Abstract: Method and apparatus for dynamic polarization combining. The apparatus identifies a first polarization of a first set of antenna elements on a first side of an antenna module having two or more sides. The apparatus identifies a second polarization of a second set of antenna elements on a second side of the antenna module. The apparatus determines, for an antenna layer, a dynamic polarization combination between the first set of antenna elements having the first polarization with the second set of antenna elements having the second polarization. The apparatus communicates with a network node via the antenna module based on the dynamic polarization combination.

Abstract: A dual-polarized antenna structure is provided. The dual-polarized antenna structure includes an insulating substrate, two first antennas, two second antennas, a coupling unit, and two feeding points. The two first antennas are disposed on two sides of the insulating substrate, respectively. The two second antennas are disposed on the two sides of the insulating substrate, respectively. Each of the two second antennas includes two sub-antennas. In any one of the two sides of the insulating substrate, a region defined by orthogonally projecting two sub-middle segments of the two sub-antennas onto another one of the two sides of the insulating substrate overlaps with a main middle segment of the first antenna. The coupling unit is electrically coupled to the two sub-antennas on each of the two sides of the insulating substrate. The two feeding points are electrically coupled to the two first antennas and the two second antennas.

Abstract: A series-connected antenna structure is provided. The series-connected antenna structure includes an insulating substrate, a first connecting line, two first antennas, a second connecting line, two second antennas, and a load point. Two sub-antennas of one of the two first antennas are electrically coupled to a main section of the first connecting line, and two sub-antennas of another one of the two first antennas are respectively and electrically coupled to two subordinate sections of the first connecting line. Two sub-antennas of one of the two second antennas are electrically coupled to a main section of the second connecting line, and two sub-antennas of another one of the two second antennas are respectively and electrically coupled to two subordinate sections of the second connecting line. Each of the two second antennas and each of the two first antennas face opposite directions.

Abstract: A series-connected antenna structure is provided. The series-connected antenna structure includes an insulating substrate, a first connecting line, two first antennas, a second connecting line, two second antennas, and a load point. The first connecting line and the two first antennas are disposed on one of two surfaces of the insulating substrate, and the second connecting line and the two second antennas are disposed on another one of the two surfaces of the insulating substrate. Each of the two first antennas and each of the two second antennas have a same symmetrical shape. A region defined by orthogonally projecting any one of the two second antennas toward the first surface and one of the two first antennas that corresponds in position to the any one of the two second antennas jointly have a two-fold rotational symmetry relative to a corresponding one of the reference positions.

Abstract: A wireless communication device includes: a reflector plate that comprises a reflective surface, the reflective surface reflecting an electromagnetic wave; an array antenna that comprises a plurality of antenna elements, the antenna elements being arranged on the reflective surface; one or more fins that stand on the reflective surface; and a transmission and reception circuit that is connected to the reflector plate, and transmits and receives a wireless signal via the array antenna.

Abstract: Various examples are provided for spherical monopole antennas. In one example, among others, a spherical monopole antenna includes a spherical conductor on a first side of a substrate and a ground plane disposed on the substrate. The spherical conductor is electrically coupled to a connector via a tapered feeding line and the ground plane surrounds at least a portion of the connector on the second side of the substrate. In another example, among others, a method includes forming a tapered mold in a die layer disposed on a first side of a substrate, filling the tapered mold with a conductive paste, and disposing a spherical conductor on a large end of the tapered mold. The conductive paste is in contact with a signal line extending through the substrate into a small end of the tapered mold and in contact with the spherical conductor.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns active antenna systems, including active multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna systems, and radiofrequency integrated circuit modules for controlling such active antenna systems.

Abstract: By using reconfigurable antenna based pattern diversity, an optimal channel can be realized in order to maximize the distance between two subspaces, thereby increasing sum-rate. The inventors show the benefits of pattern reconfigurability using real-world channels, measured in a MIMO-OFDM interference network. The results are quantified with two different reconfigurable antenna architectures. An additional 47% gain in choral distance and 45% gain in sum capacity were achieved by exploiting pattern diversity with IA. Due to optimal channel selection, the performance of IA can also be improved in a low SNR regime.

Abstract: A flexible transmission device, for transmitting radio-frequency (RF) signals between a first communication module and a second communication module in a communication device, comprising a flexible substrate; a first metal sheet, formed on a plane of the flexible substrate and coupled between ground terminals of the first communication module and the second communication module; and a second metal sheet, formed on a plane of the flexible substrate different from the first metal sheet, and coupled between signal terminals of the first communication module and the second communication module, for transmitting the RF signals.

