Abstract: An improved fire detector unit has a plastic base defining a smoke chamber for detection of a smoke density in terms of light scattering due to the smoke particles in the smoke chamber. The base carries a circuit board mounting a light emitting element, a light receiving element, and other components forming a fire detecting circuit responsible for generating a fire warning signal based upon the detected smoke density. A metal-made electromagnetic shield is molded into the base to protect the light receiving element from electromagnetic radiation noises. The electromagnetic shield includes a ground terminal for connection with a ground line of the circuit board. In addition, terminal pins are molded into the base for electrical and physical connection of the circuit board to the base.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a detector arrangement inlcuded in a preventative, protective system. The sensor lobes of at least two sensor units or sensor sections are arranged to cover the cross-sectional area of a tubular transport device. The arrangement includes a unit for evaluating the output signals of the sensor units, and an activation unit which is adapted to evaluate sensed sub-intensities relating to wavelength ranges and each deriving from said sensor units and to thus coordinate received wavelength-related and sub-intensity-dependent signals for calculating and establishing therefrom the relevant disposition of the particle to initiate fire and/or explosion or some other danger.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flame monitor for an oil- or gas-operated burner, having a photosensor which detects the optical flame radiation and an evaluation circuit which is connected downstream of said photosensor and ascertains whether the radiation received by the photosensor corresponds to that of a burning flame and, in the event of a negative result, generates a switch-off signal for the fuel supply, wherein the evaluation circuit determines the number of zero crossings of the processed signal of the photosensor within a predetermined unit of time and compares it with a predetermined limit value, a switch-off signal for the fuel supply being generated when said limit value is undershot, the signal of the photosensor, freed from the DC voltage component and noise, being processed by corresponding amplification to form square-wave pulses.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flame detector for detection of the presence of a flame or spark in front of the detector comprising a UV sensitive photocathode (12; 21) and an anode (14; 22), respectively, wherein the UV sensitive photocathode is oriented such that UV light from a flame present in front of the detector can strike the photocathode; a voltage supply unit (18; 23) connected to the UV sensitive photocathode and to the anode to force photoelectrons emitted from the UV sensitive photocathode when struck by UV light from a flame present in front of the detector to move towards the anode; and a readout arrangement (15-17; 24) adapted to detect charges induced by electrons moving towards the anode to thereby detect the presence of a flame in front of the detector. The flame detector can be combined with an alarm unit (33) to form an automatic alarm (31).

Abstract: A method of detecting a fire in a scene by infrared (IR) radiation image processing comprises the steps of: receiving a sequential plurality of IR radiation images of the scene, each image including an array of picture elements (pixels), each pixel having a value that is representative of the pixel's portion of IR radiation intensity in the array of the scene image; identifying a region of pixels in one image based on pixel values; tracking the region through images subsequent the one image to determine a change of the region that meets predetermined IR radiation criteria; and detecting the fire in the scene based on the determined change of the region. In one embodiment, the step of tracking includes the steps of: identifying the region in images subsequent the one image; and comparing the identified regions of the one and subsequent images to determine a change of the region that meets the predetermined IR radiation criteria.

Abstract: A fire detection device luminance data over a time period longer than a repetition period of movement of a flame, to generate resampled data, and a device that calculates an average value of N (natural number equal to or larger than 2) items of the resampled data, and determines that the input image is an image of a flame, by comparing a count of sampled data items larger than the average value, or a count of sampled data items smaller than the average value, with a predetermined value.

Abstract: A flame sensor for sensing the presence of a flame in a burner. The signal from the sensor is passed to an amplifier located adjacent to the sensor and amplified without having a sensor signal contaminated with common mode radiation. The selectively amplified signal between 15 and 80 Hz is processed by a microcontroller located remotely from the sensor and amplifier which microcontroller may terminate or continue burner operation. The integrity of the connection circuitry between the amplifier and the microcontroller is also monitored and burner shutdown occurs if there is a fault in such circuitry.

Abstract: An intrusion detector for detecting an intrusion into a protected space overlying a predetermined surface is provided. In one embodiment, the intrusion detector includes a housing to be mounted over the surface and including an infrared radiation sensor for sensing moving infrared radiation sources, and a transparent window thereover, a plurality of lens elements formed in the transparent window each oriented to receive infrared radiation from a moving infrared radiation source within a predetermined viewing zone of the protected space and to transmit infrared radiation from said source to the sensor; an alarm; and a control system for receiving the electrical output of the sensor and for outputting an alarm signal to the alarm when an infrared radiation source is detected simultaneously within at least two of the predetermined viewing zones.

