Abstract: An apparatus comprises: a photonic integrated circuit comprising an optical phased array, a first focusing element at a fixed position relative to the optical phased array and configured to couple an optical beam to or from the optical phased array, and a second focusing element at a fixed position relative to the first focusing element and configured to couple the optical beam to or from the first focusing element. At least one of the first or second focusing element is externally coupled to the photonic integrated circuit, and the first and second focusing elements have different effective focal lengths.

Abstract: An electromagnetic field band-stop filter includes a plurality of unit structures that have reflection characteristics on an electromagnetic wave of a predetermined frequency. Each of the plurality of unit structures includes: a plurality of electrode parts each of which is disposed along a side of a polygon in a non-contact manner with another electrode part; and a plurality of conductor parts which are provided for the plurality of electrode parts on a one-to-one basis and each of which has at least one bent portion between one end and other end, the one ends of the plurality of conductor parts being connected to the electrode parts on a one-to-one basis and the other ends of the plurality of conductor parts being connected at one point on an inner side of the electrode parts in the individual unit structure.

Abstract: An adjustable antenna positioning system feed is disclosed herein. The adjustable antenna positioning system feed includes a feed base, a splash plate assembly, and a feed insert. The feed base is configured to be coupled to a reflector. The splash plate assembly is configured to be removably coupled to the feed base. The adjustable antenna positioning system feed is in a primary arrangement when directly coupled. The feed insert is positioned between the feed base and the splash plate. The adjustable antenna positioning system feed is in a secondary arrangement when the feed insert is coupled with the feed base and the splash plate.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an antenna arrangement for 4.5G or 5G base station testing purposes. The antenna elements are placed in concentric rings and in a star-shaped arrangement around a center spot. All antenna elements within the same ring are controlled by the same amplitude and phase control signal. The test system processor also selects dedicated rings into use and switches the rest of the rings off. The ring spacing, i.e. the mutual antenna element distance along the same radial line will be determined based on highest frequency within the desired wide frequency band. A bowtie dipole type of antenna can be used. The antenna elements can be fixed on a printed circuit board, and thus, they remain mechanically stationary.

Abstract: Examples disclosed herein relate to a meta-structure based active reflectarray for passive and active reflection. A control module is coupled to reflection elements to provide energy and change the phase of the elements.

Abstract: This invention proposes a reflective surface antenna based on a triple telescopic rod drive and quasi-geodesic grid structure, including a supportive back frame, a reflective surface frame, a vertical connecting rod, a primary reflective surface, an auxiliary reflective surface, a radial support rod, a feed source, and an attitude control device. The supportive back frame and reflective surface frame have a paraboloidal truss structure. The primary reflective surface is fixed on the quasi-geodesic grid of the reflective surface; the auxiliary reflective surface is fixed at the focal point of the primary reflective surface; the feed source is fixed at the apex of the reflective surface; and the attitude control device includes a base and a telescopic rod.

Abstract: A multiple-feed antenna system includes a first feed configured to communicate signals in a first frequency range of a plurality of frequency ranges and a second feed configured to communicate signals in a second frequency range of the plurality of frequency ranges. A subreflector assembly is configured to move among multiple positions that include a first position and a second position. When the subreflector assembly is in the first position, a first element of the subreflector assembly redirects a signal reflected by a primary reflector to the first feed. When the subreflector assembly is in the second position, a second element of the subreflector assembly redirects the signal reflected by the primary reflector to the second feed.

