Abstract: Various embodiments that relate to a circular disk configured to radiate a signal. The radiating disk can include edge openings. Within these edge openings power supplies can rest. When the power supplies function, they can cause the circular disk to radiate with either a dipole pattern or a cardioid pattern. A controller can manage how these power supplies function depending on if the dipole pattern or the cardioid pattern is desired.

Abstract: An antenna structure includes a first antenna radiator, a second antenna radiator, and a first impedance matching circuit. The first antenna radiator and the second antenna radiator are disposed in a laminated or opposite manner, and a gap exists between the first antenna radiator and the second antenna radiator. The length of the first antenna radiator is greater than that of the second antenna radiator, and the resonant frequency band of the first antenna radiator is smaller than that of the second antenna radiator. The first end of the first antenna radiator is grounded, a first feeding point is provided on the first antenna radiator. The first end of the second antenna radiator is grounded, a second feeding point is provided on the second antenna radiator, and the second feeding point is connected to a second signal source.

Abstract: This application provides an antenna system and a wireless device, and pertains to the field of communications technologies. In this application, a decoupling resonator is connected to a first antenna, and a resonance frequency of the decoupling resonator is within an operating frequency band of a second antenna, so that the decoupling resonator can resonate within the operating frequency band of the second antenna. The decoupling resonator reduces coupling between the first antenna and the second antenna, and isolation between the first antenna and the second antenna is improved.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a bi-directional flat plate foldable unit, including a first row of antenna plates and a second row of antenna plates distributed along a first direction; the first row of antenna plates and the second row of antenna plates both include three antenna plates distributed in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, three antenna plates in the first row of antenna plates and three antenna plates in the second row of antenna plates are set opposite to each other and hinged to form a first rotating pair; any two antenna plates adjacent to each other in the same row of antenna plates are hinged to form a second rotating pair; three antenna plates in the first row of antenna plates and three antenna plates in the second row of antenna plates are connected by a vertical support mechanism, and the first row of antenna plates are connected to the second row of antenna plates by a lateral support mechanism.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a radio frequency (RF) circuit to transmit or receive RF signals. The apparatus further includes a loop antenna to transmit or receive the RF signals. The apparatus further includes an impedance matching circuit coupled to the RF circuit and to the loop antenna. The impedance matching circuit includes lumped reactive components.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus includes antennas, each having first and second feeding portions facing each other across a dielectric layer, and third and fourth feeding portions facing each other across the dielectric layer, and a signal application unit configured to apply a wireless communication signal to the antennas, and including a plurality of output ports, wherein the first and second feeding portions are configured to receive electric signals having a first polarization characteristic, and are respectively connected to first and second output ports that are different from each other among the plurality of output ports, and the third and fourth feeding portions are configured to receive electric signals having a second polarization characteristic that is different from the first polarization characteristic, and are respectively connected to third and fourth output ports that are different from each other among the plurality of output ports.

Abstract: An attachable booster antenna attachable to a coil antenna, includes a body; and an antenna including a multiple resonant antennas arrayed on the body, with each resonant antenna including an insulator layer having first and second surfaces; and first and second loop antennas disposed on the first and second surfaces, respectively, so as to confront each other via the insulator layer. Moreover, the first and second loop antennas each having an opening that discontinue a part of a loop and are arranged such that a closed loop is defined by at least a part of the first loop antenna and at least a part of the second loop antenna in a transparent plane viewed from a normal direction of the insulator layer. Furthermore, in the plan view of the insulator layer, the opening of the first and second loop antennas and the opening of the coil antenna overlap each other.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an antenna device including an integrated matching circuit being implemented by at least one controllable capacitor for a number of frequencies. The at least one controllable resonating capacitor determines a resonance frequency of the antenna device. An object of the invention is to provide a compact antenna device which can obtain a desired matching characteristic without using a separate matching circuit which limits miniaturization of the antenna system as a whole and forms a factor of limiting the efficiency of the antenna and raising cost when the antenna is incorporated into the terminal.