Abstract: A method for testing a fire sensing system detecting fires in closed spaces on the basis of the pictures of an electro-optic camera comprises the following procedural stages:

Abstract: A method of operating a computer for smoke and flame detection comprising the steps of: receiving digitised images of the region to be monitored; comparing pixels of one of said images with pixels of another said image according to two predetermined procedures to produce a flame present decision and a smoke present decision; and providing a fire detected signal according to said smoke present and flame present decisions.

Abstract: A method of detecting a fire in a scene by infrared (IR) radiation image processing comprises the steps of: receiving a sequential plurality of IR radiation images of the scene, each image including an array of picture elements (pixels), each pixel having a value that is representative of the pixel's portion of IR radiation intensity in the array of the scene image; identifying a region of pixels in one image based on pixel values; tracking the region through images subsequent the one image to determine a change of the region that meets predetermined IR radiation criteria; and detecting the fire in the scene based on the determined change of the region. In one embodiment, the step of tracking includes the steps of: identifying the region in images subsequent the one image; and comparing the identified regions of the one and subsequent images to determine a change of the region that meets the predetermined IR radiation criteria.

Abstract: A flame-sensing element and supporting circuitry is disguised by installing it in an object normally found within the type of room in which it is to monitor. In the best example, a lavatory is monitored by installing a mock fire-safety sprinkler head on the ceiling; the glass-bulb trigger element of a sprinkler head is replaced with a glass bulb flame-sensing element. Alternatively, the glass bulb flame-sensing element and associated electronics may be concealed in a housing designed to house a room deodorant, an air purifier of the ultraviolet or ozone-generating type, a reservoir for a liquid toilet bowl or urinal deodorant, behind the grille of a ventilating air vent, behind the grille of a loudspeaker housing, or within the housing of a smoke detector. The disguise or concealment is meant to hide the apparatus from notice by a surreptitious smoker who would smoke tobacco in an area wherein smoking is prohibited, especially in school lavatories.

Abstract: A scattering light smoke alarm has a light transmitter and a light receiver arranged so that a scattering point of the light transmitter and the light receiver are located outside the scattering light smoke alarm in a free space, a cover for protecting the light receiver and the light transmitter, and an element for distinguishing between smoke and other foreign bodies which are located in an area around the scattering point.

Abstract: A process and system for flame detection includes a microprocessor-controlled detector with an array of sensors for sensing radiant energy from a fire or other heat source. A wide band infrared sensor is used as the primary detector, with near band and visible band sensors serving to detect false-alarm energy from non-fire sources. A narrow band sensor, such as a 4.3-micron sensor, may also be employed in the sensor array, and assists in the detection of hydrocarbon fires. Digital signal processing is used to analyze sensed data and discriminate against false alarms. A modulation index of one of the sensors (preferably the wideband IR sensor) is calculated by the microprocessor using measurements of the signal extremes (i.e., maxima and minima). A fire situation is not declared unless the modulation index falls within a prespecified range, such as between 5% and 85%. A multistage alarm system can be provided, which is selectively triggered by the microprocessor.

Abstract: A sensor of incident ambient photons is combined, in a detector with one or more sensors responsive to other types of ambient parameters such as gas, humidity, temperature or the like. Outputs from the sensors are processed to establish the existence of one of a hazardous condition, a non-hazardous condition and a false alarm.

Abstract: The method according to the invention of monitoring a flame uses the known principle that a direct current signal (IF) of different magnitude is produced in dependence on the presence or intensity of the flame from an ac voltage signal. That purpose is served for example by ionization electrodes (3) or ultraviolet sensors (4, 4a) which in dependence on the intensity of the flame produce a corresponding direct current signal. When the flame is extinguished no direct current signal is produced. The direct current signal (IF) is detected by an evaluation circuit (6) and converted into a first output signal (A), wherein conversion is effected by various further circuit elements (7, 9, 10) in such a way that differently changing output signals (A1, A2) are obtained depending on the respective flame intensity.