Abstract: Example embodiments relate to low elevation side lobe antennas with fan-shaped beams. An example radar unit may include a radiating plate having a first side and a second side with an illuminator, a waveguide horn, a waveguide opening, and a radiating sleeve extending into the first side of the radiating plate. The waveguide opening is positioned on the first end of the first side and the radiating sleeve is positioned on the second end of the first side. The radar unit also includes a metallic cover coupled to the first side of the radiating plate such that the metallic cover and the radiating plate form waveguide structures.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. Aspects of the present disclosure describe spatial precoding for inter symbol interference reduction in single carrier. Generally, the described techniques provide for one or more wireless devices (e.g., a user equipment (UE) and a network entity) to determine a weighted sum of several beams, each with a different delay, to form a spatial precoder that increases signal to interference noise ratios while improving signaling quality by diversifying the number of beams carrying subsequent messaging. The one or more wireless devices may determine complex gain values and delay parameters based on reference signals. The one or more wireless devices may utilize the complex gain values and delay parameters such that subsequent transmissions may be received coherently over multiple beams.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an antenna device for a vehicle for optimizing the signal strength or quality from a mobile network having at least one fixed transceiver. The device comprises: at least one directional antenna; at least one turning device, such as an electric motor, for rotating the directional antenna around an axis substantially perpendicular to the antenna boresight; and a microprocessor configured to calculate an azimuthal rotation angle for pointing the directional antenna to at least one selected fixed transceiver. The calculated azimuthal rotational angle is based on: directional and positional data of the vehicle; positional data of the selected fixed transceivers; and a route for navigating the vehicle between a starting point and a destination. The azimuthal rotation angle of the directional antenna is calculated continuously or at intervals, such that the signal strength or quality from the mobile network is continuously optimized along the route.

Abstract: An antenna assembly includes a driven element, a first set of antenna elements disposed a first distance from the driven element such that each element of the first set of antenna elements is equidistant from adjacent elements of the first set of antenna elements, and a second set of antenna elements disposed a second distance from the driven element such that each element of the second set of antenna elements is equidistant from adjacent elements of the second set of antenna elements, the second distance being larger than the first distance. The antenna assembly includes or is operably coupled to a selector module configured to select one element of the first set of antenna elements as a selected director, and select one element of the second set of antenna elements as a selected reflector by effectively shortening a length of the selected director and effectively lengthening the selected reflector.

Abstract: An antenna is described. This antenna includes: a ground plane; and antenna elements that are positioned in a first horizontal plane offset along a vertical direction from the ground plane. Moreover, the antenna elements are configured to generate a beam having a horizontal polarization. Furthermore, the antenna includes a planar reflector that is positioned in a second horizontal plane offset along the vertical direction from the first ground plane, so that the antenna elements are positioned between the ground plane and the planar reflector. During operation, a first reflection from the ground plane, the beam from the antenna elements, a second reflection from the planar reflector and diffractions from edges of the ground plane and the planar reflector combine to generate an antenna radiation pattern having a main beam approximately in a horizontal direction, e.g., at 10-15° from the horizontal direction.

Abstract: An electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) antenna system that includes an ESPAR antenna, a GPS receiver, a GPS low-noise amplifier, a power detector module, and a central processing unit. The GPS receiver is connected to the ESPAR antenna as a separate component. The GPS low-noise amplifier strengthens a signal to propagate through the transmission line and operates in the L1 and L2 GPS bands. The power detector module provides additional amplification for noise quantification. The power detector receives an RF power level and converts the RF power level into a DC voltage output. The central processing unit includes memory that is capable of storing the DC voltage output from the power detector.

Abstract: To widen a range of an angle in which the directivity of an antenna is controllable to be high. An antenna includes a sheet-shaped laminated body that includes a conductive pattern layer, a first dielectric layer, a conductive ground layer, and an antenna pattern layer, the antenna pattern layer including element rows arranged in parallel, the element rows each including even-numbered radiation elements that are connected in series and linearly aligned at an interval in a direction orthogonal to a parallel alignment direction of the element rows, the conductive pattern layer including feed lines for feeding power to the center of each or the element rows, the element rows being divided into groups using a bending line as a boundary, by bending the laminated body along the bending line.

Abstract: An antenna system is provided that can include a plurality of parasitic elements connected to and extending from a ground plane, wherein each of the plurality of parasitic elements can be oriented at a common pitch angle, wherein each of the plurality of parasitic elements can be positioned at a uniform distance from a center of an antenna disposed on the ground plane, and wherein a respective length of each of the plurality of parasitic elements, the common pitch angle, and/or the uniform distance can be optimized so as to broaden a beamwidth of a radiation pattern produced by the antenna.

Abstract: An antenna device including: a substrate; a plurality of antenna elements supported by the substrate, each of the antenna elements having a feeding point; and a parasitic element supported by the substrate and having no feeding point, in which the plurality of antenna elements is disposed to be spaced apart from each other along a predetermined direction, the parasitic element is mutually spaced apart in the direction from a first antenna element located on an end side in the direction among the plurality of antenna elements, and a first element interval between the parasitic element and the first antenna element is equal to or less than twice a second element interval between the first antenna element and a second antenna element located on an opposite side of the parasitic element with respect to the first antenna element.

