Abstract: An improved visibility detector and method emit infrared radiation away from an infrared emitter; detect an amount of infrared radiation backscattered by an airborne visibility impeding agent; and generate a backscatter signal in response to the amount detected. In one embodiment, the detector detects an amount of the infrared radiation that is not backscattered; generates a reference signal in response thereto; determines an actual amount of the infrared radiation backscattered; determines whether the actual amount exceeds a prescribed threshold; and generates an alarm signal in event the actual amount is determined to exceed the prescribed threshold.

Abstract: Apparatus comprises a probe for measuring snow pack movement, comprising a mobile element adapted to contact and be displaced by the snow pack, a static element linked to the mobile element by linkage means and adapted to remain stationary relative to the ground, and measuring means to measure relative movement of the two elements. The mobile element comprises a wand (16; 166) adapted to be placed in contact with a snowpack and having tilt means (20(a); 20(b); 168) that permit the wand to tilt away from the vertical in response to lateral movement of the surrounding snow pack. The measuring means comprises a movement sensor (50; 170) connected to the wand that measures the resulting movement of the wand. Data relay means transmits electronic signals generated by the movement sensor to a remote data collection and storage means.

Abstract: A detection system for use in an aircraft which is able to monitor atmospheric conditions ahead of the aircraft, generate an alarm signal if adverse atmospheric conditions exist ahead of the aircraft and generate information which indicates the position of the adverse conditions so the adverse conditions can be avoided. The system is able to detect the presence of volcanic ash cloud ahead of the aircraft and, if desired, can also be used to detect a high density of sulphur dioxide gas and/or clear air turbulence ahead of the aircraft. The system monitors infrared radiation received by the aircraft, generates intensity signals representative of at least one predetermined wavelength of the radiation and compares intensity signals with reference signals or intensity signals of another infrared wavelength.

Abstract: A tracking buoy including a sensor to detect the presence of hydrocarbons in a body of water and a communication system to transmit data to a remote monitoring center when the hydrocarbons are detected to indicate the direction and speed of travel of the hydrocarbons in the body of water.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for sensing one or more physical parameters, including acoustic waves having frequencies from approximately 0 Hz to 15 Hz, electromagnetic waves having frequencies from approximately 0 Hz through 35 Hz and seismic waves having frequencies from approximately 0 Hz through 15 Hz, and detecting precursor seismic activity indicated therein. Acoustic waves are sensed using an infrasonic transducer that produces an electrical signal representative of such waves. Electromagnetic waves are sensed using a suitable antenna, the antenna preferably comprising AC power lines. The antenna produces an electrical signal representative of such waves. Seismic waves are sensed using an accelerometer that produces an electrical signal representative of such waves.

Abstract: In a vehicular warning system for sensing the approach of severe weather, a pressure sensor generates a first signal representative of the barometric pressure. A computer, coupled to the pressure sensor through the electrical system of the vehicle, generates a second signal responsive to the first signal changing in a time series pattern correlated with a known time series pattern representative of a severe weather system. The computer is coupled through the electrical system of the vehicle to the horn and/or lights for generating warning signals responsive to receiving the second signal, but only when the vehicle is not in the operating mode.

Abstract: A relative visibility measuring process measures and stores a reference propagation time of a measurement pulse over a reference distance between a pulse propagation time rangefinder and a reflector under ideal conditions. A reference amplitude of a measurement pulse, which is reflected by the reflector under ideal conditions, is measured and stored. An actual signal which is equal to the time response of the received signals of the rangefinder under actual conditions, is measured and stored. A determination is made of an actual amplitude which is equal to the amplitude of a time element of the actual signal having a propagation time equal to the reference propagation time. A determination is made of the ratio of the actual amplitude to the reference amplitude and comparison of the ratio with a threshold value which is dependent on the visibility to be determined.

Abstract: A process and a system for controlling a windshield wiper, in particular on a motor vehicle, in which a rain sensor is located on the glass to be wiped and within the region of the windshield wiper. The sensor outputs a sensor signal as a function of the amount of moisture. The signal is detected periodically and, when a reference degree of moisture is reached during a measurement cycle, the system produces a triggering signal and the windshield wiper is activated. The wiping process takes place even when the windshield wiper is wetted with moisture only to a slight but nevertheless disturbing extent. In the process, when a degree of moisture below a reference degree of moisture is present at the end of the measurement cycle, this degree of moisture is included additively to the degree of moisture of a further measurement cycle. Thereupon, the degree of moisture of the further measurement cycle is compared with the reference degree of moisture.

