling connection are connected to the internal conductor and to the external conductor of a coaxial conductor on the first connection surface thereof, by means of a first network. The second connection and the second decoupling connection are connected to the internal conductor and to the external conductor of the coaxial conductor on the second connection surface thereof, by means of a second network.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a coupling device are shown. In various embodiments, a variable frequency divider comprises a first transmission line and a second transmission line. The first transmission line may comprise a first and a second end. The first end may comprise a first terminal and the second end may comprise a first branch and a second branch. The first transmission line may be configured to receive a first signal at a first frequency at the first terminal and divide the first signal to output the divided first signal at the first branch and the second branch. The second transmission line may be proximate the first transmission line and configured to receive a second signal at a second frequency to control the frequencies of the output divided first signal at the first branch and the second branch through electromagnetic influence between the first transmission line and the second transmission line.

Abstract: A 3 dB coupler includes at least one first and one second electric conductor that are spaced apart from each other and are capacitively and inductively coupled to each other in a coupling region. The first conductor represents the primary side of a transformer, and the second conductor represents the secondary side of the transformer. The first and second conductors each have a winding number of n>1.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for providing adaptive control of the output of a radio frequency coupler. Adaptive control may include providing a transmission line having a plurality of branches extending therefrom and terminating, correspondingly, with a plurality of terminals and terminating, at its opposite end, with a single terminal, as well as, providing one or more proximate transmission lines inductively coupled with the transmission line and each having an input terminal at one end.

Abstract: A dual directional coupler includes a housing, a main conductor, a forward coupled conductor and a reverse coupled conductor. The main conductor, the forward coupled conductor and the reverse coupled conductor are arranged in parallel within the housing such that the main conductor and the forward coupled conductor define a first two section quarter wave directional coupler, and the main conductor and the reverse coupled conductor define a second two section quarter wave directional coupler.

Abstract: Various embodiments are described herein for a combiner. The combiner includes first and second transmission lines, a dielectric material disposed about the first and second transmission lines, an intermediate conductor arrangement disposed about the dielectric material, and an outer conductor arrangement disposed about the intermediate conductor. The dielectric material has a dielectric constant higher than that of air, and the intermediate conductor arrangement has reactive portions.

Abstract: An apparatus that includes a first conducting strip having a narrowed width where the first conducting strip also acts as a first electrode for a first tapping capacitance. The first tapping capacitance has a second electrode that is: 1) parallel to the first conducting strip; and 2) closer to the first conducting strip than a second conducting strip. The second conducting strip is parallel to the first conducting strip and has a narrowed width where the second conducting strip also acts as a first electrode for a second tapping capacitance. The second tapping capacitance has a second electrode that is: 1) parallel to the second conducting strip; and 2) closer to the second conducting strip than the first conducting strip.

Abstract: A base station in a mobile communication network, includes at least one transmission line for transmitting a radio frequency signal. Each transmission line includes a coupling hole. A two-port coupled line includes one or more coupling holes. Each transmission line and the coupled line are couplable to form a coupling by setting the coupling hole of the transmission line against the coupling hole of the two-port coupled line. The coupling enables a signal sample of the radio frequency signal to propagate from the transmission line to the two-port coupled line.

Abstract: A power splitter that has a small package size and repeatable electrical characteristics. The power splitter includes a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate with several layers. Electrical components such as resistors and capacitors are integrated within the LTCC substrate. A transformer is attached to the upper surface of the LTCC substrate and is electrically connected to the resistors and capacitors. The transformer provides impedance matching and dividing functions. The LTCC substrate has electrically conductive vias extending therethrough. The vias are used to connect the power splitter to an external printed circuit board. The vias are also used to make electrical connections between the layers of the LTCC substrate.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for maximizing ac energy delivered to a load by minimizing energy reflected from a load, such as an RF power source coupled to a plasma load for substrate processing chambers, including a matching network, wherein the matching network couples an ac power source and load. The matching network having two transmissions lines that are inductively coupled for a fixed portion of their length, such length being at least one wavelength of the ac energy generated by the ac power source. The matching circuit providing continuously variable impedance matching through the use of fixed components.

Abstract: An improved directional coupler is distinguished by the following features: an attenuation circuit is adjacent and is connected to each of the two coupling line ends on the coupler substrate, or an attenuation circuit is connected to one coupling line end with a terminating resistor (49) being connected to the other coupling line end on the coupler substrate, electrical level evaluation is provided on the coupler substrate, and an interface device for connection of possibly unshielded cables is provided on the coupler substrate, or possibly unshielded cables are connected to the level evaluation circuit device or are connected downstream from this on the coupler substrate, via which the RF signals which are obtained via the coupling line piece can be passed on in the form of analog signals.