Abstract: Phased array antennas include a plurality of radiating elements and a plurality of RF lenses that are generally aligned along a first vertical axis. Each radiating element is associated with a respective one of the RF lenses, and each radiating element is tilted with respect to the first vertical axis.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an electronic device including a carrier, a first antenna, a second antenna, a third antenna, and a shielding structure. The carrier includes a first side and a second side opposite to each other, and a third side and a fourth side opposite to each other. The first antenna is disposed at the first side of the carrier. The second antenna and the third antenna are disposed at the second side of the carrier. The first, second, and third antennas are used for transmitting and receiving wireless signals at first, second, and third frequency bands, respectively. The shielding structure is disposed between the first antenna and the second antenna, and between the first antenna and the third antenna, so that the shielding structure shields interference signals between the first antenna and the second antenna, and interference signals between the first antenna and the third antenna.

Abstract: A system that incorporates the subject disclosure may include, for example, a device comprising a memory to store instructions and a processor coupled to the memory, wherein responsive to executing the instructions, the processor performs operations. The operations comprise receiving signals over a spectrum of frequencies, providing location data of the device to a base station, receiving a request from a base station to perform a spectral analysis of the signals, detecting an interference among the signals, and providing, in response to the request, data to the base station regarding a source of the interference, wherein the data comprises a location of the source relative to the device, spectral data for identifying the source, and a time a frequency of occurrence of the interference. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A base station antenna includes a panel that has a ground plane, first and second arrays that have respective first and second sets of linearly arranged radiating elements mounted on the panel, and a decoupling unit positioned between a first radiating element of the first array and a first radiating element of the second array. The decoupling unit includes at least a first sidewall that faces the first radiating element of the first array, a second sidewall that faces the first radiating element of the second array and an internal cavity that is defined in the region between the sidewalls. The first and second sidewalls are electrically conductive and electrically connected to the ground plane.

Abstract: A dipole antenna with resonant cavities operates with a resonant frequency near the antenna operating frequency to widen the operating bandwidth of the dipole antenna. Specifically, a ground consisting of multiple layers of electrically conductive planes and electrically conductive vias connecting the electrically conductive planes to form a ground wall cavity for a dipole member. The ground wall induces multiple resonant frequencies due to its coupling effect to the dipole member. A radio frequency (RF) frontend for mobile communication devices contains the dipole antenna with cavity coupled to a transceiver to receive and transmit communication signals.

Abstract: A deployable reflectarray antenna stowable in a 6U CubeSat volume is deployed through tape deployers and quartz cables. The telescoping waveguide is attached to the horn with a threaded insert. The reflectarray antenna has, at 37.75 GHz, a directivity of 48.5 dBi, a gain of 47.8 dBi, and an aperture efficiency of 42%. Hinges with a ball-end screw enable precise control of deployment angle of adjacent panels in the reflectarray antenna.

Abstract: A communication device includes an antenna system. The antenna system includes a first dual-polarized antenna, a second dual-polarized antenna, a first reflector, a second reflector, a first PIFA (Planar Inverted F Antenna), a second PIFA, a third PIFA, a first metal loop, a second metal loop, and a third metal loop. The first reflector is disposed adjacent to the first dual-polarized antenna. The second reflector is disposed adjacent to the second dual-polarized antenna. The first metal loop is disposed adjacent to the first PIFA. The first metal loop is floating and completely separated from the first PIFA. The second metal loop is disposed adjacent to the second PIFA. The second metal loop is floating and completely separated from the second PIFA. The third metal loop is disposed adjacent to the third PIFA. The third metal loop is floating and completely separated from the third PIFA.

Abstract: An antenna assembly for a vehicle and a method of using the antenna assembly with a vehicle communication system. The assembly includes a substrate and an antenna array. The substrate may be sized for a radio frequency-friendly (RF-friendly) region in the vehicle, and the antenna array carried by the substrate. The antenna array includes two or more antennas configured for communication in different RF bands.