Abstract: An integrated control system for use with an atmospheric sounding device and a telemetry receiving system. The control system controls sounding device preparation and deployment for semiautomated preparation that is operator assisted, or fully automated preparation that is periodically assisted. Deployment is fully automated and accomplished by local or remote terminal, time delay, or user input command. The control system receives and manipulates telemetry received by way of a telemetry receiving system that automatically tracks a transmitting sounding device, or is manually directed toward a transmitting sounding device by user input command. Prior to the present invention, sounding device preparation and deployment was a manual labor intensive process requiring more than one operator and subject to failure and inconsistent telemetry.

Abstract: An earth-tremor-responsive light contained in a main housing is described having a back member for mounting against a vertical wall and a light transmitting front cover; a stand-by battery; a light emitter; electrical circuit elements connecting the battery to the light emitter through an inertial switch which is actuated by acceleration resulting from earth tremors, the inertial switch including a switch chamber having a generally horizontal shallow upwardly-facing conical surface with a central apex at a lower point thereof; a spherical ball urged by gravity to rest in a central disposition on the conical surface; a vertical shaft projecting externally of the main housing and disposed in the chamber aligned with the central apex and above the ball, the shaft being guided for vertical movement in the chamber and having a lower end resting on top of the ball; a spring urging the shaft downwardly to a set position against the ball at rest in its central disposition, whereby a peak acceleration resulting from a

Abstract: A sensor that transmits data in response to detecting turbulence. The sensor is located somewhere within an aircraft. A modification circuit is connected to the sensor. This modification circuit may include a threshold detector for passing on signals exceeding a selected threshold. Other functions provided by the modification circuit could include averaging of signals and determining whether a threshold has been exceeded more than once within a particular amount of time or how many times the threshold has been exceeded within a selected amount of time. An adjustment circuit adjusts the signal based on the characteristics of the aircraft. This adjustment circuit is employed to standardize the indication of turbulence in aircraft having different characteristics. For example, a large aircraft and a small aircraft would require different adjustments of the signal to produce a standard indication of turbulence.

Abstract: An earthquake sensor includes a base support, a first element pivotably supported onto the base support at a first pivot location, a second element pivotably supported onto the first element at a second pivot location and sensor apparatus operative to sense earthquake actuated vibration of the second element and to provide an output indication thereof.

Abstract: An oil spill detection system to detect and track oil spills and transmit data to a remote monitoring center comprising a buoyant detection platform including at least one detection sensor to detect the presence of hydrocarbons in the water adjacent the buoyant detection platform and generate a detection signal in response thereto and a communication system operatively coupled to the detection sensor to receive the detection signal and to generate a data signal in response to the detection signal and to transmit the data signal to the remote monitoring center, the data signal including a discrete platform identification signal corresponding to the buoyant detection platform, and a deployable free floating tracking buoy to be deployed when the detection signal is generated to indicate the direction and speed of travel of the oil slick created by the oil spill.

Abstract: An electronic device for a vehicle detects the number of rotations of a wheel of a vehicle, calculates the distance covered by the vehicle, measures the atmospheric pressure to provide data on the atmospheric pressure, obtains a height corresponding to the measured atmospheric pressure from a height-atmospheric pressure conversion table stored in a RAM on the basis of the measured atmospheric pressure data, calculates an tilt of a road where the vehicle travels on the basis of the height and the measured covered distance, detects a gear corresponding to the calculated tilt from a gear change conversion table, drives a transmission to put the gear in the meshed state. In order to apply a barometer to a weather forecast, an actual height where the vehicle travels is calculated on the basis of data on a tilt of the road measured by an inclinometer attached to the vehicle and the calculated covered distance.

Abstract: An efficient optical radiation detector for lightning or other light signals such as pulses, bursts, flashes, and steady fluctuations. A silicon photodiode (or similar light-sensitive silicon device) is arranged to receive light signals (infrared, visible, ultraviolet, broadband, etc.) of interest. The photodiode is connected across the primary winding of a properly-designed transformer. The transformer-coupled photodiode circuit gives AC coupling, photodiode bias, voltage gain, and several other desirable detector characteristics. Light fluctuations on the photodiode produce variations of photocurrent in the transformer primary circuit which, in turn, induce current in the secondary winding and circuit of the transformer. The current induced in the secondary circuit of the transformer is used to do useful work (such as energize an audible alarm, increment a counter, latch a relay, etc.