Abstract: Method for manufacturing an RFID tag comprising an IC and an antenna. The method comprising the steps of providing an antenna made of a soldering material, which antenna is at least partly covered with a hot melt adhesive in solid form; heating the antenna to a temperature above its melting point, wherein the heated parts of the antenna and the hot melt adhesive melt, placing an IC in a predetermined position which position is suitable for the IC to connect to the antenna; pressing the IC and antenna together, such that, an electrical connection between the IC and the antenna is established; and cooling RFID tag, such that the hot melt adhesive and the antenna solidify, wherein a soldered joint between the IC and the antenna is achieved and the hot melt adhesive surrounds the joint between the IC and the antenna.

Abstract: A self-grounded bowtie antenna arrangement including an antenna structure including a number of antenna petals including arm sections tapering towards a respective end tip portion and being made of an electrically, conducting material, the end tip portions being arranged to approach a base portion on a first side thereof and to be connected to feeding ports, a specific port being provided for each antenna petal. The base portion includes a conducting ground plane or a Printed Circuit Board, and each antenna petal is made in one piece from a metal sheet or similar, and it is adapted to be fabricated as separate units, and to be mountable onto a front or back side of the base portion or ground plane by means of surface mounting. The ground plane may be a Printed Circuit Board, meaning that the bowties can be mounted by automatic placement and soldering machines.

Abstract: A multi-column antenna having ports for different sub-bands is provided. In one aspect of the invention, power dividers couple the sub-band ports to the columns of radiating elements. At least one power divider is an un-equal power divider to allow a half-power beam width (HPBW) of one sub-band to be configured independently of the HPBW of the other sub-band. The ports may be combined at the radiating elements by diplexers. According to another aspect of the present invention, a multi-column antenna has a plurality of first sub-band ports and a plurality of second sub-band ports. Each of the first sub-band ports is coupled to one of the columns by a first sub-band feed network. Each of the second sub-band ports is coupled to two of the columns by a second sub-band feed network including a power divider. The different sub-bands have different MIMO optimization of the same multi-column antenna.

Abstract: Provided is a hybrid multi-band antenna array, including: a multilayer substrate board including a ground conductor structure having a first edge; a first antenna array including a plurality of folded loop antennas, all of which being integrated with the multilayer substrate board and arranged along the first edge sequentially, wherein the first antenna array is excited to generate a first resonant mode covering at least one first communication band; and a second antenna array including a plurality of parallel-connected slot antennas, all of which being integrated with the multilayer substrate board and arranged along the first edge sequentially, wherein the second antenna array is excited to generate a second resonant mode covering at least one second communication band, and a frequency of the second resonant mode is lower than a frequency of the first resonant mode.

Abstract: There are provided a chip electronic component and a board having the same. The chip electronic component includes: a substrate; a first internal coil part disposed on one surface of the substrate; a second internal coil part disposed on the other surface of the substrate opposing one surface thereof; a via penetrating through the substrate to connect the first and second internal coil parts to each other; and first and second via pads disposed on one surface and the other surface of the substrate, respectively, to cover the via, wherein the first and second via pads are extended in a direction toward portions of the first and second internal coil parts adjacent thereto.

Abstract: A passive, self-steering antenna device is provided along with methods pertaining to operations and controls of the antenna device. The antenna device can include a main antenna for receiving an unmodulated wireless signal, a power harvester configured to obtain power from the unmodulated wireless signal, a main circuit disposed in a central region of the antenna device, and a plurality of peripheral distributed antenna elements configured to modify the radiation pattern of the antenna device. The antenna device can be configured to operate automatically device without needing control information in response to receiving a message from another antenna. Related methods include operations and controls for such an antenna device including automatically performing actions to enhance communications with another antenna device by selecting and activating a subset of the peripheral antenna elements to create a radiation pattern.

Abstract: An antenna for the reception of circularly polarized satellite radio signals comprises a conductor loop that is arranged above a conductive base surface and that is configured as a ring line radiator that forms a resonant structure. Vertical radiators extending toward the conductive base surface are present at the periphery of the ring line radiator, with the excitation of the conductor loop taking place via one of the radiators as an active radiator. A specific number of passive vertical radiators galvanically coupled to the ring line radiator is furthermore provided.