Abstract: A suspended stripline device and method for manufacturing thereof. The device includes first and second conductive traces disposed on a dielectric substrate, each of the first and second conductive traces having a first edge and a second edge, and a housing at least partially surrounding the dielectric substrate, wherein the second edge of each of the first and second conductive traces includes at least one outwardly extending protrusion, the size and orientation of which may be selected so as to compensate for unequal even and odd mode propagation velocities through the suspended-stripline device. The device may be packaged by folding solder-coated tabs, provided on the housing, around the dielectric substrate and heating the device such that the solder melts causing the housing to be secured to the substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a wideband 180° microwave phase switch structure, consisting of microwave or millimetric wave elements such as waveguides, microstrips, striplines or coaxial cables, which are connected in such a way that they can produce a structure with a 180° phase difference between the two possible low-loss outputs in the band width used, with a high band width, flat phase and balanced amplitude. The structure disclosed in the invention is based on interconnection of two hybrid rings (“magic T”) that are embodied according to a given configuration of the different ports of the two rings, thereby providing a unique structure resulting in a practical application device with a 180° phase difference and given properties relative to the length of the waves and the impedances relative to the resulting lines.

Abstract: A variable coupling factor directional coupler having a variable aperture positioned between a transmission line section and a coupling conductor connected at either end to a center conductor of a pair of connectors. The coupling factor of an RF signal in the transmission line section to the coupling conductor may be adjusted by linear movement of a gap plate to open or close the aperture. Alternatively, the coupling conductor may be located within a slotted tube. As the slotted tube is rotated, the slotted portion of the tube opens or closes the aperture. The position of the inner conductor of the coupling conductor with respect to a grounded sidewall can be adjusted to change the coupled line impedance in order to optimize the coupler directivity.

Abstract: A directional coupler that has a small package size and repeatable electrical characteristics. The directional coupler includes a low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate with several layers. Electrical components such as resistors and capacitors are integrated within the LTCC substrate. A transformer is attached to the upper surface of the LTCC substrate and is electrically connected to the resistors and capacitors. The LTCC substrate has electrically conductive vias extending therethrough. The vias are used to make electrical connections between the layers of the LTCC substrate.

Abstract: A directional coupler comprises a coupler circuit board which is mounted substantially perpendicular to the surface of a parent circuit board. First and second upper traces are disposed on the opposing surfaces of the coupler circuit board. The coupling between the upper electrically conductive traces determines the odd mode impedance of the coupler. First and second lower traces are also disposed on opposing surfaces and connected to ground. The upper and lower traces are arranged such that the even mode of the impedance is determined by the coupling between the first upper trace and the second lower trace and the coupling between the second upper trace and the first lower trace.

Abstract: A microstrip side-coupled directional coupler (20) uses inductive loading to achieve improved directivity. In one embodiment, short-circuited inductive stubs (26, 27) are connected to the coupled line (22) of the coupler (20). In a second embodiment, pairs of short circuited inductive stubs (34, 35) are connected respectively to the coupled line (32) and the primary transmission line (35) of a directional coupler (30). In a third embodiment, the primary transmission line (41) and the coupled line (42) of a coupler (40) are both centre loaded with short-circuited inductive stubs (43, 44) respectively.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring complex permittivity of dielectric materials in solid, liquid, or gas form. The apparatus is includes a TEM or quasi-TEM transmission line test fixture, which contains the dielectric material under test, a set of unique reflective load assemblies for inducing reflections in the fixture, an analyzer that measures magnitude and phase, a custom calibration kit, and a computer with computational software. The method begins by sequentially placing the set of load assemblies at the input of the analyzer. One port s-parameters are then obtained. Next, the set of load assemblies is sequentially placed at one end of the test fixture while the other end of the fixture is placed at the input of the analyzer and one port s-parameters are then obtained. Connectors are coupled to both ends of the fixture. A computer then executes a program to solve a set of equations constructed from the s-parameter data for computing input reflection coefficients.

Abstract: A directional coupler is provided with a primary line extending along a first axis and supported by a support member and with a subsidiary line extending along a second axis and supported by the support member to be rotatable with respect to the second axis. The subsidiary line has a conductive particular portion arranged substantially in parallel to the primary line with a distance kept therefrom. The particular portion has a peripheral surface adapted to vary the distance in response to the rotation of the subsidiary line.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an antenna feeding circuit, which requires no balance-unbalance converter and has a simplified structure. The object is attained, by an antenna feeding circuit, according to the present invention, in which micro-strips lines are constituted from one or more pair(s) of band conductors (5a, 5b) disposed on the outer surface of the cylindrical body (1) and an inner conductor (6) disposed on the whole of the inner surface of the cylindrical body (1). A 180 degree distributor (2) supplies electric power to the band conductors (5a, 5b) so that the phase difference between the currents in the band conductors (5a, 5b) is 180 degrees. Inutile current induced in the inner surface of the inner conductor can be cancelled out, because the inner conductor 6 is disposed on the whole of the inner surface of the cylindrical body (1).

