Abstract: A ventilating roll for introducing a supply of relatively dry air into the pocket spaces between dryer rolls and the co-running fabrics and paper web in a papermaking machine, and removing the relatively moist air which is liberated from the traveling paper web as it comes into contact with the heated dryer rolls. The ventilating roll has a plurality of separate compartments, some of which conduct super-atmospheric pressure air into the pocket spaces, and some of which conduct sub-atmospheric air out of the pocket spaces. The compartments conducting air into the roll alternate with the compartments for conducting air out of the roll. The temperature of the internal structure of the roll is thereby balanced circumferentially about the center shaft of the roll and thermal bowing of the roll is kept to a minimum.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for regulating the profile of a paper web passing over a Yankee cylinder in an integrated IR-dryer/Yankee hood (3,2), wherein the IR-dryer (3) is placed before the wet-end block of the Yankee cylinder. The amount of air leaking into the hood (2) through the gap between the hood (2) and the Yankee cylinder (1) is reduced by passing into this gap (h.sub.o) cooling air (5) warmed up in the IR-dryer (3) and taken from said IR-dryer (3).

Abstract: A drying apparatus for printers and copiers using liquid developers or toners having an air bar which is resiliently biased into contact with a supported surface having a developed image. The air bar has an air-release side that includes a bearing surface and a wedge edge spaced apart from the bearing surface by a plenum slit. The release of pressurized gas, preferably air, through the plenum slit overcomes the bias of the air bar against the surface until an equilibrium position is reached wherein the air bar is spaced apart from the tensioned surface by a predetermined slight distance. Gas escaping between the bearing surface and tensioned surface acts as an air bearing, while the portion of the gas which escapes between the wedge edge and tensioned surface provides a high velocity shearing stress in a slug flow fluid low mode which removes the excess liquid from the tensioned surface. The escaping pressurized gas is then captured and recycled for return to the air bar.

Abstract: A rotary-drum dryer for machines for continuous treatment of fabrics, operating by air percussion and air suction, either selectively or in combination, equipped with a set of control elements, able to realize different operating positions, with different distribution of both blown and intake air.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus and method for providing a shower of fog onto a web or a machine component in contact with a web or for applying a layer of moisture to a web. The fog, which as a temperature lower than the temperature of the surface of the web or the machine component to be cooled, is applied to the surface and is caused to evaporate by the difference in the temperatures. A supply of dry air is supplied to transport the evaporated fog from the region adjacent the surface to be cooled. Fog may be generated through the use of an air-atomizing nozzle which propels water and compressed air through a small orifice under pressure to create an atomized mist or fog. To achieve localized control of the application of fog, a plurality of air atomizing nozzles is mounted in a row extending in the cross machine direction of the apparatus. An air plenum extending parallel to the row of air atomizing nozzles is mounted on at least one side of the row.

Abstract: A cylinder drying machine including a plurality of reflecting members arranged in opposition to at least the cloth-contacting surface of each of thermal cylinders, the reflecting members being disposed separately over the cloth-contacting surface of a thermal cylinder so that the distance between the front end portion of each of the reflecting members and the thermal cylinder is shorter than that between the rear end portion thereof and the thermal cylinder with the outer surface of the front end portion of one of two adjacent reflecting members opposed via a clearance to the inner surface of the rear end portion of the other.

Abstract: An on-line film fluorination apparatus cooperative with a continuous polymer film extruding apparatus is set forth. In the preferred and illustrated embodiment, a continuous feed film is introduced into a closed cabinet or housing having alignment and guide rollers for directing the film into the housing. The film passes around a first roller having a portion thereof formed of sintered nickel to enable gaseous impregnation of the surface of the film with a gas flow including fluorine. The gas acts on the exposed face of the film, changing the surface of the polymer film, thereby providing a relatively thick surface upgrading of the film. After exposure to the fluorine, the film passes a closed vacuum container having an open face adjacent to the film surface for drawing off unreacted fluorine for recapture and recycling.