Abstract: An antenna, including a first dipole having a first polarization, the first dipole including a first pair of dipole arms, a second dipole having a second polarization, the second dipole including a second pair of dipole arms, at least one dipole arm of the first pair of dipole arms being located with respect to at least one dipole arm of the second pair of dipole arms so as to form at least one isolation slot therebetween, currents along the at least one isolation slot being operative to at least partially cancel mutual coupling between the first dipole and the second dipole, and a feed arrangement for feeding the first and second dipoles.

Abstract: Antenna elements are described that may include a radiator, a feeding portion, a first impedance transformer, a balun, and a second impedance transformer. The first impedance transformer, balun, and second impedance transformer may be disposed above a ground plane of an antenna array to reduce a bulk of the array. The array can also include a dielectric top layer for loading apertures of the antenna array. The antenna elements can also include anomaly suppressors can be provided to cancel common-mode resonances from the radiators.

Abstract: The invention relates to the locating and identifying of objects with radiofrequency communication by inductive coupling, without electrical contact, between a reader and a tag. The device includes an array of N fixed RFID markers of RFID tag type, with inductive antennas placed at known positions, N being an integer greater than 1 and an RFID tag reader provided with a fixed reading inductive antenna passing in proximity to the N markers. The position of the N markers with respect to the inductive reading antenna is such that the mutual inductance between the inductive antenna of any marker and the inductive reading antenna is zero when no object to be located is present in the vicinity of the array of markers, and nonzero when an RFID tag is present in the vicinity of the marker considered. A coupling is established in the presence of a mobile tag in proximity to a marker.

Abstract: A smart antenna assembly includes a driving monopole element and an array of parasitic monopole elements arranged in an annular array around the driving monopole element, wherein the parasitic monopole elements are of bent or curved configuration, bending or curving towards the driving monopole element. Preferably, each parasitic monopole element has a portion thereof which is parallel or substantially parallel to the driving monopole element. The assembly provides a compact steerable antenna assembly.

Abstract: An antenna assembly includes a substrate, a plurality of spiral dipole antenna sections, and a phase array feeder. The substrate has a three-dimensional shaped region. Each of the spiral dipole antenna sections is supported by a corresponding section of the three-dimensional shaped region and conforms to the corresponding section of the three-dimensional shaped region such that, collectively, the plurality of spiral dipole antenna sections has an overall shape approximating a three-dimensional shape. The spiral dipole antenna sections are coupled together in accordance with a coupling configuration for beamforming and/or power combining. The phase array feeder inputs, or outputs, a phase offset representations of a radio frequency (RF) signal from, or to, the spiral dipole antenna sections and converts between the phase offset representations of the RF signal and the RF signal.

Abstract: Switched beam antenna systems are disclosed. The disclosed antenna systems include an antenna having multiple, co-linear arrays of electromagnetic radiating elements and a Butler Matrix feed network that feeds the antenna. Each of the arrays of electromagnetic radiating elements includes an identical number of radiating elements. At least one antenna port of the Butler Matrix feed network is connected to a power divider/combiner to split the signal strength at the at least one antenna port such that signal power is distributed unequally among the arrays of electromagnetic radiating elements. Power is distributed among the arrays in a manner that provides an improved balance of side lobe suppression and overall antenna gain.

Abstract: An apparatus that achieves high isolation between dipoles and feed systems is provided. The apparatus includes a plurality of transmission lines, a first dipole electrically connected to a first set of the plurality of transmission lines, and second dipole electrically connected to a second set of the plurality of transmission lines. The electric field of the first dipole is parallel to an electric field of the first set of the plurality of transmission lines, and an electric field of the second dipole is parallel to an electric field of the second set of the plurality of transmission lines.

Abstract: Ultra-wideband 180° hybrids for feeding a radiator of one band of a dual-band dual-polarization cellular basestation antenna are disclosed. The hybrid comprises: metal plates configured in parallel as groundplanes, and a dielectric substrate disposed between plates. First and second metallizations are implemented on opposite exterior surfaces of substrate and are shorted together to keep metal tracks at same potential to form conductor. Plates and first and second metallizations form first stripline circuit implementing matched splitter with short-circuit shunt stub Sum input port is provided at one end and two output ports are provided at opposite ends. Branches of matched splitter narrow to provide gap between output tracks. Third metallization is disposed within substrate. First, second and third metallizations form second stripline circuit. Tracks of third metallization comprise quarter-length transformers of different widths.

