Abstract: A method, apparatus and computer program is described, comprising: obtaining a first beam alignment dataset, wherein the first beam alignment dataset comprises measurement data for a first plurality of beam pair transmissions, wherein each beam pair transmission of the first plurality is between one of a plurality of communication beams of a first user device and one of a plurality of communication beams of a base station and wherein the first plurality of beam pair transmissions is a subset of all available beam pair transmissions between the first user device and the base station; and selecting a first beam pair combination for communications between the first user device and the base station, wherein the first beam pair combination comprises one of the plurality of beams of the first user device and one of the plurality of beams of the base station, wherein the means for selecting the first beam pair combination comprises a machine-learning model trained with a second beam alignment dataset.

Abstract: An Array-Fed Reflector (AFR) antenna assembly is provided comprising an AFR antenna comprising a feed array a reflector, and a mechanism for moving a position of the reflector relative to a position of the feed array such that a focal region of the reflector is movable with respect to the position of the feed array.

Abstract: A source terminal, for communications with a destination terminal via satellite links to two clusters of satellites, comprises a transmitter and a multibeam antenna system. The transmitter includes a preprocessor and a bank of modulators. The preprocessor performs a K-muxing transform, which has an inverse transform, on M concurrent input data streams to generate concurrently M output data streams, M>1. Each output data stream is a linear combination of the M concurrent input data streams. The bank of modulators transforms N of the M output data streams into N signal streams, N?M. The multibeam antenna system transforms the N signal streams into N shaped beams and radiating N1 of the N shaped beams towards the first cluster of satellites and N2 of the N shaped beams towards the second cluster of satellites, where N1 and N2 are positive integers and N1+N2=N.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and testing. In some aspects, a device may receive information identifying a mount orientation of a wireless communication device, wherein the mount orientation indicates an orientation of a coordinate system of the wireless communication device relative to a coordinate system of a positioner. The device may capture measurement information at each position of a set of positions of the wireless communication device, wherein the set of positions comprises positions of the wireless communication device as the wireless communication device is rotated around an axis by the positioner, and wherein the measurement information is captured based at least in part on the mount orientation. The device may provide information identifying the measurement information. Some techniques and apparatuses described herein may use the measurement information to generate a codebook for beam generation. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: A feed array is provided that may be installed in a reflector antenna provided with a single or dual reflector optics. The feed array includes a radiating array for transmitting/receiving radiofrequency signals, a digital beam forming network, a reception conversion unit for applying a frequency down-conversion and an analog-to-digital conversion to incoming radiofrequency signals to obtain incoming digital signals. The feed array includes a transmission conversion unit for applying a digital-to-analog conversion and a frequency up-conversion to outgoing digital signals generated by the digital beam forming network to obtain outgoing radiofrequency signals. The digital beam forming network processes the incoming digital signals by using a reception matrix, and generates the outgoing digital signals by using a transmission matrix, with the matrices computed based on electric field values measured by the radiating array in the focal region.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for communicating RF signals is described. In one embodiment, the apparatus is evidenced by a multi-band integrated antenna assembly comprising a blade antenna having a conductive ground plane, a planar antenna array for communicating a second signal, and a signal processor. The planar antenna array transmits and receives signals using a passive Rotman lens beam former that can be utilized in environmentally challenging applications.

Abstract: A source terminal for communications with a destination terminal, both located near or on earth surface, via satellite links to a cluster of satellites in corresponding slightly inclined Geostationary Satellite Orbits (GSOs). The source terminal comprises a transmitter which includes a preprocessor to perform a K-muxing transform on M concurrent input data streams to generate concurrently M output data streams, M>1, each of the M output data streams being a linear combination of the M concurrent input data streams, the K-muxing transform having an inverse transform; a bank of modulators to transform the M output data streams into N signal streams destined for the destination terminal, N?M; and a multibeam antenna system to dynamically track and communicate with the cluster of satellites. The multibeam antenna system transforms the N signal streams into shaped beams and radiates the shaped beams towards the cluster of satellites.

Abstract: The disclosure provides for a communication system. The communication system includes a station moving relative to a geographic area, a plurality of antennas, and one or more processors configured to control the plurality of antennas. For instance, the one or more processors may be configured to control a first antenna of the plurality of antennas to output a primary beam to cover the geographic area, wherein the primary beam is associated with a primary cell having a first center frequency, and to control a second set of antennas of the plurality of antennas to output a plurality of secondary beams to cover a plurality of locations within the geographic area, wherein the plurality of secondary beams each has a beam angle smaller than the primary beam, and wherein the plurality of secondary beams are all associated with a secondary cell having a second center frequency.