Abstract: A unifelt system for drying paper includes banks of upper and lower drying cylinders around which the paper is conveyed in contact with a support sheet. At least one suction nozzle is provided at the pocket formed at the upstreammost lower cylinder and the support sheet to prevent air from being trapped between the paper and the support sheet for minimizing bulging which might otherwise occur.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for providing a shower of fog onto a web or a machine component in contact with a web. The fog, which has a temperature lower than the temperature of the surface of the web or the machine component to be cooled, is applied to the surface and is caused to evaporate by the difference in the temperatures. A supply of dry air is supplied to transport the evaporated fog from the region adjacent the surface to be cooled. Fog may be generated through the use of an air-atomizing nozzle which propels water and compressed air through a small orifice under pressure to create an atomized mist or fog. In one embodiment, the fog may also be supplied in controlled specified quantities locally as required to provide for a controllable fog application rate across the full apparatus width.

Abstract: A drying apparatus for drying photographic paper includes a rotary drum and a duct having a recess which is provided with air outlet bores. A photographic paper passing area is defined between the outer periphery of the drum and the recess of the duct. The warm air blown out of the air outlet bores presses the side (the reverse side) of the photographic paper which is opposite to the emulsion layer side thereof against the outer periphery of the rotary drum, thereby maintaining the emulsion layer side of the paper in a non-contact state while the paper is being transported. The rotary drum is provided with bores through which the warm air is sucked in so as to suction-hold the photographic paper on the outer periphery of the rotary drum, whereby the photographic paper is also heated from the reverse side thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for providing a shower of fog onto a web or a machine component in contact with a web. The fog, which has a temperature lower than the temperature of the surface of the web or the machine component to be cooled, is applied to the surface and is caused to evaporate by the difference in the temperatures. A supply of dry air is supplied to transport the evaporated fog from the region surrounding the surface to be cooled. Fog may be generated through the use of an air-atomizing nozzle which propels water and compressed air through a small orifice under pressure to create an atomized mist or fog. The fog may also be generated through the use of an ultrasonic transducer which expels fine droplets of water from its surface by means of a high-frequency oscillating transducer motion. In one embodiment, the fog may also be generated in controlled specified quantities locally at each nozzle as required to provide for a controllable fog application rate across the full apparatus width.

Abstract: A dryer for paper and similar fibrous web materials including a dryer roll having an outer cylindrically-shaped wall, a radiant heat source within the dryer roll adapted to heat the wall substantially uniformly about the entire periphery thereof, and nip-forming means forming a pressure nip with the dryer roll.

Abstract: A vacuum device (15, 15') and method for avoiding sheet flutter in an on-running tangent pocket (14, 14') defined between the perimeter of a dryer roll (9, 9'), and a free transitional span (13, 13') of a dryer felt (7, 7') travelling toward the dryer roll and carrying a wet paper sheet web (8, 8') on the face of the felt outside of the tangent pocket. The device comprises an elongate hollow manifold (17, 17') arranged to extend longitudinally within the pocket (14, 14') parallel to the felt (7, 7') and web (8, 8'). The air in the pocket (14, 14') is vacuumed into a chamber (16, 16') within the manifold (17, 17') through an arrangement of ports (21, 21', 22, 22') communicating with the vacuum chamber. A suction member (20, 20') draws the air from the vacuum chamber (16, 16') and communicates with a vacuum source (34).

Abstract: A control valve (22) is disclosed for controlled both the flow of steam (S) from a steam header (18) and air (A) into a steam box (12) of a web drying machine. The control valve (22) includes a valve body (26) defining a longitudinal passageway (28). The passageway (28) has a first and a second end (30,32) with the first end (30) of the passageway (28) being connected to, and in fluid communication with, the steam header (18). The second end (32) is connected to and in fluid communication with an air header (19). A first and a second valve seat (34,36) are disposed adjacent to the first and the second ends (30,32) of the passageway (28) for controlling respectively the flow of steam (S) and air (A) into the steam box (12). An elongate valve stem (38) having a first and a second valve closure (44,46) is movable axially within and along the passageway (28), the first and second closures (44,46) being disposed adjacent to a first and second end (40,42) of the valve stem (38).