Abstract: A river ice motion detector system for detecting ice run conditions in or to warn communities downstream that flooding from ice jams is possible, comprises a voltage source, a multi-meter, a detector unit and a plurality of sensor loops, all having communication with each other. The voltage source provides an input signal to the detector unit and then to the sensor loops. The sensor loops provides a second signal back to the multi-meter in response to the input signal. The detector unit has a plurality of resistors and a plurality of switches, the values of the resistors determined providing large step differences, allowing the detector unit to determine which of the sensor loops is broken indicating a possible ice run. The switches are normally closed, providing a test for the system when the switches are deliberately opened.

Abstract: This invention relates to an automatic, emergency or weather alert interface system between a first communication system, on which an emergency alert signaling tone is transmitted to indicate the occurrence of an emergence condition, and a second communication system, different from the first communication system. In operation, an emergency alert signaling tone is received from the first communication system by the emergency alert interface system which causes a prerecorded alert message to automatically be transmitted on the second communication system for an adjustable number of cycles wherein the audio from the prerecorded alert message is mixed with the audio from the second communication system so as to permit both audio messages to simultaneously be transmitted on the second communication system.

Abstract: Systems are provided to derive a value of barometric pressure at a defined location in the atmosphere at a computed geometric height. By using the geometric height in a look-up table of pressure/height values representing a standard atmospheric profile, atmospheric deviation data indicative of the difference between measured and reference pressures at that atmospheric location (C) is derived. Ground-based interrogators (10,20) located at spaced positions are used to initiate response signals from airborne transponders commonly installed in transient aircraft (C). Using resulting range data based on round-trip timing differences in signals sent to (12,16) and received from (16,14) the airborne transponder (C), geometric analysis and computation is used (18) to determine the geometric height of the transponder representing a specific atmospheric location.

Abstract: A lightning and storm warning system capable of distinguishing lightning flashes from other light flashes and indicating to an operator of the existence of a lightning flash even under high ambient illumination conditions. The device may include a visual display indicating the severity and location of the storm and providing an indication of the time progression of the lightning rate.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring transient earth current includes a detection electrode and a second electrode disposed beneath the surface of the earth in vertical alignment with one another at depths greater than those to which electromagnetic waves generated above the surface of the earth having commercial power line frequencies penetrate, such that the electrical resistance between the detection electrode and the second electrode is on the order of several tens of thousands of ohms, and a charge detector for detecting only high frequency components of a current flowing between the detection electrode and the second electrode. On the basis of these detected high frequency components, the likelihood of an occurance of an earthquake may be determined.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for detecting the seismic signal generated by a tornado and providing timely warning of the tornado's approach. The invention involves the use of a geophone or velocity transducer (3) to detect the seismic surface waves generated by the tornado. The output of the geophone passes to the microchip (4) installed with the alarm system (5) within the building (6). Within the microchip the signal passes through the A/D converter (7), to the band-pass filter (8), and then to the signal-to-noise comparator (9). When the signal-to-noise ratio exceeds a specified level, the switch (10) is closed and the alarm (5) is activated.

Abstract: A tornado detector includes a microphone which monitors outdoor noise for increasing amplitude within a frequency range characteristic of a tornado. When the sound pressure level within the passband of the detector exceeds established thresholds, logic is applied to determine whether the level is increasing at a rate indicative of an approaching tornado and therefore whether an alarm is to be sounded.

Abstract: A new and improved wind velocity signalling apparatus includes a first wind velocity sensing and signalling assembly which is connected to a support structure (such as a gabled roof) and which senses and signals the occurrence of wind of a predetermined velocity. An alarm assembly sounds an alarm upon receiving a signal from the first wind velocity sensing and signalling assembly upon occurrence of the predetermined wind velocity. The first wind velocity sensing and signalling assembly includes a wind scoop assembly for receiving wind, a wind vane fixed onto the wind scoop assembly for directing the wind scoop assembly into the wind, and a bearing assembly connected between the wind scoop assembly and the roof. A wind velocity sensor assembly receives wind pressure from wind scooped up by the wind scoop assembly and senses a predetermined wind velocity.

Abstract: The apparatus which predicts the onset of thunderstorm and the occurrence of close thunderbolts, includes a composite sensor with several metal pipes radially installed with equal separation on a hemispherical electrode. A plurality of corona needles are provided on the insulator at the end of each metal pipes, and the needles are electrically connected together within the composite sensor. The hemispherical electrode is connected to a circuit that counts the number of electric field-changes for certain time intervals. In case the receiving frequency exceeds the pre-determined level, it issues a first alarm. The groups of corona needles are connected to the circuit that measures the corona current, and issues a second alarm, in case the current a pre-determined level. In addition, the circuit includes circuitry that picks up the large amplitude corona current changes that the polarity change and issues the thunderbolt warning.