Abstract: A configuration for optimized UE beamforming with a null space report. The apparatus establishes a connection with a base station. The apparatus transmits, to the base station, a UE report comprising one or more beamforming capabilities of the UE. The apparatus receives, from the base station, a null space report comprising null space information for the UE based on the beamforming capabilities reported by the UE.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for beamforming in a wireless communication system are provided. The method of supporting beamforming in a wireless communication device includes detecting a direction change of the wireless communication device while communicating with a peer device. The method of supporting beamforming in a wireless communication device also includes adjusting a beam direction for communication with the peer device based on information indicating a direction change of the wireless communication device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fifth generation (5G) or pre-5G communication system for supporting a data transmission rate higher than that of a fourth generation (4G) communication system such as long term evolution (LTE). The purpose of the disclosure is to detect beam misalignment in a wireless communication system, and a terminal operation method comprises the steps of: receiving multiple reference signals for a first period; receiving multiple reference signals for a second period; and determining whether a beam is misaligned, on the basis of a first measurement value set for the multiple reference signals received for the first period and a second measurement value set for the multiple reference signals received for the second period. The study has been performed under the support of the “Government-wide Giga KOREA Business” of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning.

Abstract: A high throughput fractionated satellite (HTFS) system and method where the functional capabilities of a conventional monolithic spacecraft are distributed across many small or very small satellites and a central command and relay satellite, the satellites are separated and flight in carefully design formations that allows the creation of very large aperture or apertures in space drastically reducing cost and weight and enabling high throughput capabilities by spatially reuse spectrum.

Abstract: An aircraft light comprises at least one light source; at least one sensor, an operating mode selector, and a transmitter. The sensor is configured for detecting current operational conditions and providing at least one corresponding sensor signal. The operating mode selector configured for determining a suitable light emission of the at least one light source based on the at least one sensor signal. The operating mode selector is further configured for determining the amount of electrical power needed for generating the determined light emission. The transmitter configured for transmitting a power request signal indicating the determined amount of electrical power to a power supply.

Abstract: It is inter-alia disclosed method performed by an apparatus, said method comprising: determining a plurality of potential installation positions for installing a plurality of monitoring and/or controlling apparatuses in a predetermined environment at least partially based on a radio coverage map for said predetermined environment, wherein each monitoring and/or controlling apparatus of said plurality of monitoring and/or controlling apparatuses is configured for monitoring and/or controlling one or more radio positioning support devices of a plurality of radio positioning support devices, and wherein said radio coverage map contains or represents a respective radio coverage model for each radio position support device of said plurality of radio positioning support devices.

Abstract: A system may include a node. The node may include a first software-defined radio (SDR) configured to support transmit and receive communications using a beyond line of sight (BLOS) waveform. The node may include a second SDR to support transmit and receive communications using a line of sight waveform while simultaneously being configured to support receive communications using a narrowband (NB) ultra high frequency (UHF) satellite communication (SATCOM) waveform. The node may include a SATCOM antenna configured to transmit and receive the communications using the BLOS waveform and to receive the communications using the NB UHF SATCOM waveform. The node may include a low noise amplifier (LNA) and triplexer assembly. The first and second SDRs may share the SATCOM antenna and the LNA and triplexer assembly.

Abstract: A method and system of a configurable phased array transceiver are provided. A first beamforming unit is configured to provide a first beam. A second beamforming unit is configured to provide a second beam. A first bi-directional power controller is configured to combine or to split the first beam and the second beam. Each beamforming unit comprises a plurality of radio frequency (RF) front-ends, each front-end being configured to transmit and receive RF signals. Each beam is independently configurable to operate in a transmit (TX) or a receive (RX) mode.

Abstract: A system and method of using a transceiver antenna formed on a fixed outer panel of a cubesat includes electrically coupling an RF feed to a first edge of the outer panel and electrically coupling an RF return to a second edge of the outer panel, the second edge being opposite from the first edge. The RF feed and the RF return being disposed approximately one half a height of the outer panel. An RF distribution plane is electrically coupled to the RF feed and the RF return by substantially equal length circuits. A communication system is electrically coupled to the RF distribution plane. The transceiver antenna does not require deployment and thus improves reliability.