Abstract: In the drying section of a paper machine, apparatus for preventing conditions tending to deteriorate the contact between a web and a supporting fabric which carries the web from a drying cylinder in one line to a drying cylinder in another line and, in particular, for preventing a positive pressure from being generated in the narrowing gaps defined by the surfaces of the drying cylinders and the web supporting fabric as it approaches and/or moves away from the drying cylinder. The apparatus includes a blow box extending transversely substantially over the width of the web, the blow box including at least two transversely extending gas discharge slots between which a substantially planar carrying surface is provided in opposed, parallel relationship to the web carrying fabric and spaced a distance therefrom which is at least twice, and preferably ten to thirty times, as large as the width of a gas discharge slot.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement in cylinder drying, intended for incorporation in a paper machine and including a plurality of heated cylinders (1) arranged substantially parallel in two rows, about which the paper web (2) is taken serpentine during drying, whereat it is carried by an endless porous fourdrinier wire (3) which presses the web against the cylinder surfaces in one row of cylinders and lies between the paper web and the cylinders in the other row. For preventing the web from lifting from the wire as a result of pressure differences on either side thereof, there are blowing boxes (11,12) arranged for blowing out air in at least some of the pockets (4,5) situated on opposite sides of the web, each of said pockets being formed by the web and three cylinders lying consecutively in the travelling direction of the web.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method vitrifying radioactive fission prods in liquid solution. The liquid solution is pumped in metered quantities from a feed container to a vitrifying oven. The offgas occurring during vitrification is scrubbed of entrained radioactive dust particles and the like by a scrubbing liquid in a scrubber. In order to obtain a simplified sequence of method steps for metering the liquid solution and for scrubbing the offgas, the radioactive fission product solution from the feed container itself is used as the scrubbing liquid. This fission product solution is taken from the feed container and conducted to the counterflow scrubber through which it is passed in a direction opposite to the flow of the offgas. The fission product solution used as a scrubbing liquid is returned to the feed container after passing through the counterflow scrubber.

Abstract: A device for drying textile material has a closed housing accommodating a conveying means comprising a sieve drum that is under a suction draft and that is covered to prevent flowthrough of gases in the zone not contacted by the textile material; a fan associated with an end face of the sieve drum for withdrawing the gaseous treatment medium from the sieve drum and for blowing the gaseous treatment medium back into a space around the sieve drum; and an annular gap provided between a fan intake connection, or duct, and a wall provided with the drum spider for supporting the sieve drum. The gap is surrounded by an annular duct open toward the gap into which terminates burners of a direct flame heating unit for heating said gaseous treatment medium.

Abstract: A honeycomb grilled conduit is constructed of a channel having a pair of spaced-apart sidewall portions defining a channel opening with a honeycomb grill extending across the channel opening between the outer edges of the sidewall portions. The honeycomb grill of the conduit is raised outwardly of the edges of the sidewall portions so as to provide between the honeycomb grills of adjacent conduits an open flow area for the flow of the drying medium so as to provide a continuous drying surface.

Abstract: Apparatus for ventilating pockets in a multi-cylinder dryer of a paper machine of the type in which guide rolls are situated in spaces between adjoining drying cylinders and wherein a wire or felt has free runs between the drying cylinders and the guide rolls. With respect to a particular pocket to be ventilated, the apparatus functions to blow air through the inlet or incoming free run of the wire into the pocket with air being removed from the pocket at least partially through the following or outgoing free wire run following the guide roll. The apparatus comprises nozzle apparatus including a nozzle nose situated proximate to the incoming free wire run, at least two nozzles being defined by the nozzle nose which extend transversely to the direction of run of the wire. Air is blown through the nozzles into a space defined by the incoming free wire run facing the nozzles, by the guide roll and by the nozzle nose.