Abstract: Embodiments herein describe an RFID reader tray which includes a receptacle for detecting RFID tags disposed on physical items. In one embodiment, a sidewall is disposed around the periphery of a bottom support structure and extends away from the bottom support structure to form the receptacle. The reader tray includes an RFID antenna disposed under the bottom support structure on which the items can be placed. The material of the bottom support structure is selected such that RFID signals emitted by the RFID antenna can radiate through the bottom support structure and reach RFID tags placed on items in the receptacle. In one embodiment, the reader tray includes a shield for reflecting the RFID signals so that the most of the RFID signals radiate through the bottom support structure and into the receptacle.

Abstract: A wireless communication system includes a first antenna, a second antenna with an orientation relative to the first antenna that is changeable around a predetermined axis, and a communication control unit that controls wireless communication based on electric field coupling between the first antenna and the second antenna. The first antenna includes a first electrode including a bored portion, where the predetermined axis passes through an inside of the bored portion. The first antenna also includes a second electrode located inside the bored portion The second antenna includes a third electrode that transmits an electric signal between the first electrode and the third electrode and a fourth electrode that transmits an electric signal between the second electrode and the fourth electrode.

Abstract: In some embodiments, apparatuses and methods are provided herein useful to track objects on a moving conveyor system. In some embodiments, an RFID based tracking system comprises a conveyor system to move and transport objects along a conveyance path, wherein each object includes a near field only RFID tag associated therewith and identifying the object. Each near field only RFID tag is not coupled to a far field antenna such that it is not readable in a far field of RFID communication and communicates only in a near field of RFID communication. An RFID tag reader is positioned to attempt to read the near field only RFID tag of each object. And a control circuit processes reads of the near field only RFID tags by the first RFID reader to determine an order of the objects being conveyed.

Abstract: An antenna comprising: a solar collector; two conductive, orthogonal half-loops mounted to the solar collector such that the solar collector functions as a ground; an RF power source configured to feed RF power to each of the two half-loops having a 90-degree phase difference relative to each other; and a conductive cage structure surrounding the two half-loops, wherein the cage structure includes a conductive ring disposed above the center section, the conductive ring having an equilateral cross of conductive material disposed within the ring and supported by leg structures which are in electrically-conductive contact with the solar collector, and wherein each leg structure has attached thereto a non-Foster circuit having a negative impedance, wherein the non-Foster circuits are configured to actively load the cage structure such that the cage structure functions as an active, internal matching network for the antenna.

Abstract: Among other things, a sheet has a thickness and extends in two dimensions normal to the thickness of the sheet. Within the sheet there is an electronic device having an integrated circuit and conductive elements connected to the integrated circuit. The electronic device extends in the two dimensions, the extent of the device in each of the two dimensions being greater than 3 mm.

Abstract: The system and method for a tunable, slow-wave meander line antenna having a plurality of coplanar alternating high and low impedance traces. The tunable inverted L meander line antenna being suitable for space-constrained uses. Electronic switches, including solid state switches being used to tune the slow-wave meander-line inverted L antenna. Configurations of more than one antenna element providing polarization diversity, increased gain, and larger impedance bandwidths.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments are disclosed of HDTV antenna assemblies. In an exemplary embodiment, a high definition television antenna assembly generally includes a first antenna element and a second antenna element. The first antenna element has a generally annular shape with an opening. The second antenna element includes first and second arms spaced apart from the first antenna element. The first and second arms extend at least partially along portions of the first antenna element. The first and second antenna elements may be electromagnetically coupled without a direct ohmic connection between the first and second antenna elements.

Abstract: A patch antenna system comprises a patch antenna having a patch spatially separated from a ground plane, a plurality of shorting pins interposed between the patch and the ground plane to selectively interconnect one or more predetermined fixed locations of the patch to the ground plane. A control module is operably coupled to a discrete RF switch associated with each shorting pin to set the operating frequency characteristic of the patch antenna by selectively connecting the patch to the ground plane through one or more of the plurality of shorting pins.

Abstract: According to the method of stripping a portion of a wire of the invention, the insulated wire including the wire core are first flattened before the insulation is stripped away. The flattening eases the stripping as the insulation is partially cracked and dissociated of the wire core, and the stripping is more efficiently applied on a flat surface. A wire stripping machine and a transponder antenna with stripped portions are also claim as being part of the invention.