Abstract: A method and system are presented for the formation of a constellation of small satellites (smallsats) for radar surveillance employing multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) radar operation. Such a constellation can be used for cost-effective fine angular resolution and persistent remote sensing of targets or regions above, below, or upon a planet's surface. Applications include, but are not limited to, surface mapping (including change detection), mapping of meteorological conditions, and monitoring of time-varying events. The method and system pertain to satellite configurations whose costs and aggregate masses are much less than those of traditional space-based radar measurements attempting to attain comparable angular resolution, while also providing intervals of persistent surveillance.

Abstract: A camera monitor system includes: a capturing device; a displaying device; a detecting device detecting at least one of a state of an engine switch of a vehicle, a state of an engine, a state of a gear shift, an open/closed state of a door, and a seated state of a driver; and a control device controlling consumed power by the capturing device and the displaying device on the basis of at least one type of detection output of the detecting device. The control device controls at least one of the capturing device and the displaying device to a low power consumption state when a specified time elapses since the detection output of the detecting device is changed.

Abstract: Methods and architectures for closed loop digital pre-distortion (DPD) in a multi-stream phased array communication system include sampling outputs, from transmit antennas or dedicated analog detectors, of a plurality of RF power amplifiers operating in transmission of multi-stream transmission, correcting or normalizing the detected outputs, summing the outputs into a combined DPD feedback signal and selecting pre-distortion vectors to be used in altering the output of the PAs.

Abstract: A base station for transmitting and receiving signals in a wireless communication system is provided. The base station includes a transceiver, and at least one processor configured to obtain reception antenna weights for the base station including an array of a plurality of antennas, and transmission antenna weights for at least one user equipment (UE), convert signals received from the at least one UE through a plurality of reception paths, into beam-domain signals, based on the transmission antenna weights and the reception antenna weights, combine the converted beam-domain signals by applying predefined combining weights to the converted beam-domain signals, and obtain data from the combined signals.

Abstract: A planar reflectarray system provides for bandwidth broadening by employing a tunable (amplitude and phase) feed array. The tunable feed array is adjustable in amplitude and phase to compensate for aberrations by enabling feed re-focusing and field matching. The techniques modestly increase the size of the feed array and use active tuning to effectively correct for de-focusing when operating reflectarrays at frequencies away from the tuned center frequency.

Abstract: Provided are a satellite operation service management system, a satellite operation service management apparatus, and a satellite operation service management method, and the satellite operation service management apparatus may include a ground station manager configured to generate a control signal for a space ground station based on the space ground station to be used for control of an artificial satellite and a time slot to be used by the space ground station; and a communicator configured to transmit the control signal to the space ground station to be used.

Abstract: A transmitting station according to the present invention includes a transmitting antenna capable of changing an orientation direction thereof and a control unit to control the orientation direction of the transmitting antenna in accordance with the orientation direction of the transmitting antenna, the orientation direction of the transmitting antenna and a receiving station for receiving data transmitted from the transmitting antenna being determined on the basis of an estimated value of a received signal quality at a receiving station that is a candidate of the receiving station for receiving the data transmitted from the transmitting antenna and an estimated value of an interference amount caused by reception of the data in another radio communication system.

Abstract: A transmitting station according to the present invention includes a transmitting antenna capable of changing an orientation direction thereof and a control unit to control the orientation direction of the transmitting antenna in accordance with the orientation direction of the transmitting antenna, the orientation direction of the transmitting antenna and a receiving station for receiving data transmitted from the transmitting antenna being determined on the basis of an estimated value of a received signal quality at a receiving station that is a candidate of the receiving station for receiving the data transmitted from the transmitting antenna and an estimated value of an interference amount caused by reception of the data in another radio communication system.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein for communications bandwidth enhancement using Orthogonal Spatial Division Multiplexing (OSDM). For example, large sparse antenna arrays may be able to distinguish between signals emitted by multiple nearly collocated antennas, even if the signals have the same frequency, polarization, and coverage. Thus, the use of a large sparse antenna array may be able to resolve/isolate individual antennas on a single platform, allowing for OSDM, analogous to Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiplexing (OFDM). Using OSDM, multiple antennas on the same vehicle are able to reuse the same frequencies/polarizations without interference, thereby increasing spectrum availability while still providing the same transmitter power spectral density and total RF power emission.