Abstract: A system for dehydrating the inking roller system of a lithographic rotary printing press includes providing a flow stream of pressure air or other dry gas across the inking roller system to evaporate water entrained with the ink and which has migrated from the plate cylinder through the inking roller system as a result of application of water to the plate cylinder. An elongated distribution manifold is mounted on the press in proximity to the inking roller distribution system and preferably in proximity to one or more of the vibratory rollers in direct contact with the inking rollers engaged with the plate cylinder.

Abstract: In a peripheral exhaust system for a high velocity dryer having dryer hood sections and respective supply and removal ducts associated with each section through which recirculating air used for drying is carried to and away from the sections, auxiliary exhaust ducts formed along the periphery of the sections adapted to receive a portion of the hot air used for drying that would otherwise enter the area surrounding the dryer hood and a portion of the cold air from the surrounding area that would otherwise enter the dryer hood. The exhaust ducts are connected by blowers to ducts which remove the air to a location remote from the web.

Abstract: Two openwork drums (8A, 8B) are supported and rotated above an inclined, curved partition (9) having a smooth surface. Dry air is introduced beneath this partition and then flows along an upwardly directed channel (10) to an outlet (11) from which a deflector (12) directs it through the knitted fabric (13) to be dried and through the drums (8A, 8B) to a moist air outlet (5) disposed above the partition (9).

Abstract: The invention relates to a simple mechanical system to effect removal, reduction or change in composition of boundary layered atmosphere associated with web passage around a heat transfer roll. In effect, the purpose of the invention is to eliminate the layer of air between the web and the heat transfer roll, or to eliminate as much air as possible so that better and more intimate contact is achieved between the web and the heat transfer roll, or to change the pressure and composition of the atmosphere, thus assuring higher efficiency of heat transfer from the roll to the web. The mechanical structure can involve a squeeze roll positioned between the heat transfer roll, squeezing the boundary layer of air attached to the web out prior to web contact to the heat transfer roll. In addition, the squeeze roll could utilize some type of vacuum associated with it.

Abstract: A web that is coated or imprinted on both surfaces has a straight stretch that emerges from a dryer enclosure in which the web is heated and extends to a chill roll around which a curved portion of the web is partially wrapped. A duct-like tunnel surrounding said stretch has its outer end near the chill roll. In a preferred embodiment, a nozzle at the outer end of the upper tunnel wall blows a blade-like jet against the curved portion of the web to force it into intimate engagement with the chill roll periphery and thus prevent accumulations of solvent vapor condensate thereon. Part of the jet air deflected by the web is guided inwardly along the web by the upper tunnel wall. Air outlets just above the lower tunnel wall, near its outer end and spaced at intervals across it, provide for inward air flow under the web. Practically all vapor emanating from the web after it leaves the dryer is thus driven into the dryer.

Abstract: A web moving in one direction and having partial wrapping engagement with a cylindrical surface of a rotating roller is impacted by an air jet which forces it into intimate contact with the roller, preventing intrusion of an air film between the roller and the portion of the web curved around it. The jet issues from a nozzle to which pressure air is fed (at, e.g., 3 psi) and the outlet of which is a slot long enough to extend across the full width of the web but as narrow as feasible, e.g., 0.030 in. The nozzle is so arranged that the jet impacts the web within a short distance (e.g., 1/2 in.) in the direction of web travel from the line of tangency of the web to the roller, and is close enough to the web (e.g., about 1/8 in.) to avoid substantial dispersion or divergence of the jet before it impacts the web. Effectiveness of the jet is due to the high pressure gradient in the direction of web travel that it imposes upon the web, not to absolute pressure.

Abstract: The system comprises a stationary drum with at least one end having a large open area, and a coaxial, rotatable cylinder of larger diameter than the stationary drum mounted for rotation about the stationary drum.The stationary drum has a plurality of circumferentially-separated, longitudinally-extending sets of gas baffles on its outside surface and a plurality of circumferentially-separated, longitudinally-extending sets of inwardly-extending louvers adapted to direct gas in an axial direction inside the stationary drum.First sealing members and circumferentially-separated second sealing members each extend across the annular space between the stationary drum and the rotatable cylinder to divide the annular space into two different pressure zones.