Abstract: A dual frequency coupling feed antenna includes a substrate. There are an upper dipole radiative conductor, a lower dipole radiative conductor, a ground line and a ground reflective conductor disposed on the second surface of the substrate and the two dipole radiative conductors are not electrically connected to each other. The first surface of the substrate has a coupling conductor, a signal line and a feed-matching conductor. The coupling conductor extends parallel to the upper dipole radiative conductor. The ground reflective conductor is located at a side-edge of the dipole radiative conductor and the feed-matching conductor is located on the path of the signal line.

Abstract: Antenna arrays providing high gain during wireless communications are highly desirable for many applications including, but not limited to, multiple-in multiple-out (MIMO) streams and video transmissions. Optimized antenna arrays should also ensure ease of manufacture, thereby enhancing commercial viability. Circular antenna arrays including horn antennas or Yagi antennas are described, each circular antenna array ensuring ease of manufacture.

Abstract: Provided herein are devices, systems and techniques for establishing a variable height conformal antenna array having a planar backplane. More particularly, positioning of radiating elements can be made insensitive to variable ground height by selecting a suitable radiating element, such as a flared notch and arranging them to have a profile such that their outer extremities are positioned along a conformal, curved shape. Differences in radiator heights can be taken up by the addition of parallel vertical ground planes disposed between the radiating elements and the backplane. Adjacent vertical ground planes effectively form cutoff waveguide sections that naturally isolate the backplane from the radiating elements. The vertical ground planes edges effectively form a virtual curved ground for the radiating elements, following curvature of the array profile. Accordingly, heights of radiating elements are uniform with respect to the virtual ground, while being allowed to vary with respect to the backplane.

Abstract: A phased array antenna comprising a dielectric superstrate material, a ground plane material, a plurality of dipole structures located between the superstrate and ground plane materials, and a plurality of balun and matching networks in electrical communication with the plurality of dipole structures, wherein the phased array antenna is adapted to achieve a bandwidth of at least about 7:1.

Abstract: A method for installing radiator elements arranged on different planes and an antenna having the radiator elements are provided, in which a first-position radiator element is placed on one plane, a second-position radiator element is placed on another plane, and power supply cables are connected to the first-position radiator element and the second-position radiator element. The power supply cables are designed to compensate for a phase difference between signals radiated in the air from the first-position radiator element and the second-position radiator element by a phase difference between signals propagated via the power supply cables.

Abstract: The replacement and elimination of duplexers in a tightly coupled dipole phased array starts with transmit and receive functions physically separated and having different antenna port feeds. The simple coupling network used with tightly coupled dipole arrays is replaced by a state switch which alternates between a coupling state and a dipole feed connection state. The basic method can be applied to antenna apertures of various kinds, including both linear and dual polarized versions. The ability to locate state switches at various nodes in tightly coupled dipole phased arrays permits flexibility in antenna design and eliminates bulky and lossy components, simplifies the design requirements and allows independent optimization of the components.

Abstract: An antenna assembly includes a substrate, a plurality of spiral dipole antenna sections, and a phase array feeder. The substrate has a three-dimensional shaped region. Each of the spiral dipole antenna sections is supported by a corresponding section of the three-dimensional shaped region and conforms to the corresponding section of the three-dimensional shaped region such that, collectively, the plurality of spiral dipole antenna sections has an overall shape approximating a three-dimensional shape. The spiral dipole antenna sections are coupled together in accordance with a coupling configuration for beamforming and/or power combining. The phase array feeder inputs, or outputs, a phase offset representations of a radio frequency (RF) signal from, or to, the spiral dipole antenna sections and converts between the phase offset representations of the RF signal and the RF signal.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus that can be miniaturized without causing inference caused by antenna currents to be occurred if the high band of a dual band wireless system is close to the band of another wireless system in a wireless communication apparatus incorporating the dual band wireless system and another wireless system is provided. A first switch 5 blocks passage of a signal of a high band (first frequency) and allows passage of a signal of a low band (second frequency). A second switch 6 blocks passage of a signal of the low band (second frequency) and allows passage of a signal of the high band (first frequency). Accordingly, the antenna apparatus operates as a dipole antenna with no antenna current flowing into a feeder line at the first frequency and operates as a monopole antenna wherein a radiation element and a feeder line making up the dipole antenna becomes a radiation element at the second frequency lower than the first frequency.