Abstract: An earthquake sensor in which a weight falls from a support surface and activates a switch in the event of an earthquake. The support surface is preferably a bell with its opened end downward and the weight resting on a concave, recessed region at the closed end of the bell. The bell is preferably supported by a shaft along the axis of the bell, the tip of which the bell pivots about like a pendulum. A conductive cylinder encircles the bell near its bottom. When the earth moves, the weight falls down the inclined surface of the bell, wedging between the bell and the cylinder, forcing the bell to pivot over to electrically connect the bell to the cylinder. In an alternative embodiment, the weight electrically connects the bell and the cylinder, and the bell does not pivot.

Abstract: An earthquake warning device including a speaker disposed in a housing, a casing disposed above the housing, a pair of electrically conductive sheet members disposed in a lower portion of the casing and electrically coupled to the speaker, a support disposed in the casing having a flat upper surface, and an electrically conductive ball disposed on the flat upper surface of the support. The ball will move away from the flat upper surface and downward to electrically connect the sheet members together when a vibration occurs to cause the speaker to generate a warning sound.

Abstract: An omnidirectional lightning ranging, identification and protection system having circuits that produce no false alarms or failures to alarm, responsive to cloud to ground and cloud discharges, capable of differentiating between cloud to ground and cloud discharges insensitive to background noise, autonomous with respect to power and communications conductors for operating reliably in the presence of nearby lightning discharges, requiring no field calibration, that provides local and remote lightning rate and range data, and that provides mechanisms for automatically signalling and disconnecting electrical equipment for the purpose of lightning protection. The system has circuits that are responsive to the electric field changes produced by lightning discharges in the frequency range between 2 khz and about 200 khz and to time coincident optical radiation in the 6000 to 9000 angstroms wavelength range.

Abstract: A method is described for determining the return stroke polarity of distant lightning for distances beyond 600 km by detecting the electric field associated with a return stroke of distant lightning, and processing the electric field signal to determine the polarity of the slow tail of the VLF waveform signal associated with the detected electric field. The polarity of the return stroke of distant lightning is determined based upon the polarity of the slow tail portion of the waveform.

Abstract: A temperature monitor comprising two circular metallic plates which are disposed in the horizontal plane in a spaced-apart configuration, the upper plate having a mirrored top surface and a black bottom surface, the lower plate having a black top surface and a mirrored bottom surface, and a temperature sensor mounted in the space between the two plates. The plates are fastened in the spaced-apart configurataion by use of nylon bolts, and the temperature sensor is mounted using nylon or other electrically insulating washers. The entire apparatus is mounted on wood or PVC supports. A thin layer of temperature-stabilized air is traped in between the two plates, allowing the temperataure sensor to achieve great accuracy.

Abstract: A system and method are provided for the automated prediction of lightning strikes in a set of different spatial regions for different times in the future. In a preferred embodiment, the system utilizes measurements of many weather phenomena. The types of measurements that can be utilized in approximately the same geographical region as that for which the strike predictions are made. This embodiment utilizes a correlation network to relate these weather measurements to future lightning strikes.

Abstract: A current transformer detects a ground fault current and outputs a secondary current signal to heat a filament disposed in an airtight flash lamp upon the occurrence of a ground fault. With heating of the filament, an ignition material is ignited in the lamp and causes weakening of the glass bulb of the lamp. A moving member pressing against the lamp shatters the weakened lamp and is displaced, thus releasing an indicator to project from a holder to a ground fault indicating position.

Abstract: A lightning and strobe light detector and warning system capable of distinguishing strobe light and lightning flashes and indicating to an operator of the existence of a flash even under high illumination background conditions. The device may comprise a plurality of detectors and therefore not only distinguish between the strobe and lighting flashes but also indicate the direction of a flash.

Abstract: A hot-stick mountable, line powered, EHV conductor mounted environmental monitoring apparatus. The sensor module contains sensors for monitoring solar insolation, wind speed, lightning flashes, ambient temperature, relative humidity and dew point, precipitation, conductor icing, acoustic corona detection and conductor vibration. The power line environmental monitoring sensor module is configured to be corona free and can be installed on or removed from an energized high voltage power conductor. Data commensurate with the measured parameters is communicated from the sensor module to a Central or Regional Power Dispatch Center via a Geosynchronous Orbiting Environmental satellite (GOES) or to a ground station in the vicinity of the sensor module.