Abstract: A intelligent backhaul radio is disclosed that is compact, light and low power for street level mounting, operates at 100 Mb/s or higher at ranges of 300 m or longer in obstructed LOS conditions with low latencies of 5 ms or less, can support PTP and PMP topologies, uses radio spectrum resources efficiently and does not require precise physical antenna alignment.

Abstract: An angular error detecting device detects an angular error in a receiving direction of a frequency signal from a tracking target with respect to a front direction of an antenna based on a phase difference of a first reception signal received at a first receiving unit of the antenna and a second reception signal received at a second receiving unit having a receiving position in the antenna different from a receiving position of the first receiving unit. The angular error detecting device includes a reception signal output unit, a pilot signal supply unit, a pilot phase difference detection unit, a correction unit, and an angular error detection unit. The angular error detection unit detects the angular error based on the one side corrected at the correction unit and the other side that is not corrected of the sum signal and the difference signal.

Abstract: Some embodiments are directed to a radar imaging system that includes a radar transmitter configured to transmit radar at a target; an aperture including an array of physically independent airborne carriers, each of the carriers configured to receive radar echoes from the target; and a base station, which may be located at ground level, in communication with each of the airborne carriers to receive the radar echoes and determine an image of the target from the received radar echoes.

Abstract: A spacecraft includes an antenna reflector coupled with an antenna pointing mechanism (APM), a beam forming network including variable amplitude and phase (VAP) adjusting arrangements, a tracking feed that receives a beacon signal by way of the reflector, and an autotrack receiver that measures pointing errors of the reflector from the received beacon signal and outputs corresponding pointing errors to the APM controller and to a VAP element controller. The antenna reflector is illuminated by radiating feed elements configured as a phased array that produces, in a far field of the reflector, a set of user beams. The APM controller causes the APM to adjust the reflector pointing, at a frequency less than f1, to reduce the measured pointing errors. The VAP element controller adjusts pointing of the user beams by adjusting beam forming coefficients of the VAP adjusting arrangements at a second frequency greater than f1.

Abstract: A relay side receiving unit (931) receives a relay signal (99), an analog relay unit (932) outputs by analog processing the relay signal (99) whose frequency bandwidth is controlled, and a digital relay unit (933) outputs by digital processing the relay signal (99) whose frequency bandwidth is controlled. A relay side transmitting unit (934) transmits the relay signal (99) output by the analog relay unit (932), the digital relay unit (933). A relay side control unit (935) controls the analog relay unit (932), the digital relay unit (933) in accordance with an analog relay unit control signal (941A), a digital relay unit control signal (941D) indicating a frequency band of the relay signal (99).

Abstract: A method and system of a configurable phased array transceiver are provided. A first beamforming unit is configured to provide a first beam. A second beamforming unit is configured to provide a second beam. A first bi-directional power controller is configured to combine or to split the first beam and the second beam. Each beamforming unit comprises a plurality of radio frequency (RF) front-ends, each front-end being configured to transmit and receive RF signals. Each beam is independently configurable to operate in a transmit (TX) or a receive (RX) mode.

Abstract: A wireless transceiver using a phased array antenna panel for producing multiple beams includes receive antennas forming a receive configuration and transmit antennas forming a transmit configuration. The receive antennas form a plurality of receive beams and the transmit antennas form a plurality of transmits beams, based on phase and amplitude information provided by a master chip in the phased array antenna panel. The receive and transmit configurations can include sub-configurations, each sub-configuration forming one of the plurality of receive beams or one of the plurality of transmit beams. At least one receive antenna and at least one transmit antenna can be connected to a corresponding plurality of receive phase shifters and a corresponding plurality of transmit phase shifters respectively. The wireless transceiver can form a relay transmit beam based on a receive beam provided by a hardwire connection.

Abstract: A telecommunications platform comprises an antenna configured to generate a plurality of communications beams within a respective footprint on the surface of the Earth, wherein each communications beam provides data communications services over a respective cell coverage area on the surface of the Earth. The telecommunications platform further comprises a processor configured to control the plurality of communications beams of the antenna to form the respective cell coverage areas in a fixed cell pattern that remains essentially fixed relative to the surface of the Earth, such that, as the telecommunications platform travels through an orbit around the Earth, the footprint of the antenna sweeps across the fixed cell pattern and provides the communications services via the cell coverage areas of the fixed cell pattern that are within the footprint of the antenna at any given point in time.