Abstract: An apparatus for flameout detection to be used with a furnace having a sight hole tube for inspection of a flame. The apparatus comprises a fixed portion adapted for being mounted to the sight hole tube and being electrically connected to a control system. The fixed portion defines a first see-through channel being positioned opposite a sight hole of the sight hole tube, whereby the flame is visible therethrough. A detachable portion has a sensor device disposed therein a second see-through channel. The detachable portion is releasably mounted to the fixed portion such as to engage a contact connection therewith. The sensor device is disposed opposite the first see-through channel of the fixed portion for flameout detection therethrough, wherein the detachable portion is electrically disconnected upon being detached from the fixed portion.

Abstract: The thermographic system to check and prevent fires in a vehicle including at least a plurality of sensors held up by an arch structure and apt to detect the temperature of as many points of the vehicle as the number of sensors and a logic control unit connected to the above mentioned sensors, generating at least an alarm signal if the temperature detected by at least one of the sensors exceeds a pre-established value, which changes (or can change) according to the point of the vehicle checked by the sensor that detected the anomalous temperature. if the thermographic system is placed near a fixed/obligatory way, further sensors fitted into the ground allow to keep under control even the lower part of the vehicle.

Abstract: A flame detection apparatus has a focused array based sensor which is responsive to radiation having a predefined wavelength for generating an image of the infrared radiation emitted within a monitored region, and means for measuring the spectral ratio of the intensity of radiation having a first wavelength emitted within the monitored region to the intensity of radiation having a second wavelength emitted within the monitored region. Processing means analyses the output of the focused array based sensor and the spectral ration measuring means for responses indicative of the presence of a flame within the monitored region.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flame detector for detection of the presence of a flame or spark in front of the detector comprising a UV sensitive photocathode (12; 21) and an anode (14; 22), respectively, wherein the UV sensitive photocathode is oriented such that UV light from a flame present in front of the detector can strike the photocathode; a voltage supply unit (18; 23) connected to the UV sensitive photocathode and to the anode to force photoelectrons emitted from the UV sensitive photocathode when struck by UV light from a flame present in front of the detector to move towards the anode; and a readout arrangement (15-17; 24) adapted to detect charges induced by electrons moving towards the anode to thereby detect the presence of a flame in front of the detector. The flame detector can be combined with an alarm unit (33) to form an automatic alarm (31).

Abstract: A flame detector for a burner system having a flame during combustion that emits UV radiation, has a low gain UV sensor, a capacitor, a band pass filter receiving the capacitor's signal, and a rectifier receiving the band pass filter signal and providing a rectifier signal. A low pass filter receives the rectifier signal and provides a flame signal as an output whose magnitude is indicative of presence or absence of flame. An optical filter interposed between the UV sensor and the flame and having optical bandpass characteristics attenuating UV radiation outside the wavelength associated with the flame, improves operation.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for an event detector using an array of passive infrared detector elements, which uses interchangeable spectral filters and lenses to permit detection of a range of event types, which normally each require individual detectors with specific spectral/optical designs.

Abstract: A fire detection device comprises a detection element to convert the infrared ray energy into the electric signal, a first extracting unit to extract the signal of a first prescribed frequency range including the flicker frequency of a fire from the output signal of the detection element, a second extracting unit to extract the signal of a second prescribed frequency range including no flicker frequency of a fire but including the frequency on the higher frequency side than that of the first prescribed frequency range from the output signal of the detection element, and a judging unit to judge a fire based on the output signal of the first extracting unit and the output signal of the second extracting unit. The fire detection device is capable of surely discriminating and detecting the flame from other infrared ray energy generation source. A band pass filter or the like need not be increased in number, and the increase in the product price can be prevented.

Abstract: A smoke alarm having both an ionization detector and a photoelectric detector coupled to each other to generate an alarm signal when either of the detectors senses a potential fire. The smoke detector includes a power supply circuit having both an AC power supply and a DC battery power supply. During normal operating conditions, the AC power supply operates both the ionization detector and the photoelectric detector of the smoke alarm. Upon power interruption, the DC battery supply provides power to operate both the ionization detector and the photoelectric detector. The smoke alarm includes an interconnect that allows multiple smoke alarms to be coupled together.

Abstract: An ionic flame monitor. The flame monitor has a flame rod that produces an ionization current when the flame rod is immersed in a flame and excited by a voltage. The ionization current has a DC component and an AC component each dependent on the intensity of the flame, and a flicker frequency. The flame monitor also has a computing device that is responsive to signals representative of the flicker frequency, and the AC and DC components of the ionization current for determining the existence of the flame.