Abstract: An RFID tagged implement assembly includes a metallic implement, and a wireless RFID transponder. The RFID transponder includes a housing; an inductive coupler within the housing, and an RFID chip coupled with the inductive coupler. The inductive coupler is inductively coupled with the metallic implement.

Abstract: A planar dipole antenna is described. The antenna may include a ground element, a feed point, a matching element, and first and second radiating elements disposed on a substrate, and a feed point. The ground element may have a substantially rectangular shape and the feed point may be arranged adjacent to the ground element. The matching element may be connected to the feed point and may include a central bar connected to a first and second arm. The first and second arms may be substantially symmetrically disposed on the substrate in respect to the central bar. The first and second radiating elements may have substantially trapezoidal shapes and may be extend from the first and second arms of the matching element, respectively. The first and second radiating elements may be substantially symmetrically disposed on the substrate in respect to the central bar of the matching element.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus comprises selectable antenna elements including a plurality of dipoles and/or a plurality of slot antennas (“slot”). Each dipole and/or each slot provides gain with respect to isotropic. The dipoles may generate vertically polarized radiation and the slots may generate horizontally polarized radiation. Each antenna element may have one or more loading structures configured to decrease the footprint (i.e., the physical dimension) of the antenna element and minimize the size of the antenna apparatus.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments are provided of omnidirectional MIMO antennas with polarization diversity. In one exemplary embodiment, an omnidirectional MIMO antenna generally includes an array of radiating antenna elements having a linear horizontal polarization and radiating omnidirectionally in azimuth. The antenna also includes at least one radiating antenna element having a linear vertical polarization and radiating omnidirectionally in azimuth. The vertically polarized radiating antenna is spaced-apart from the array. The antenna is operable for producing omnidirectional, vertically polarized coverage for at least one port, as well as omnidirectional, horizontally polarized coverage for at least one other port.

Abstract: In a stalk-type field probe, each of three resistive dipoles is formed with a resistive feedline on a common circuit board. Each circuit board comprises an elongated feedline section that extends through a cylindrical stalk, and a cross-arm that is disposed at a 54.7° angle relative to the elongation of the feedline section. The feedline sections are arranged to form an equilateral triangular prism, and the cross arms are arranged so that the dipole on each cross-arm is perpendicular to an imaginary plane to which the lines along which the elements of both of the other dipoles extend are parallel.

Abstract: An apparatus that achieves high isolation between dipoles and feed systems is provided. The apparatus includes a plurality of transmission lines, a first dipole electrically connected to a first set of the plurality of transmission lines, and second dipole electrically connected to a second set of the plurality of transmission lines. The electric field of the first dipole is parallel to an electric field of the first set of the plurality of transmission lines, and an electric field of the second dipole is parallel to an electric field of the second set of the plurality of transmission lines.

Abstract: An on-frequency repeater includes: an electrical conductor groundplane having first and second opposing surfaces on first and second sides of the groundplane, respectively; and an antenna system including directional antennas of different types, the antenna system including: a donor antenna array including donor dipoles disposed on the first side of the groundplane and displaced a first distance from the first surface, the donor dipoles being disposed parallel to each other; a coverage antenna array including a plurality of coverage dipoles disposed on the second side of the groundplane and displaced a second distance from the second surface, the coverage dipoles being disposed parallel to each other and transverse to the donor dipoles; a quantity of baluns and a corresponding quantity of feed conductors extending away from the groundplane and configured to electromagnetically feed respective ones of the donor dipoles and coverage dipoles.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide a HESA (“High Efficiency Sensitivity Accuracy”) direction-finding (“DF”) antenna system that operates over a range from 2 MHz to 18 GHz. The system may include components such as a dipole array, a monopole array, and an edge-radiating antenna, each component being responsive to a specific frequency range. The system may further include biconical flares that optimally terminate a freespace wave in a small aperture.

Abstract: A dual polarized variable beam tilt antenna having a superior Sector Power Ratio (SPR). The antenna may have slant 45 degree dipole radiating elements including directors, and may be disposed on a plurality of tilted element trays to orient an antenna boresight downtilt. The directors may be disposed above or about the respective dipole radiating elements. The antenna has a beam front-to-side ratio exceeding 20 dB, a horizontal beam front-to-back ratio exceeding 40 dB, a high-roll off, and is operable over an expanded frequency range.