Abstract: A system for predicting the occurence of microburst/windshear comprising at least one sensor for receiving lightning produced signals, a processor for processing those received signals to produce data and generate a warning when the processed data indicates that a microburst/windshear is about to occur.

Abstract: An earthquake predicting magnetometer having a compass assembly with a graduated dial and an adjustbly positionable magnet assembly having magnetic poles oriented opposite the direction markings on the compass dial. The device is oriented to the cardinal points using the compass. Then the magnet is adjusted in proximity to the compass assembly until the magnet counterbalances the magnetosphere of the earth. This leaves the compass needle facing east or west. When the magnetosphere of earth weakens prior to a major seismic event, the compass needle will point to the south on a graduated scale on the dial, indicating an imminent quake of large magnitude.

Abstract: The detection of brief pulses generating high frequencies is carried out by a system including: sensor for detecting an electrostatic field and for detecting an electromagnetic field, such that the variation of the electrostatic field ocurring in a period of time of less than 1 millisecond may be identified. A signal activator for warning about the presence, in an interval of time of less than 1 millisecond, of the variation of the electrostatic field detected and of the electromagnetic field, allowing identification of a pulse due to an electrostatic discharge from furniture or human beings. The invention is applicable to the detection of pulses due to electrostatic discharges.

Abstract: An apparatus for sensing the electrical potential of a positive electrostatic field which is primarily below the surface of the earth, and observing the changes in a series of each reading is accomplished by means of an instrument employing a column of mercury in a small-diametered quartz tube, which is open on its lower end with means connecting to the other end for changing the level of mercury within the tube. A conductive coating on the exterior of the tube is connected to an electrometer and the coating is arranged to be selectively grounded or ungrounded in conjunction with changing the level of the mercury column. The readings for the electrometer provide a measure of the electrostatic field.

Abstract: The device for visibility measurement is designed primarily for use in motor vehicles. A light emitter is arranged inside the driver's compartment preferably on the rear view mirror in front of the windshield. The light emitter generates light pulses or flashes radiating through the windshield. The light scattered back due to soiling on the inside and outside of the windshield or in scatter zones, formed by fog or smoke or the like, in front of the windshield, impinges a light sensor, preferably likewise arranged on the rear view mirror inside the driver's compartment. By utilizing light pulses of various wavelengths and processing of the output signals of the light sensor in predetermined or predeterminable time windows or intervals, not only the respective visibility but also the type of viewing impairment can be determined.

Abstract: An ice sensor for the remote rapid indication of ice formation or the presence of ice is a fiber optic "switch", activated by ice but not by water, and based on the difference in optical properties between water and ice. The approach is to construct a "fiber optic" which itself is the ice sensor. The fiber optic sensor (FOS) is designed so that no light is transmitted when water is present but as soon as ice begins to form, light is relayed. Thus ice switches on the light- In addition, limited quantitative information can be made available on the rate of ice formation. Alternatively the sensor can be formed of another type optical waveguide instead of an optical fiber. The ice sensor is formed by placing spaced stripes of a clad material on a fiber optic core, or other waveguide structure, where the clad has a refractive index close to ice and the core has an index greater than the clad but less than water.

Abstract: Detection of lightning, storms, or the like via sensing means connected between an external antenna and ground, plus alerting means including gate means and indicator means operatively connected to the sensing means. An unpowered cascaded emitter-follower arrangement of at least a Darlington pair of transistors triggers the gate means when lightning-induced or similar fluctuations in ambient electric field cause the sensing transistors to conduct. A pulse-stretcher between the sensing means and the gate means controls the duration of indication and includes a capacitor connected to discharge through a sensing transistor during conduction of the sensing means and to recharge through a gate transistor during actuation of the indicator means. Resistors between the antenna and ground and between the base and the emitter of the respective transistors in the sensing means preclude actuation by fluctuations characteristic of slower-acting phenomena.

Abstract: A method for detecting earthquakes comprises the steps of picking up pre-earthquake long waves or earth currents at four or more observation points located underground or at the sea bottom, carrying out a computation based on the interrelation among the so-obtained= signals to obtain the three-dimensional distribution of the sources and intensities of the long waves or earth currents, and predicting the focal region, scale and time of occurrence of earthquakes from the time-course variation in the so-obtained three-dimensional image of the wave source.