Abstract: A process and system for flame detection includes a microprocessor-controlled detector with at least three sensors. A wide band infrared sensor is used as the primary detector, with near band and visible band sensors serving to detect false-alarm energy from nonfire sources. Digital signal processing is used to analyze sensed data and discriminate against false alarms. A multistage alarm system can be provided, which is selectively triggered by the microprocessor. Spectral recording and analysis of prefire data is provided for. The detector can be housed in an enclosed, sealed, removable, plastic housing that may include an integral plastic window lens.

Abstract: A flame management system comprises two flame detector units which are arranged to view different regions of at least one flame and are connected to separate channels of a processor. Each detector unit has at least two operating modes, such as an infra-red and an ultra-violet operating mode, or a normal and a sensitive infra-red or ultra-violet mode, etc. and is switchable between those modes by the processor. The processor thus selectively processes the output of the two units and actively controls the operating mode of each to obtain responses appropriate to the type and/or condition of the or each flame being monitored. In order to enable both IR and UV monitoring from a single detector unit, the detector includes at least one photo-sensitive member together with an optical element such as an IR filter which operates selectively to deliver an undivided IR or an undivided UV compact to the at least one photo-sensitive member.

Abstract: A heat detector that includes a temperature sensing and testing circuit that provides an increased accuracy temperature sensing range and a push-to-test circuit that is electronically functional at low ambient temperatures. The heat detector includes a sensing circuit consisting of a voltage divider formed from a supply resistor and a thermistor. The thermistor is connected directly between a detector voltage input to a control unit and ground. The push-to-test circuit includes a parallel combination of a test resistor and a transistor each connected between the supply resistor and a voltage source. During normal operating conditions, base current is supplied to the transistor such that the transistor functions as a short circuit connection between the supply resistor and the voltage source. Upon depression of a push button, the base of the transistor is connected to the emitter such that the transistor acts as an open circuit.

Abstract: A system for airborne detection of fires and transmission of fire location and characteristic data to the system ground station. The system includes an airborne pod and an associated ground station. The pod uses a passive infrared (IR) scanning system which employs a rotating and nutating mirror within an air slipstream driven propeller/spinner and is optically coupled to an infrared detector. A computer in the pod receives fire pod GPS position, IR detector fire spot detection pulse or ‘hit’ plus fire spot characteristics, spinner/mirror rotation and nutation angle at the ‘hit’ time and pod platform attitude relative to North-East-down using an on board Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The computer then calculates the firespot GPS location, and processes associated firespot characteristic data and downlinks this data to the ground station. Onboard pod video scene cameras also provide operational video that is also downlinked to the ground station.

Abstract: The present invention relates to flame detection apparatus and method. The present invention provides a method and apparatus for monitoring the status of a combustion unit having at least one bumer. Initially, a digital image of a flame corresponding to a flame is acquired. Next, a value for the relative light intensity of a frame defining an area of the image corresponding to the flame for the burner is calculated. The relative light intensity value is compared against a tolerance range for the frame. If the relative light intensity value is outside the tolerance range then an alarm state output is generated.

Abstract: A method, and a system for implementing the method, for detecting whether a flame is an on state or alternatively is in an off state. The method includes (i) detecting the flame and generating therefrom a flame signal capturing one or more attributes of the flame; (ii) using a high-order cumulant-to-moment formula to determine high-order cumulants for a random variable process representation of the flame signal; and (iii) determining whether the flame is on or off using the high-order cumulants. The method includes the step of applying the high-order cumulant-to-moment formula in a self-learning algorithm to determine flame-on high-order cumulants and flame-off high-order cumulants for the flame. Step (iii) includes comparing the high-order cumulants to the flame-on high-order cumulants and the flame-off high-order cumulants to determine whether the status of the flame is on or off.

Abstract: There is described a detector which is suitable for use as a fire detector. The detector has two channels which allow for discrimination between energy received from a fire and a “false fire”. False fires are sometimes detected as a result of radiation from a so called “cold”, black body radiation source which flickers at a frequency of between 1 and 20 Hz. In the past, these gave rise to false alarms being triggered. The invention overcomes the problem by having a notch filter which when used in combination with another filter, ensures that detected radiation at, or around, 4.3 &mgr;m is transmitted to a sensor. A processor then compares the received value with a value computed by interpolating between signals received from two other channels. If a threshold value is exceeded an alarm is triggered. The invention thus overcomes disadvantages with prior art systems as signals from cold black body sources are rejected as false.