Abstract: The present invention relates to radio frequency identification antennae for automatically reading and locating inventory when moved and rotated by an inventory-scanning robot having three dimensions of position mobility.

Abstract: A wireless communication system provides an antenna apparatus for the wireless communication system. The antenna apparatus includes a base, a plurality of Yagi-Uda antenna modules disposed in a specific arrangement, a plurality of floating metal modules correspondingly installed in upper portions of the Yagi-Uda antenna modules and selectively connected to a corresponding Yagi-Uda module among the plurality of Yagi-Uda antenna modules, a switching element for selectively switching the floating metal module and the Yagi-Uda antenna module, and a controller for controlling the Yagi-Uda antenna module to comprise a directivity in a desired direction by selectively switching the switching element.

Abstract: The invention relates to an antenna comprising a resonant cavity deliminated by a partially reflecting surface comprising an array of resonant cells, each resonant cell forming a micro-antenna, a totally reflecting surface facing said partially reflecting surface, a radiating source disposed in said resonant cavity and configured so as to radiate a wave between the partially reflecting surface and the totally reflecting surface, said wave illuminating resonant cells of the partially reflecting surface, the partially reflecting surface being curved and resonant cells being individually configured to introduced upon the passage of the incident wave radiated by the source a phase shift dependent on the curvature of the partially reflecting surface at the level of the corresponding resonant cell.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to a multi-ring switched parasitic array for improved antenna gain. The array includes multiple rings of parasitic elements configured around a central monopole element. Each parasitic element may be connected to a corresponding load circuit. Variable impedances may be applied to the parasitic elements via the variable impedance loads for causing the antenna array to produce a desired radiation pattern and/or for increasing gain of directional beams radiated by the parasitic antenna array.

Abstract: A system for illuminating an object with a wave or for imaging an object with a wave comprises a lens, a plurality of transducers and a control unit connected to the plurality of transducers. The lens comprises a plurality of resonator elements incorporated inside a medium and is able to convert a near field wave of the lens to a far field wave, or reciprocally. The resonator elements are at a sub wavelength distance from each others. The control unit provides signals to the transducers so that a plurality of points on the object are illuminated as desired, or obtains signals from the transducers to build an image of a plurality of points of the object. The points are at sub wavelength distance from each others.

Abstract: An efficient electrically small circularly polarized SATCOM antenna includes two crossed half loops which are encapsulated by a capacitive cage structure which acts as an internal matching network for the antenna. The cage structure induces two orthogonal electric fields which are 90 degrees out of phase, which produces omni-directional circularly polarized radiation patterns. The gain and impedance performance surpasses that of prior art of similar size.

Abstract: A UHF-RFID antenna having a central segmented loop surrounded by passive dipole structures provides shaping of the electric and magnetic fields to reduce the number of false positive reads by a UHF-RFID reader at a point of sale.

Abstract: One embodiment describes a reflectarray antenna system. The system includes an antenna feed configured to at least one of transmit and receive a wireless signal occupying a frequency band. The system also includes a reflector comprising a reflectarray. The reflectarray includes a plurality of reflectarray elements, where each of the reflectarray elements includes a dipole element. The dipole element of at least a portion of the plurality of reflectarray elements comprises a crossed-dipole portion and a looped-dipole portion. The plurality of reflectarray elements can be configured to selectively phase-delay the wireless signal to provide the wireless signal as a coherent beam.

Abstract: An antenna comprising a reflector have a center-fed shaped axially displaced elliptical (ADE) configuration with either an elliptical aperture or a truncated elliptical aperture is described.

Abstract: An antenna assembly includes a first active antenna element and a second active antenna element, each of which may be a dipole. A first set of independently-switchable radio-frequency reflectors are positioned around at least the first active antenna element. These first switchable radio-frequency reflectors may also be positioned around the second active antenna element. Alternatively, a second set of independently-switchable radio-frequency reflectors may be positioned around the second active antenna element. The switchable reflectors enable controlled perturbation of the communication channel between the antenna assembly and a remote communications node, enabling securely encrypted communications.

Abstract: An antenna comprising a network of arrayed radiating elements, a first reflective means comprising a flat central part upon which are disposed the radiating elements and longitudinally folded edges on either side of the array of elements, and at least one second reflective means which is a choke reflector disposed outside of the space separating the radiating elements of the reflector's folded edge. The second reflective means is separated from the first reflective means by a layer of dielectric material in order to connect it to the first reflective means by way of capacitive coupling.