Abstract: A feed module is provided for an array antenna. The feed module comprises a multi-layer printed circuit board (PCB) feed structure for coupling signals between connections to transmitters or receivers and connection points for connecting to antenna elements of the array antenna. The multi-layer PCB feed structure comprises a body portion, incorporating coupling components, and a number of line sections for connecting to elements of the array antenna. The planar layers of the multi-layer PCB are arranged to be mounted substantially perpendicular to a planar array of antenna elements of the array antenna when the feed module is integrated therewith.

Abstract: The present invention provides a phaser pack for an elliptically polarized antenna that includes a first structural component, a second structural component and a cylindrical inner conductor. The first structural component includes a recess, coupled to an input port, that forms a first portion of a cylindrical conductive path, while the second structural component includes a recess, coupled to a plurality of output ports, that forms a second portion of the cylindrical conductive path. The recesses of the first and second structural components form a continuous cylindrical conductive path when the first and second structural components are mated. The cylindrical inner conductor includes a plurality of tee junctions and a plurality of transition segments, coupled to the input port and the plurality of output ports, disposed within the continuous cylindrical conductive path to form a coaxial conductor that provides different phase delays to at least two of the plurality of output ports.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for acquiring a configuration of a re-configurable antenna, having at least two different antenna element configurations, where the antenna's element mutual coupling characteristics are known in advance in the form of an antenna coupling matrix (Ck(n)), the acquired configuration having a desired effect on a transmission channel, the method comprising the steps: setting an initial configuration of the re-configurable antenna, resulting in an initial coupling matrix (C0); estimating the transmission channel matrix (?(n)), which transmission channel matrix (?(n)) includes the effect of the antenna; calculating a generic transmission channel matrix ({tilde over (?)}(n)), which generic transmission channel matrix ({tilde over (?)}(n)) excludes the effect of the antenna; and extracting a coupling matrix (C) that provides a desired transmission channel matrix (H(n)), including the effect of the antenna.

Abstract: An antenna element and balun are described. The antenna includes a plurality of droopy bowtie antenna elements disposed on dielectric block and a feed point. The balun includes a central member having dielectric slabs symmetrically disposed on external surfaces thereof. At least one end of the balun is provided having a shape such that conductors on the dielectric slabs of the balun can be coupled to the the droopy bowtie antenna elements.

Abstract: The utilization of small antennas for mobile devices and for low frequency (long wavelength) applications is desired. Further, efficient use of transmission power is desirable, especially in mobile applications. For this purpose, a system is provided that includes one or more of: a multiple-resonator transmitter/receiver, a high bandwidth electrically small antenna, a resonator with a variable feed location, a resonator with a variable reactive component load, and a method for estimating a resonator system response to a component configuration and selected excitation.

Abstract: A broad beam width antenna array, preferably having 360 degrees of azimuth coverage, which also has broad frequency bandwidth, for use in a wireless network system is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment the antenna array comprises a planar dielectric substrate, micro strip elements on both sides of the dielectric substrate, and a corporate feed structure employing parasitic conductive beam width enhancing tubes as feed line conduits. The antenna array comprises dipole radiating elements formed on both sides of the dielectric substrate and a balanced feed network feeding each dipole arm. The shape of the dipole is symmetric and the overall structure, including feed network, preferably has a ?-shape when viewed from either side of the dielectric substrate. Disposed proximate to each dipole arm are bandwidth enhancement coplanar micro strips which are parallel to each dipole arm and at least partially overlapping each other.

Abstract: A method for installing radiator elements arranged on different planes and an antenna having the radiator elements are provided, in which a first-position radiator element is placed on one plane, a second-position radiator element is placed on another plane, and power supply cables are connected to the first-position radiator element and the second-position radiator element. The power supply cables are designed to compensate for a phase difference between signals radiated in the air from the first-position radiator element and the second-position radiator element by a phase difference between signals propagated via the power supply cables.