Abstract: Antenna apparatus for transmitting data of a fill-level measuring device, comprising at least two coil arrangements (i=1, 2 . . . n). The coil arrangements i=1, 2 . . . n have a coil length (li) and a coil diameter (di), wherein the coil diameter (di) is less than the associated coil length (li). The coil arrangements (i=1, 2 . . . n) each intersect a straight line (e) in such a way that the straight line (e) and the longitudinal axis of the coil arrangements (i=1, 2 . . . n) form at the intersection an acute or 90° angle of intersection (g) of at least 85°, wherein the intersection of each coil arrangement (i=1, 2 . . . n) is arranged at a position between 3 7 ? l i ? ? and ? ? 4 7 ? l i , wherein the at least two coil arrangements (i=1, 2 . . . n) are arranged along this line (e) in a sequence, in the case of which the coil lengths li of the coil arrangements (i=1, 2 . . . n) monotonically decrease l1>l2> . . . ln. The at least two coil arrangements (i=1, 2 . . .

Abstract: An antenna comprising: a conductive ground plane; a conductive half loop grounded to the ground plane and configured to be fed with a radio frequency (RF) signal; a single, unitary, three-sided, conductive cage positioned so as to cover the half loop; and dielectric mounts disposed between the cage and the ground plane such that the cage is electrically insulated from the ground plane.

Abstract: Voltage controlled magnetic components are described. The magnetic components include a thin layer of ferromagnet adjacent to an oxide layer. The magnetic properties of the ferromagnet may be controlled in a reversible manner via application of an external electric field and voltage-induced reversible oxidation of the ferromagnet.

Abstract: A near-field communication antenna comprising at least one annular coil, a planar, non-magnetic resin member holding the annular coil, a planar, soft-magnetic member overlapping the non-magnetic resin member via the annular coil, and terminals to which the conductor wire leads of the annular coil are connected, the annular coil being received in a circumferential recess along the periphery of the non-magnetic resin member lest that it projects from the periphery of the magnetic member, and the conductor wire leads of the annular coil being connected to the terminals through notches provided in the peripheral edge of the soft-magnetic member.

Abstract: There is disclosed an antenna system for mobile handsets and other devices. The antenna system comprises a dielectric substrate having first and second opposed surfaces, a conductive track on the substrate, and a separate, directly driven antenna to drive the parasitic loop antenna formed by the conductive track. Two grounding points are provided adjacent to each other on the first surface of the substrate, with the arms of the conductive track extending in generally opposite directions from the grounding points. The conductive tracks then extend towards an edge of the dielectric substrate, before passing to the second surface of the dielectric substrate and then passing across the second surface of the dielectric substrate following a path generally following the path taken on the first surface of the dielectric substrate.

Abstract: An antenna including a conductive loop having a first top surface portion, the conductive loop having a first edge portion interrupted by a gap defining a feed point, a conductive strip having a second top surface, the conductive loop lying in a plane defined by the second top surface, the conductive strip having a second edge portion extending between first and second opposing distal ends, the second edge portion being spaced from the first edge portion, and the second edge portion extending along the first edge portion at a substantially constant distance from the first edge portion, and wherein the conductive strip is electrically isolated from the conductive loop and is structurally configured and positioned relative to the conductive loop to adjust an input impedance of the conductive loop.

Abstract: According to one embodiment of the invention, a network device comprises a plurality of antennas comprising a first antenna, wherein the first antenna comprises: a first set of one or more elements that form an Alford loop and that is configured for electrical excitation via a current transmitted over a conductive medium from a signal source and a second set of one or more elements that is configured for electromagnetic induction without contact with the conductive medium from the signal source.

Abstract: The present invention provides an automated system for asset tracking and management and utilizes near field Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology. RFID tags are attached to the assets via a flexible mounting system, and RFID antennas (and corresponding readers) are strategically located in close proximity to read the tags. As applied to a rack or cabinet, near-field antennas are mounted along one of the mounting posts at each rack unit location such that when a piece of equipment (rack mounted or rail mounted) is installed at a particular rack unit space, the tag will be read and registered in an RFID management system. A magnetic field shaping arrangement ensures that crosstalk between adjacent rack positions is prevented. Ferrite elements are used to control the magnetic field.