Abstract: A substrate includes a dielectric plate and a conductive layer formed on both surfaces of the dielectric plate, and a first cutout is formed in the conductive layer on both surfaces of the substrate so as to extend inward from part of a first edge of the substrate. A first radiation electrode is connected to the conductive layer at a first point located on an outer peripheral line of the first cutout. A first reflector plate is disposed in a location further inward in the substrate from the first edge than the first point. The reflector plate is electrically connected to the conductive layer, and faces toward the first point. Thus an antenna device that is suited to miniaturization and that is capable of increasing directivity is provided.

Abstract: Stepped radio frequency (RF) reflector antennas are disclosed in which an inner RF reflector is disposed in a central opening of at one or more annular RF reflectors. The RF reflecting surface of the inner RF reflector and the RF reflecting surface(s) of the one or more annular RF reflectors can be shaped and positioned relative to each other to have different focal lengths but nevertheless reflect an RF signal to the same focal plane. The depth of the inventive reflector antenna system can be less than the depth of prior art reflector antennas with a comparable RF aperture.

Abstract: A dual band directional antenna with low frequency band reflectors that form desired antenna patterns in a low frequency band while remaining transparent to a higher frequency band. As a result of such frequency transparency, pattern changes in the lower frequency bands do not affect patterns in the higher band frequencies.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments, the present disclosure are related to an antenna system including radiating elements and reflectors. The reflectors can be disposed with respect to the radiating elements to reflect radiation from the radiating elements to generate a coverage area that exceeds the coverage area generated by the radiating elements without the reflectors.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed herein for a reconfigurable faceted reflector for producing a plurality of antenna patterns. The reconfigurable reflector includes a backing structure, a plurality of adjusting mechanisms mounted to the backing structure, and a plurality of reflector facets. Each of the plurality of reflector facets is coupled to a respective one of the plurality of adjusting mechanisms for adjusting the position of the reflector facet with which it is coupled. The reflector facets are arranged to produce a first antenna pattern of the plurality of antenna patterns. By adjusting the plurality of adjusting mechanisms, the position of each of the reflector facets coupled to the respective one of the plurality of adjusting mechanisms is adjusted so that the reflector facets are arranged to produce a second antenna pattern of the plurality of antenna patterns.

Abstract: Wireless radio apparatuses for point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission/communication of high bandwidth signals having dual receivers and transmitters. Radio devices and systems may include a pair of reflectors separated by an isolation choke boundary. The device may be configured to operate in any appropriate band (e.g., a 5 GHz band, a 24 GHz band, etc.) and may simultaneously transmit and receive with minimal crosstalk. The isolation choke boundary may have ridges that extend between the first and second parabolic reflectors to a height that may be tuned to the band. The isolation choke boundary provides greater than 10 dB isolation between the first and the second parabolic reflectors may be in a fixed configuration relative to each other so that they are aligned to send/receive in parallel. The two reflectors may be formed of a single housing, with fixed parallel alignment.

Abstract: An antenna device includes a reflector which forms an offset antenna with a portion of a rotational paraboloid being cut out, and a primary radiator which radiates a beam having an elliptical cone shape to an aperture plane of the reflector. A reflector contour of the aperture plane of the reflector is formed in an elliptical shape along an isolux line of an elliptical beam radiated from the primary radiator. Accordingly, a loss due to spillover of the reflector is compensated for in a space in which the reflector contour of the present embodiment protrudes from a general reflector contour having a virtual elliptical shape formed to be perpendicular to an axis of a beam incident on an aperture plane of the reflector. In a space in which the general reflector contour protrudes from the reflector contour of the present embodiment, degradation of illuminance efficiency of the reflector is compensated.