Abstract: An antenna apparatus that can be miniaturized without causing inference caused by antenna currents to be occurred if the high band of a dual band wireless system is close to the band of another wireless system in a wireless communication apparatus incorporating the dual band wireless system and another wireless system is provided. A first switch 5 blocks passage of a signal of a high band (first frequency) and allows passage of a signal of a low band (second frequency). A second switch 6 blocks passage of a signal of the low band (second frequency) and allows passage of a signal of the high band (first frequency). Accordingly, the antenna apparatus operates as a dipole antenna with no antenna current flowing into a feeder line at the first frequency and operates as a monopole antenna wherein a radiation element and a feeder line making up the dipole antenna becomes a radiation element at the second frequency lower than the first frequency.

Abstract: This invention relates to a board-shaped wideband dual polarization antenna whose feeding structure is simplified. Dipole antennas are prepared on both front and rear surfaces of a printed circuit board, and an electric signal is fed to the dipole antennas through via holes at the same time. Through the dipole antennas, the dual polarization antenna radiates dual polarized waves whose radiation emissions have perpendicular directions to each other. The wideband characteristics of the dual polarization antenna are improved through parasitic elements.

Abstract: An antenna for a mobile terminal includes a substrate, a dipole placed on the substrate, a loop placed on the substrate, and a matching circuit on the substrate. The matching circuit comprises at least one of a variable capacitor or a variable inductor. The radiation center of the loop substantially coincides with the radiation center of the dipole.

Abstract: The invention provides an improved array antenna, an array antenna system and an improved method for utilizing the improved array antenna and array antenna system. This is accomplished by an array antenna comprising a region of reference potential, e.g. a ground plane, and a spatially extended collection of at least two antenna elements capable of being at least partly balanced driven and at least partly unbalanced driven. The antenna elements have a first radiating element connected to a first port and a second radiating element connected to a second port. In other words, the antenna element has at least two ports. The radiating elements are arranged substantially adjacent and parallel to each other so as to extend at least a first distance approximately perpendicularly from said region of reference potential.

Abstract: An antenna device provided in a space such as an aircraft, or the like at least a part of which is surrounded with a metal, and used in a radio communication system based on a MIMO system is disclosed. The radio communication system includes a server provided in a ceiling space of a cabin of the aircraft, a connection cable, a plurality of WAPs, and a plurality of client terminals provided near passenger's seats respectively. The antenna device is used as the antennas of WAPs, and has dipole array antenna including a plurality of antennas. The antenna device capable of ensuring a good communication quality even in any location in the space at least a part of which is surrounded with the metal can be provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for acquiring a configuration of a re-configurable antenna, having at least two different antenna element configurations, where the antenna's element mutual coupling characteristics are known in advance in the form of an antenna coupling matrix (Ck(n)), the acquired configuration having a desired effect on a transmission channel, the method comprising the steps: setting an initial configuration of the re-configurable antenna, resulting in an initial coupling matrix (C0); estimating the transmission channel matrix (?(n)), which transmission channel matrix (?(n)) includes the effect of the antenna; calculating a generic transmission channel matrix ({tilde over (?)}(n)), which generic transmission channel matrix ({tilde over (?)}(n)) excludes the effect of the antenna; and extracting a coupling matrix (C) that provides a desired transmission channel matrix (H(n)), including the effect of the antenna.

Abstract: A dual polarized broadband base station antenna for wireless communication systems is disclosed. The present invention employs a dual polarized boxed arrangement radiation element with high isolation between polarization channels. Plural radiating elements project outwardly from the surface of a ground plane. The antenna elements are paired dipoles.

Abstract: An integrated electronics matching circuit is placed directly at the feed points of an antenna to match a transmission line to the impedance of the antenna that results in preserving the originally-designed wide bandwidth of the antenna, which in one embodiment is 10:1. A methodology is provided for the design of the integrated electronics matching circuit that marries the output of an antenna modeling tool with an integrated circuit design tool, in which the S parameter outputs of the antenna modeling tool for the antenna ports are coupled to the corresponding ports of the integrated circuit designed by the integrated circuit design tool.

Abstract: Techniques and systems for designing a network providing communication and location identification services are described. A solution point comprising parameters for each of a plurality of base stations is generated. A coverage and locatability performance value for the solution point is computed, as well as derivatives of the performance value. The coverage and locatability performance value and its derivatives are used to indicate favorable directions for searching for subsequent solution points, and subsequent solution points are generated and compared against previous solution points until an optimum solution point is found. The coverage and locatability performance value is a weighted sum of coverage and locatability values for each point in the service area of the network, with coverage values representing forward and reverse link quality and locatability values representing the probability that a point will experience an acceptable power level from at least four base stations.