Abstract: A process and system for flame detection includes a microprocessor-controlled detector with at least three sensors. A wide band infrared sensor is used as the primary detector, with near band and visible band sensors serving to detect false-alarm energy from nonfire sources. Digital signal processing is used to analyze sensed data and discriminate against false alarms. A multistage alarm system can be provided, which is selectively triggered by the microprocessor. Spectral recording and analysis of prefire data is provided for. The detector can be housed in an enclosed, sealed, removable, plastic housing that may include an integral plastic window lens.

Abstract: A smoke alarm on the scattered radiation principle. Having a measuring field (5), accessible to smoke particles, in a measuring chamber, at which field the radiation direction of a radiation transmitter (6) is aimed, and scattered radiation occurring in the measuring field (5) can be received by a radiation receiver (7); the measuring chamber includes a portion of the hollow ellipsoid (3) which is mirror-coated on the inside; the measuring field (5) is disposed at the first focal point (1) of the hollow ellipsoid; the radiation receiver (7) is disposed at the second focal point (2) of the hollow ellipsoid (3).

Abstract: A detector includes a sensor of an ambient condition. Outputs from the sensor are sampled at a predetermined rate when the outputs do not represent an alarm condition. The outputs are analyzed using pattern recognition techniques to determine if a predetermined profile, which precedes the presence of an alarm condition, is present. In the event that the profile is detected, the sample rate is increased along with associated sample value processing. The detector includes a programmable processor coupled to the sensor. The processor includes pattern recognition instructions for detecting the presence of the predetermined profile. The processor also includes instructions for altering the sampling rate in response to the detected presence of the profile. A second sensor can be incorporated to provide sample rate altering signals.

Abstract: A traffic sign for use in a paved road has a housing with an open upper end. A holder is vertically movably received in the housing. A light emitting unit is installed in the holder to move therewith. A transparent plate is mounted on the holder to move therewith. The transparent plate permits a light from the light emitting unit to transmit therethrough. A space is defined between a bottom of the housing and a lower end of the holder to permit the vertical movement of the holder in the housing. An elastic support ring has an inner wall fixed to an outer surface of the holder and an outer wall fixed to an inner surface of the housing. Projections are formed on the elastic support ring. Each projection projects upward beyond the transparent plate. Recesses are provided by the elastic support ring. Each recess is defined between the projections, so that the light from the light emitting unit is viewed through the transparent plate and each of the recesses.

Abstract: A fire detection system cross correlates the responses of a temperature and smoke sensing units to achieve early-detection characteristics. The system also performs threshold-type detection on the smoke obscuration, temperature, and rate of temperature rise. If any of the thresholds are surpassed, the same alarm condition will be set. As a result, the detection characteristics of the resulting detector can be no worse than the conventional threshold-only systems. The system advantageously, however, provides for the early detection of fires that satisfy the cross correlation characteristics. Thus, it achieves the best performance characteristics of both approaches.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for detecting fire in a monitored area.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flame monitor for blue-burning flames having a photosensor whose output signal is evaluated in such a manner that the fuel supply is switched off not only when the flame is extinguished but also when its color moves too far into the yellow band.

Abstract: An aspirated-type detector includes a housing with an internal ambient condition sensing region and a sensor carried therein. The housing is perforated with ambient atmosphere inflow ports. A fan or similar device lowers the pressure in the internal region thereby producing a positive inflow of adjacent, external ambient atmosphere into the sensing region. Alternatively, the fan can be operated to inject exterior ambient atmosphere into the sensing chamber under positive pressure. The fan can also be modularized. The detector can incorporate control circuitry for supervisory or signal processing purposes.

Abstract: A flame sensor for sensing flame produced by the burner of a furnace. The sensor includes a closed end tube having a photosensitive element located therein. The photosensitive element is sealed off from any external light so as to only respond to infrared wavelengths of light emitted from the end of the tube when subjected to a flame produced by the burner of the furnace.