Abstract: Wireless radio apparatuses for point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission/communication of high bandwidth signals having dual receivers and transmitters. Radio devices and systems may include a pair of reflectors separated by an isolation choke boundary. The device may be configured to operate in any appropriate band (e.g., a 5 GHz band, a 24 GHz band, etc.) and may simultaneously transmit and receive with minimal crosstalk. The isolation choke boundary may have ridges that extend between the first and second parabolic reflectors to a height that may be tuned to the band. The isolation choke boundary provides greater than 10 dB isolation between the first and the second parabolic reflectors may be in a fixed configuration relative to each other so that they are aligned to send/receive in parallel. The two reflectors may be formed of a single housing, with fixed parallel alignment.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for point-to-point or point-to-multipoint transmission/communication of high bandwidth signals. High bandwidth signals may be efficiently transmitted by a radio device having a pair of reflectors separated by an isolation choke boundary. The two reflectors may be connected or formed of a single housing, and may be mounted to a wall, pole, etc. using a quick-connect. The devices may be configured to operate in any appropriate band (e.g., a 5 GHz band, a 24 GHz band, etc.) and may be configured for accurate and easy alignment with one or more remote radio devices. Alignment may be assisted by displaying both local and remote transmission information during alignment.

Abstract: Devices and systems, and methods of using them, for point-to-point transmission/communication of high bandwidth signals. Radio devices and systems may include a pair of reflectors (e.g., parabolic reflectors) that are adjacent to each other and configured so that one of the reflectors is dedicated for sending/transmitting information, and the adjacent reflector is dedicated for receiving information. Both reflectors may be in a fixed configuration relative to each other so that they are aligned to send/receive in parallel. In many variations the two reflectors are formed of a single housing, so that the parallel alignment is fixed, and reflectors cannot lose alignment. The device/systems may be configured to allow switching between duplexing modes. These devices/systems may be configured as wide bandwidth zero intermediate frequency radios including alignment modules for automatic alignment of in-phase and quadrature components of transmitted signals.

Abstract: A MIMO antenna includes first and second radiating elements and a conductive neutralization line. Each of the first and second radiating elements includes a straight portion connected to a serpentine portion. The straight and serpentine portions are configured to resonate in at least two spaced apart RF frequency ranges in response to the straight portion being electrically excited through a RF feed. The conductive neutralization line conducts resonant currents between the first and second radiating elements and has a conductive length that is configured to phase shift the conducted resonant currents to cause at least partial cancellation of currents in the first and second radiating elements which are generated by wireless RF signals received by the first and second radiating elements from each other.

Abstract: A broadband dual polarization antenna comprises a first metal reflective plane, for reflecting radio signals, to enhance the gain of the broadband dual polarization antenna; a first radiation portion, disposed on the first metal reflective plane with a first gap to the first metal reflective plane; a second radiation portion, disposed on the first radiation portion with a second gap to the first radiation portion; and a supporting element, for supporting and isolating the first metal reflective plane, the first radiation portion and the second radiation portion.

Abstract: A multiple input, multiple output (“MIMO”) antenna system is provided for operation on a radio frequency (“RF”) module that may be used in a wireless access device. The MIMO antenna system includes a plurality of multi-band antenna elements connected to a radio in a MIMO configuration. The multi-band antenna elements and the radio are configured to operate on a RF module. A reflector is formed on the RF module to contain the plurality of multi-band antenna elements and to concentrate signal communication in a sector, the plurality of multi-band antenna elements oriented to provide a sector coverage pattern formed by beam patterns generated by each of the multi-band antenna elements.

Abstract: A planar bi-directional radiation antenna including a substrate, a first reflecting element, an antenna body, a second reflecting element and a third reflecting element is provided. The first reflecting element is concaved inwards to form a first notch in a first surface. The antenna body is located inside the first notch, and is symmetrical to a predetermined direction with the first reflecting element. The second reflecting element is concaved inwards to form a second notch in a second surface. The configuration of the first notch and the second notch is correspondingly disposed along a vertical projection plane with respect to the substrate. The third reflecting element is opposite to the antenna body along the predetermined direction, and covers an opening of the first notch, so that the antenna generates two beams, wherein the two beams have an angle relative to the substrate, so as to achieve a bi-directional radiation effect.

Abstract: According to one exemplary embodiment of the invention, a vehicle antenna apparatus is provided on a vehicle in such a way that this results in the antenna having a horizontal main beam direction. A first reflection apparatus above the conductive roof of the vehicle, with an exciter between these two elements, causes the reflections to be doubled, thus causing the main beam direction to be lowered from a vertical to a horizontal direction.