Abstract: An indirect passive radar method and system utilizing information obtained from a non-direct source and reflected signals from an object to be identified to determine information associated with the object to be identified, such as speed, location, shaped, distance and so forth.

Abstract: A wireless transceiver using a phased array antenna panel for producing multiple beams includes receive antennas forming a receive configuration and transmit antennas forming a transmit configuration. The receive antennas form a plurality of receive beams and the transmit antennas form a plurality of transmits beams, based on phase and amplitude information provided by a master chip in the phased array antenna panel. The receive and transmit configurations can include sub-configurations, each sub-configuration forming one of the plurality of receive beams or one of the plurality of transmit beams. At least one receive antenna and at least one transmit antenna can be connected to a corresponding plurality of receive phase shifters and a corresponding plurality of transmit phase shifters respectively. The wireless transceiver can form a relay transmit beam based on a receive beam provided by a hardwire connection.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for improving RFID coverage using an antenna array having an adaptive antenna beam. The apparatus includes an RFID reader including an antenna array having a plurality of antenna elements. Subsets of the plurality of antenna elements are selectively activating in order to direct an antenna beam to communicate with at least one RFID tag. The method includes transmitting an interrogation signal from an antenna array by activating one or more subsets of a plurality of antenna elements forming the antenna array. In this way, the interrogation signal is directed thereby improving antenna coverage.

Abstract: A modularized feed array arrangement includes a plurality of radio frequency (RF) radiating elements, a plurality of waveguides positioned inboard of the plurality of RF radiating elements, each RF radiating element being electrically coupled with an outboard portion of one or more of the waveguides; and a plurality of modules, each module including a plurality of RF switches, a plurality of amplifiers, and a manifold panel that includes a plurality of RF choke joints. An inboard portion of each RF switch is electrically coupled with a respective amplifier. Each RF choke joint includes a proximal portion electrically coupled with an outboard portion of a respective one of the RF switches and a distal portion electrically coupled with an inboard portion of a respective one of the waveguides.

Abstract: In one implementation, interference generated by a constellation of satellites is mitigated. Each satellite is configured to provide multiple beams that define a coverage footprint. Anticipated positions are determined for satellites. Based on the anticipated positions, a determination is made that, during a defined period of time, portions of a coverage footprint for a first satellite will be covered by coverage footprints for other satellites. Based on this, a beam assignment for the first satellite is defined in which a first subset of beams configured to provide coverage of a first portion of the first coverage footprint are inactive, and a beam assignment for a second satellite is defined in which a second subset of beams are active, where the second subset of beams provide coverage within the first portion of the first coverage footprint.

Abstract: A satellite system can include one or more satellites that orbit the Earth. The one or more satellites may have satellite buses that support antenna arrays. The antenna arrays may include space fed arrays. Each space fed array may have an antenna feed array and an inner array that is coupled to a direct radiating array. The direct radiating array may operate in the same satellite band as the space fed array, or upconversion and downconversion circuitry may be used to communicatively couple a direct radiating array that operates in a different satellite band to the space fed array. The satellites may have peripheral walls with corner fittings that can be selected to provide the satellite bus with particular leg strengths. This can reduce overall mass of the satellites in a payload fairing while accommodating different types of antenna arrays.

Abstract: A non-geostationary satellite is configured to provide a plurality of spot beams that implement a first frequency plan at Earth's Equator and a second frequency plan away from Earth's Equator. The second frequency plan is different than the first frequency plan. In one embodiment, the non-geostationary satellite is part of a constellation of non-geostationary satellites, with each of the satellites providing spot beams that implement a first frequency plan at Earth's Equator and implement a second frequency plan away from Earth's Equator as the satellites travel in orbit around Earth.