Abstract: A continuous sheet of paper fibers is fed to a rotatable drum, moved around the rotatable drum by the rotatable drum, and is fed from the rotatable drum at an area circumferentially spaced from the paper fiber feed-in area. The sheet is supported on the drum by a high percentage open area sheet support. The sheet support has channels for conducting hot gas from the inside of the drum against the inside surface of the sheet. The support also has means for conducting the hot gas along the inside surface of the sheet.

Abstract: A method and apparatus in a paper making machine for transferring a web from a pick-up fabric to a flow-through drying wire for transport of the wire supported web to a flow-through dryer cylinder including passing a section of the flow-through drying wire over the web supported by the pick-up fabric thereby defining a sandwich structure of the drying wire, the web and the pick-up fabric. A first vacuum is applied by a first vacuum member on the sandwich structure from the flow-through drying wire side over a narrow first detaching zone. The direction of the pick-up fabric with respect to the flow-through drying wire is deviated and a second vacuum is applied by a second vacuum member over a second detaching zone subsequent to the first detaching zone in the direction of web travel from the drying wire side thereof thereby securing the web on the flow-through drying wire. The pick-up fabric may thus comprise either a felt or wire structure.

Abstract: The described apparatus has utility as a doctor on a paper machine, as a drying element in an aircap dryer and as a sealing element in such a dryer. It involves a foot portion having an outer surface generally conforming to the curvature of the cylinder surface on which it is used. It is resiliently supported in close juxtaposition to the cylinder surface so that a gap diminishing in thickness towards one longitudinal edge of the foot portion is provided. At least two rows of nozzles communicate through the foot portion in order to project pressurized air into the gap. Each nozzle is angled relative to three orthogonal planes, one of which is tangent to the cylinder surface at the point where the nozzle axis meets the surface, another of which is parallel to the longitudinal edge of the foot portion. The flow from the nozzles is such as to support the foot portion and to seal the support flow from any disorganized flows.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improvement in a drying installation for treating a web of material including a drying hood having flow channels therein and heat sources and blowers for the circulation of a drying medium which is passed through apertures to said web and drawn off again through exhaust channels, the improvement comprising a plurality of profiled tube means mounted adjacent said web, the distances between said tube means constituting diffuser-like gaps serving as exhaust channels, and a plurality of apertures in said tube means directed toward said web, said apertures being in a triangular configuration and distributed over said tube means at a constant distance.

Abstract: An apparatus for the treatment of material in the form of webs, usually textile webs, with a heated treating fluid, e.g. hot air for the drying of the material, comprises a drum having a perforated periphery adapted to receive the web from a so-called float-dryer disposed above the drum. The treating fluid is forced through the perforations of the drum and contacts the web lying therealong. The float-dryer has a surface inclined downwardly toward the surface of the drum in a direction opposite the direction of rotation thereof and in a direction opposite the direction of rotation thereof and is provided with means forming a fluid cushion between the web and the float-dryer surface. The arrangement prevents the application of tensile stress to any significant extent to the web during the predrying and subsequent treatment thereof on the surface of the drum at the transition region between the predryer and the drum surface or elsewhere along the treating path.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for dehydrating suspensions by means of a vacuum filter and consisting of applying the suspension to the surface of the vacuum filter, directing steam along the path parallel to the surface and thereafter passing the steam into contact with the filter cake on the surface.

Abstract: A moisture profiling apparatus is provided for use with continuous running webs, particularly paper but useful for other permeable webs, having a series of adjacent compartments extending transversely of the web guide means and provided with means to selectively vary the quantity, velocity and temperature of gaseous drying medium impinging on the surface of the web, so as to modify variations in the moisture profile transversely of the web. The profiling hood is generally used in combination with a dryer drum, which may be a hollow drum provided with a plurality of transversely extending vacuum chambers and means to control the vacuum conditions in the drum chambers, so as to further modify the flow conditions of the gaseous drying medium, usually air.