Abstract: A low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) gamma-folded loop-shaped antenna has a resonant structure including two arms connected to an elongated loop and has dual resonant elements in the 5 GHz WiFi band, dividing emissions in the 5 GHz bands between two emission hotspots. The elongated loop folds back upon itself 180 degrees. The antenna also may include a discontinuous transition in cross-sectional area tuned to boost emissions in the 2.4 GHz WiFi band. The antenna is designed for compact handheld devices that may be held close to a person's body, reducing the intensity of energy irradiated into the body in the 5 GHz band by distributing the energy across spatially-separated dual resonant elements.

Abstract: An electric emitter for vertically polarised wireless signals for a communication service with a narrow frequency bandwidth around a frequency fo with free-space wavelength ?o in the gigahertz range, comprising at least one substantially horizontally oriented conductor loop arranged above a conductive base area, with an emitter infeed point for electromagnetic excitation of the loop relative to the base area. The loop is formed by a circularly closed ring conductor running in a substantially horizontal plane with a height h of less than ?o/6 over the base area. Distributed over the periphery of the ring conductor are at least three vertical emitters electromagnetically coupled to the ring conductor coupling points and running to the base area, wherein at least two of the emitters are electromagnetically coupled to the base area at earth terminal points, and a vertical emitter is excited via the emitter infeed point at the lower end thereof.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods are provided for providing a printed radio frequency identification (RFID) tag assembly. In one exemplary embodiment, the RFID tag assembly includes a substrate including a top surface, and a receiving layer, comprising a plurality of receiving pads having conductive properties, located on the top surface of the substrate. The RFID tag assembly may further include a chip located on the top surface of the substrate. In addition, the RFID tag assembly may include an antenna printed on the receiving layer and bonded to the receiving layer using at least one of a wedge bonding technique and a ball bonding technique. The antenna may include at least one of copper, aluminum, palladium-covered copper, and aluminum-covered copper wire or ribbon.

Abstract: An RFID information medium transmits and receives data to and from an external reader in a noncontact manner. The RFID information medium is provided with a main body section having an insulating member, either an antenna or an antenna member arranged on the main body section, and a conductor arranged on the main body section. The conductor has a conductive material layer. The conductive material layer partially overlaps the antenna or the antenna member in the thickness direction of the main body section.

Abstract: An antenna device which includes a coil conductor and a booster conductor. The coil conductor is defined by wound loop-shaped conductors and includes a first opening at a winding center and two ends connected to a feeding circuit. The booster conductor includes a coupling conductor portion and a frame-shaped radiation conductor portion. The coupling conductor portion includes a second opening overlapped at least partially by the first opening, is split in a portion thereof by a slit, and is electromagnetically coupled to the coil conductor. The frame-shaped radiation conductor portion includes a third opening and is connected to the coupling conductor portion.

Abstract: A multiple input loop antenna comprising one or more half-loop antennas disposed above a ground plane wherein the plane of each half loop is perpendicular to the ground plane such that the multiple input loop antenna is a three-dimensional structure and electromagnetic waves are radiated from points within the volume occupied by the antenna rather than from a two-dimensional surface. For this reason, the multiple input loop antenna can radiate levels of peak power without inducing excessive air breakdown which are relatively high compared with peak power levels of conventional antennas having comparable transverse dimensions. Also described is an array antenna comprised of an array of multiple input loop antennas.

Abstract: A contactless connector includes a first communication chip configured to at least one of transmit and receive wireless RF signals, a second communication chip configured to at least one of transmit and receive wireless RF signals, and a waveguide structure between the first and second communication chips. The waveguide structure conveys RF signals between the first and second communication chips.

Abstract: A communication device includes a ground element and an antenna element. The antenna element includes a first radiation element, a second radiation element, and a control circuit. One end of the first radiation element is coupled to a signal source, and another end of the first radiation element is an open end. The second radiation element includes at least a first portion and a second portion. A first end of the first portion is a shorted end coupled to the ground element, and a fourth end of the second portion is an open end. The second radiation element surrounds the open end of the first radiation element. The control circuit is coupled between a second end of the first portion and a third end of the second portion of the second radiation element. The control circuit provides at least two different impedances.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) structure changing color according to the temperature, a method for fabricating thereof; a stacked film for preventing forgery, a method for fabricating thereof; an RFID tag, an RFID system and a method for controlling thereof; an RFID cap, a method for manufacturing thereof, a method for manufacturing container with contents; an RFID can, a method for manufacturing thereof; a packaging material, a method for manufacturing thereof, and a method for packaging product using the same; and a certificate for chipless RFID and a method for authenticating the same.