Abstract: A system for the detection of fire in an apparatus or device having a fan and a pump, comprising means 20, 25 for detecting the presence of a pre-condition of fire, control means 30 for deactivating the fan on detection of said precondition, and fire detector means 35 for detecting smoke or fire in the absence of air movement.

Abstract: A fire and smoke detector utilizes a statistical analysis of the near infrared radiation incident on it. The spectral radiation intensities incident on the fire detector are continuously measured at two near-infrared wavelengths, and a time series of apparent source temperatures is obtained from these measurements. The power spectral density and the probability density function of the apparent source temperatures are sufficient to determine the presence of a fire in the vicinity of the detector. The detector can indicate the presence of a fire in an adjoining room from the radiation which is incident on it due to reflections from common building materials. The present invention relates to fire and/or smoke detection methodology and associated apparatus. The detector utilizes fiber optic as a viewing and absorption/scattering detection means.

Abstract: A driving unit generates a driving current corresponding to a light generation control signal CTL supplied from a light generation controlling unit. The driving current is supplied to an LED. Light emitted from the LED impinges on a light receiving circuit through a space of a monitoring area. The received light level of the light receiving circuit is converted into a received light level signal RLV in an A/D. The received light level signal RLV is supplied to a smoke detecting unit and the light generation controlling unit. The received light level signal RLV is monitored in a short period by the smoke detecting unit. When the received light level signal RLV is equal to or lower than an alarm level, an alarm signal ALM is output. The light generation controlling unit compares the received light level signal RLV with a reference level in a long period.

Abstract: A system for indicating by means of at least one warning light the residual heat of at least one pan support grid for a gas burner in domestic cooking or heating appliances controlled by an electronic control device, in which the residual heat of the grid is measured indirectly by the electronic control device on the basis of data relative to the flame level set for the burner and the time for which said flame level is maintained, these data being corrected by a factor which takes account of the physical characteristics of the grid, such that the warning light is and remains activated when the residual heat of the grid exceeds a predetermined safety threshold (A) for its handling by the user.

Abstract: A wireless integrated smoke detector and temperature monitoring device. The device comprises a photoelectric sensor for determining the presence of smoke, thermistor for providing a temperature signal reflective of the temperature level, processing means for monitoring the smoke and temperature, and transmission means for transmitting messages to the alarm system controller. Rather than transmitting the actual temperature to the system controller, the transmitter transmits a status message which comprises status bits for low temperature trouble condition, smoke or heat alarm, and also low temperature trouble condition with smoke or heat alarm. To conserve battery power, the device alternates between a sleep mode and a wake mode. During the wake mode the trouble conditions are checked by the processor and if necessary, a status message is transmitted.

Abstract: A process and system for flame detection includes a microprocessor-controlled detector with at least three sensors. A wide band infrared sensor is used as the primary detector, with near band and visible band sensors serving to detect false-alarm energy from nonfire sources. Digital signal processing is used to analyze sensed data and discriminate against false alarms. A multistage alarm system can be provided, which is selectively triggered by the microprocessor. Spectral recording and analysis of prefire data is provided for. The detector can be housed in an enclosed, sealed, removable, plastic horsing that may include an integral plastic window lens.

Abstract: A high-temperature warning indicator is provided for attachment to a firefighter's helmet. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the indicator is in the form of a dual-color LED mounted in the tip of a highly insulated, lightweight housing. A microprocessor located within the housing and coupled to a temperature sensor activates the light, changes it from solid to flashing modes, and changes the color of the light as various temperature/time thresholds are reached. A clamp or similar mounting device is provided for securing the device to the brim of the firefighter's helmet.

Abstract: Characteristics of a flame within a turbine or burner are determined based upon ultraviolet, visible, and infrared measurements of the flame. The measurements include the amplitude of frequency bands that are indicative of an efficient combustion process, such as those that increase when the flame temperature increases. The measurements also include the amplitude of frequency bands that are indicative of an inefficient combustion process, such as those that do not vary, increase a relatively small amount, or decrease when the flame temperature increases. The temperature of the flame may therefore be determined accurately, to facilitate efficient operation of the turbine or burner, while minimizing polluting emissions.

Abstract: An automated fire extinguishing apparatus includes a turret with a nozzle connected to a water supply. A plurality of sensors are used to detect a fire monitored by the apparatus. The signals from the sensors are used to aim the nozzle toward the fire and to initiate water ejection therefrom. After the fire is extinguished the water is turned off.