Abstract: An array of sensors responsive to atmospheric electrostatic fields is deployed, preferably with the sensors elevated above the ground. Suitable sensors are corona point sensors having a stainless steel needle. The corona current signals from the sensors are digitized and processed to determine the peak in the rate of sharp discontinuities in the electrostatic field. The peak in the rate of sharp discontinuities precedes a thunderstorm microburst by several minutes. The signal processing apparatus also generates equipotential contour maps of electrostatic field for spatially locating a microburst. The latter signal may also serve as a predictor for windshear since anomalous electric fields caused by charge carrying downdrafts may occur without lightning.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining wind characteristics, including compass direction and inclination to the horizontal, includes a hemispherical frame on which a plurality of resonant chambers are mounted, defined by tubes with axes passing through the center of curvature of the hemisphere. One end of each tube is closed, and the end toward the center of curvature is open. Wind blowing across openings appropriately orientated will cause air within the chamber to resonate and create a sound. Each tube has a sound detecting unit for producing a signal when the chamber is resonating, and a computer receives the signals and determines from them the direction of the wind.

Abstract: A system for automatic and real time detection of water and icing on surfaces by monitoring variations in light energy transmitted through an optical fiber having a specially processed sensitive area probe. The sensitive probe area is positioned on, about or within the surface on which icing is to be detected. Because of differences in optical indices of refraction and energy absorption characteristics of air, water and ice, the presence of each of these at the processed sensitive area will cause a proportional and characteristic attenuation of the light energy passing through the optical fiber. Changes in light energy transmission can be interpreted automatically to provide an indication of icing. A reference optical circuit may be used to provide compensation for variations in input energy levels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for locating and evaluating surface and subsurface anomalies by detecting, monitoring or measuring transient or local variations respectively which occur in an alternating component of a vertical current having a frequency characteristic which emanates from the earth'surface in the region being monitored or measured. For locating fixed anomalies, local variations which occur in the amplitude, frequency and frequency modulation of the alternating component of the vertical current are measured. For detecting the passage of moving or transient anomalies, a stationary detector is positioned to detect any change in the vertical alternating current leakage in the vicinity of the detector which is caused by a moving or transient anomaly such as a submerged submarine, seismic activity, or sustained severe wheather. For accuracy enhancement and redundancy, simultaneous measurements of the signal strength in multiple frequency bands may be used.

Abstract: Detection of lightning, storms, or the like via detecting means connected between an external antenna and ground, plus alerting means operatively connected to the detection means. An unpowered cascaded emitter-follower arrangement of at least a Darlington pair triggers a powered alerting circuit via an intervening gate opened when a fluctuation in ambient electric field causes the first transistor in such pair to conduct. A meter indicates such conduction even if the alerting means is not switched on, and alerting indicators in the alerting means may be tested in the absence of any detected field fluctuation.

Abstract: A tornado warning system uses a superhetrodyne receiver to detect electromagnetic energy produced by a tornado. The automatic gain control signal of the receiver is used to generate an intermediate signal having a time duration corresponding to the time when the automatic gain control is at or above a predetermined level. The intermediate signal is of constant amplitude and is integrated. Upon the integration reaching a predetermined level, an alarm initiate signal is produced which turns on an alarm drive and, in turn, sounds an alarm.

Abstract: An apparatus for providing a map-like display of weather phenomena such as lightning discharges, in which the distance from an observation location to the source of the discharge is determined from the ratio of the integrated intensity of two different components of lightning produced signals, the intensity of the first component varying as the inverse of the distance and the intensity of the second component varying as the inverse of the square of the distance.

Abstract: A frame member having two side walls and two end walls surround a cavity, and a cylindrical member is supported for pivoting in the cavity of the frame member. A magnet is mounted on a side of the cylindrical member, and at least one magnetic switch is mounted on a side wall of the frame adjacent to the magnet. When the cylindrical member pivots beyond the predetermined angle, the magnetic switch will be actuated.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for detecting magnetic and electromagnetic waves or fields through use of non-superconducting materials. The present invention relates to apparatus which are used to measure such fields in order to predict earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other violent earth movements which generate substantial abberations in magnetic and electromagnetic fields. The present invention can be used to detect any fluctuating magnetic or electromagnetic fields regardless of their origin. The present invention incorporates the use of antennae for the electromagnetic components and coils to detect magnetic fields, in conjunction with electronic elements involving amplification, smoothing elements, frequency response networks, networks to make frequency response uniform within the band and notch filters where necessary.