Abstract: The disclosure includes implementations for determining a position of a vehicle using millimeter wave narrow beamforming. A method may include receiving a set of training packets that each uniquely identify a position on a portion of a roadway where the vehicle is located. Each of the training packets included in the set may be associated with only one of the millimeter wave narrow beams. The method may include identifying a training packet included in the set of training packets that has a highest receive power level among the set of training packets. The method may include determining the position uniquely identified by the training packet having the highest receive power level. The method may include determining positional information for the vehicle based on the position uniquely identified by the training packet having the highest receive power level. The positional information may describe a location of the vehicle on the roadway.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for beamforming in a wireless communication system are provided. The method of supporting beamforming in a wireless communication device includes detecting a direction change of the wireless communication device while communicating with a peer device. The method of supporting beamforming in a wireless communication device also includes adjusting a beam direction for communication with the peer device based on information indicating a direction change of the wireless communication device.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an antenna alignment method and device. The method comprises: according to an antenna type of an antenna and a pre-selected image element type, acquiring a standard feature image corresponding to the antenna type and the image element type from a feature image library; according to the standard feature image, determining an actual feature image of the antenna to be adjusted, wherein there is a correlation between the position of a main lobe in the standard feature image and an alignment direction of a main lobe in the actual feature image; and according to the position of the main lobe, determining the alignment direction of the main lobe in the actual feature image, and adjusting the antenna to be adjusted to the alignment direction of the main lobe in the actual feature image.

Abstract: An active phased array antenna system with hierarchical modularized architecture is introduced, which includes an array antenna and a beamforming circuit. The array antenna includes a plurality of antenna units, number of which is N and which are arranged in array form. The beamforming circuit is for receiving a plurality of input signals and a plurality of phase control signals, and includes a hierarchical circuit structure based on phase shifters, for outputting a plurality of output signals based on the input signals according to phase values corresponding to the phase control signals and combinations of the phase values; the output signals are respectively coupled to the antenna units so as to generate a radiation pattern, wherein number of the phase control signals is T, T<N, wherein N=?i=1PNi, M=?i=1PNi, M?P?T?M, Ni (i=1 to P), M, P are all positive integers, P?2, Ni?2.

Abstract: A device and method for tracking satellites and handing off from one satellite to another includes a linear phased array antenna capable of generating and receiving a radio signal beam and electronically pointing the beam, a first motor for tilting the antenna to mechanically point a radio signal beam generated with the antenna, a second motor for spinning or rotating the antenna to mechanically point the beam, and a controller for controlling the electronic and the mechanical pointing of the beam. The directions of the electronic and mechanical pointing of the beam is performed by selecting a certain angular profile for the second motor from the start point to the end point of the path and calculating a path of a satellite to be tracked from a start point to an end point.

Abstract: A communications system comprises a ground hub in a background area, aerial vehicles flying in a formation with slowly varying spacing between the aerial vehicles, and a user terminal in a region within a foreground area. The foreground area is spatially separate from the background area. The ground hub comprises a ground-based beam forming facility (GBBF) for receiving and transforming input signals into beam-formed signals, and a first antenna system coupled to the GBBF for transmitting concurrently the beam-formed signals in a first frequency band to respective aerial vehicles via respective background links. The aerial vehicles receive respectively the beam-formed signals via the background links and transmit respectively the beam-formed signals as respective signal beams covering at least the region within the foreground area in a second frequency band. The user terminal comprises a second antenna system for receiving concurrently the signal beams via foreground links to the aerial vehicles.

Abstract: A communication-satellite system for providing communication services to the entire Earth is based on a plurality of satellites in low-earth-orbit (LEO). The satellites orbit the Earth in a plurality of orbits, with multiple satellites in each orbit. This orbital arrangement results in some locations on the surface of the Earth receiving redundant satellite coverage. Embodiments of the present invention can selectively and adaptively rotate the orientation of some of the satellites so as to transfer some of the redundant coverage from locations where it is not needed to locations where the redundant coverage is advantageous.

Abstract: A high throughput fractionated satellite (HTFS) system and method where the functional capabilities of a conventional monolithic spacecraft are distributed across many small or very small satellites and a central command and relay satellite, the satellites are separated and flight in carefully design formations that allows the creation of very large aperture or apertures in space drastically reducing cost and weight and enabling high throughput capabilities by spatially reuse spectrum.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating electromagnetic radiation comprises a polarizable or magnetizable medium. A polarization or magnetisation current can be generated, in a controlled manner, whose distribution pattern has an accelerated motion, so that non-spherically decaying and intense spherically decaying components of electromagnetic radiation can be generated. The coordinated motion of aggregates of charged particles can give rise to extended electric charges and currents. The charged distribution patterns can propagate with a phase speed exceeding the speed of light in vacuo and that, once created, such propagating charged patterns act as sources of electromagnetic fields in precisely the same way as any other moving sources of these fields. That the distribution patterns of these sources travel faster than light is not, of course, in any way incompatible with the requirements of special relativity.