Abstract: A fiber sheet manufacturing apparatus, such as a paper machine, is described, including a rotary through dryer for drying the sheet material on the same foraminous conveyor where it is initially formed. The dryer is provided with a plurality of separate vacuum chambers circumferentially spaced within the foraminous dryer drum, which are each in registration with a different one of a plurality of sources of hot air outside of the drum. The hot air is transmitted through the sheet material and the conveyor into the vacuum chambers to dry the sheet material. Each of the vacuum chambers and the hot air sources is independently controlled to provide different temperatures and vacuum pressures for more efficient and versatile operation. The air is transmitted from the vacuum chambers out of the drum through their separate exhaust conduits extending through the end of the drum and spaced from the drum support bearings.

Abstract: A cylinder dryer for drying wet paper sheet material comprises a plurality of heated cylinders arranged at two levels, the wet paper sheet during the drying process travelling in loops up and down around the cylinders. At least some of the cylinders are provided with hoods, the hoods of at least the upper level heated cylinders having extended wing members which have surfaces facing the wet sheet which project substantially parallel and in close proximity to the portions of the wet sheet that travel unsupported between alternate heated cylinders. The surfaces of the extended wing members have orifices for blowing streams of hot air substantially parallel to the sheet in and opposite to its direction of travel for stabilizing the sheet. The hood, in portions other than the extended wing portions, has orifices for blowing air toward the sheet for drying same.

Abstract: A toner image carried upon a substrate is fixed by placing the toner image in close juxtaposition to an absorbent web carrying a volatile toner solvent. The toner particles are softened and caused to adhere to the substrate by the action of the vapors emanating from said web. In order to protect the environs from the solvent vapors, the web is enclosed within a substantially sealed housing when laden with said solvent.

Abstract: Textile fabric previously impregnated with THPOH is treated to retard inflammability by passage therethrough of toxic ammonia gas in apparatus which permits the THPOH-NH.sub.3 reaction to be carried out in a sealed chamber preventing escape of the toxic gas. The invention operates to confine the gas in a flow path whereby substantially all of the gas flowing through the apparatus is passed directly through the fabric. The fabric is passed through the sealed chamber by means of gas-tight entrance and exit portals. A perforated drum is mounted within the chamber and the fabric is passed about the perimeter of the drum. Sealing elements cooperating with the drum confine ammonia gas introduced into the interior of the drum to flow only through those perforations covered by fabric.

Abstract: Apparatus for drying a traveling web which is permeable to air, has a rotating foraminous drum on which the web is wrapped and screw-type propellers mounted in each end of the drum, the diameters of the propellers closely approaching the inside diameters of the drum. Rotation of the propellers effects suction in the drum. Provision is made for heating air to be sucked through the web into the drum, and optionally for recirculating more or less of the air flowing from the ends of the drum back to the drum's periphery.

Abstract: A continuous decatizing machine comprises a perforated decatizing cylinder supplied with steam. A fabric web to be decatized is passed around the cylinder and is pressed against the cylinder by means of backing cloths. Pressure is applied to the backing cloths by means of strips which are impermeable to steam.

Abstract: A toner image carried upon a substrate is fixed by placing the toner image in close juxtaposition to an absorbent web carrying a volatile toner solvent. The toner particles are softened and caused to adhere to the substrate by the action of the vapors emanating from said web. In order to protect the environs from the solvent vapors, the web is enclosed within a substantially sealed housing when laden with said solvent.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for drying a moving web utilizing one or more air caps each including an apertured plate together with a high pressure plenum which is arranged to deliver high pressure air through the apertures in the plate to impinge against the web. The geometry of the plates, their spacing from the web and the positioning of exhaust means are correlated to provide a minimum amount of cross flow interference thereby improving the heat transfer and ultimately the efficiency of the drying operation.

Abstract: Apparatus for drying a travelling web, particularly a paper web. A hot air delivery structure is mounted adjacent the periphery of a steam heated cylinder to direct jets of hot air against travelling web supported on the cylinder. At least part of hot air delivery structure is moveable transversely of the cylinder periphery and the jets of hot air produce a surface effect to hold air delivery structure away from engagement with the web. Movement of hot air delivery structure is preferably achieved by flexure of that structure.