Abstract: An integrated component providing the function of both a conventional directional coupler and a low-pass filter having two attenuation poles at a specified frequency band without changing the line length. Stub lines are connected to both ends of a main transmission line of a directional coupler. A frequency of the attenuation poles is adjustable by characteristic impedance, terminating conditions, and line length of the stub lines.

Abstract: A directional coupler for r.f. power measurement utilizes a capacitive voltage divider connected to the center conductor of a length of transmission line. The output of the divider is connected to the input of a field effect transistor amplifier, which makes the divider essentially frequency independent over a wide frequency range. The outer conductor of the transmission line comprises two sections separated by a gap and connected to each other by an annular resistor permitting a current sample to be tapped. The annular resistor is disposed between two parallel circuit boards disposed in radial planes. Circuit components, including the field effect transistor amplifier are mounted on one of the boards. The output of the amplifier and the current sample are combined algebraically at a junction to provide a signal representing forward or reflected power in the transmission line.

Abstract: A high frequency signal line facilitates the adjustment of the strength of branched output or inductively coupled leakage field depending on the particular requirement of operation. In the preferred embodiment, a transmission line consists of a central conductor and a cylindrical outer conductor formed with a longitudinally extending opening, the transmission line being covered with a cylindrical shielding shutter formed with a longitudinally extending opening. The high frequency signal line also includes an induction line including a trough-shaped shielding cover formed with a longitudinally extending opening and which is adapted to be detachably attached to the shielding shutter. The induction line also includes a directional coupling conductor for high frequency coupling which extends within the shielding cover generally parallel to the central conductor.

Abstract: A reflection reducing directional coupler provides an output signal from a coupled signal while reducing the effect of an input signal. The directional coupler provides circuitry to divide, phase delay and vectorially add signals to provide coherent output and coupled signals and reduce reflected signals. The directional coupler also provides the capability to input a calibration signal into a system while mininimizing the effect of the calibration signal on the output signal.

Abstract: A measuring line for a coaxial conductor for determining energy throughflow and standing-wave ratio, comprising two coaxial connectors (2) having an impedance adapted for a coaxial conductor; an intermediate hollow conductor comprising an inner conductor (3) connected to the center conductor of the coaxial connectors and which is matched with that impedance; a directional coupler in the hollow conductor for taking-out two electric signals each corresponding to a respective propagation direction of electric waves between the coaxial connectors; and a detector circuit for respective electric signals. The directional coupler comprises a single directional coupler (4) which is mounted within the hollow conductor and parallel with its inner conductor (3) and which has symmetrically disposed branch lines (8) which are drawn through openings (9) in a wall of the hollow conductor and each of which extends to a respective strip conductor in a circuit board (10) mounted externally of the wall.

Abstract: A coupling and matching device for high frequency or microwave signal transmission includes two line sections (9, 10) with parallel, weakly coupled portions (9', 10'), where the primary section (9) forms a short circuit and is connected to a relatively low output impedance device while the secondary section (10) is connected to a relatively high input impedance device. The coupling and matching device also includes a ground plane parallel to the secondary line section (10), and a member (12) for varying the difference between the secondary line section and the ground plane.

Abstract: A directional coupler having a broadband frequency response comprises a pair of parallel TEM transmission lines having an input port, a thru port, a coupled port, and an isolation port. A quarter-wave, short circuited transmission line coupled to the thru port, and a half-wave, open circuited transmission line coupled to the isolation port functions to flatten the frequency response between the input port and the thru port and between the input port and the coupled port and to increase the operating bandwidth of the directional coupler.

Abstract: A quadrifilar helix antenna containing a hybrid junction power divider feed circuit and a plurality of radiating elements. The radiating elements are connected on one end to the hybrid junction power divider feed circuit and are free to radiate on the other end. In a particular embodiment, the antenna includes a microstrip hybrid junction power divider feed circuit deposited on the lower rectangular section of a dielectric substrate. The hybrid junction power divider feed circuit provides both a 0 to 180 degree phase shift and impedance matching. The antenna also includes four radiating microstrip elements deposited on the upper section of the dielectric substrate at a predetermined angle to form a helical pattern upon turning the planar antenna into a cylinder. The radiating elements are connected to the microstrip hybrid junction power divider feed circuit in pairs.