Abstract: A near field communication (NFC) antenna including a dielectric substrate, a coil, and a coupling structure is provided. The coil is disposed on the dielectric substrate. The coupling structure includes at least one coupling branch. Two ends of the coupling branch are respectively connected to two different connection points on the coil. The coupling structure is configured to improve the isotropic characteristics of the NFC antenna.

Abstract: An RFID system includes an RFID antenna assembly configured to be positioned on a product module assembly of a processing system. The product module assembly is configured to releasably engage at least one product container. A first RFID tag assembly configured to be positioned on the at least one product container. The at least one product container is configured to position the first RFID tag assembly within a detection zone of the RFID antenna assembly whenever the product module assembly releasably engages the at least one product container.

Abstract: According to various aspects, exemplary embodiments are provided of antenna assemblies. In an exemplary embodiment, an antenna assembly generally includes one or more tapered loop antenna elements.

Abstract: An antenna having a radiator comprising a conduct in a closed path driven by a plurality of microstrips connecting the radiator to a common, single feed and to a ground plane, with the radiator lying in a plane parallel to that of the ground plane. The radiator may be annular, with the feed located in its center. The relative location of the feed on the microstrips allows a lower input impedance to be leveraged to match a higher load impedance of the radiator. A single ended input drives all points of the radiator substantially in phase. In another embodiment, the antenna comprises a cylindrical choke one-quarter wavelength in length placed around the coax feed and connected to the underside of the ground plane.

Abstract: A gyrotropic metamaterial structure that include a plurality of chiral metamaterials forming one or more pairs of dipole structures. A plurality of lumped circuits are positioned between the one or more pairs of dipole structures. The lumped circuits have a plurality of subwavelengths antennas that are combined to change the polarization states of an incident polarized wave by producing Faraday-like rotation allowing for nomeciprocal propagation of the incident polarized wave.

Abstract: An electronic device may be provided with antenna structures. The antenna structures may be formed using a dielectric carrier structure. The antenna structures may have first and second loop antenna resonating elements. The first loop antenna resonating element may indirectly feed the second loop antenna resonating element. The second loop antenna resonating element may be a distributed loop element formed from multiple antenna resonating element subloops. The second loop antenna resonating element may be formed from a strip of metal with a width that loops around the dielectric carrier. An opening in the metal may separate first and second subloop antenna resonating elements from each other in the second loop antenna resonating element. Openings in the metal may form metal segments that collectively form an inductance for the first subloop. Antenna currents may flow through metal traces on the carrier and portions of an electronic device housing wall.

Abstract: An antenna system including a loop antenna including a conductor; and a magnetic gain element positioned in an aperture defined by the loop antenna, the magnetic gain element including a magnetic material that has a relative permeability greater than one for an operating frequency range, the magnetic gain element configured to increase a magnetic flux density associated with a received magnetic-field component of an incident electromagnetic wave wherein a loop output voltage induced in the loop antenna is based, at least in part, on the increased magnetic flux density.

Abstract: A mobile wireless LAN communications device may include a portable, handheld housing, and a wireless LAN transceiver carried by the housing. A polarization diversity wireless LAN antenna may be included for cooperating with the wireless LAN transceiver to communicate over a wireless LAN. The polarization diversity wireless LAN antenna may include a first antenna element coupled to the wireless LAN transceiver having a first shape and a first polarization, and a second antenna element coupled to the wireless LAN transceiver having a second shape different from the first shape. The second antenna element may also have a second polarization different from the first polarization.

Abstract: A voltage detector for detecting a voltage generated in a second resonant coil that is disposed to face a first resonant coil and that performs at least one of electric power transmission and electric power reception to and from the first resonant coil in a contactless manner by means of electromagnetic resonance includes: a first high-impedance element having one end connected to one end of the second resonant coil; a second high-impedance element having one end connected to the other end of the second resonant coil; a low-impedance element connected between the other end of the first high-impedance element and the other end of the second high-impedance element and having an impedance smaller than each of those of the first and second high-impedance elements; and an output terminal for outputting a signal associated with a voltage applied across the low-impedance element.