Abstract: There is provided a print apparatus including: a piezoelectric member; an individual electrode formed in the piezoelectric member; a first common electrode formed in the piezoelectric member so that the first common electrode is opposed to the individual electrode; a second common electrode formed in the piezoelectric member so that the second common electrode is opposed to the individual electrode, a voltage to be applied to the second common electrode being different from a voltage to be applied to the first common electrode; and a detection circuit configured to detect a capacitance of a first capacitor configured by the piezoelectric member, the individual electrode, and the first common electrode and a second capacitor configured by the piezoelectric member, the individual electrode, and the second common electrode. The detection circuit includes an oscillation circuit configured to be connected to the individual electrode.

Abstract: A recording head includes an ink ejection portion and an ink holding portion. The ink holding portion includes a sheet portion and a holding portion. The sheet portion has an upper end side fixed to the ink ejection portion and a lower end side movable in a direction of coming closer to or separating away from a side surface of the ink ejection portion. The holding portion is located at a lower end portion of the sheet portion on the ink ejection portion side, is disposed to come into contact with or close to the side surface of the ink ejection portion, and is configured to hold an ink in an adjacent region with respect to the ink ejection portion.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes ejection orifices for ejecting liquid, common liquid chambers connected to the ejection orifices, common flow passages, and pitch conversion flow passages that connects the common flow passages and liquid chambers to each other. The pitch conversion flow passages includes a periphery formed with resin. In a case where a number of pitch conversion flow passages in a group is minimum on a condition that one or more of the pitch conversion flow passages are respectively included in the group, the pitch conversion flow passages have a repeating pattern in which the group is repeatedly arranged. At least one of two pitch conversion flow passages adjoining an m-th pitch conversion flow passage (m is all integers from 1 to n?2, where n is an integer of 3 or more) is one of first to (m+1)-th pitch conversion flow passages.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid discharge head including: a plurality of nozzles arranged in a first direction; a plurality of pressure chambers; a plurality of throttles; and a common channel extending in the first direction and connected to the plurality of throttles. The common channel has: a supply port, and a terminal part which is at least one of both end parts in the first direction of the common channel, the supply port being not provided at the terminal part. A terminal throttle which is one of the plurality of throttles and which is positioned closest to the terminal part among the plurality of throttles has a channel resistance same as a channel resistance of a throttle of the plurality of throttles different from the terminal throttle, and extends from a connection between the terminal throttle and one of the plurality of pressure chambers to the terminal part.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes: nozzles aligned on a nozzle surface; a supply manifold configured that a liquid is supplied therein from the outside of the liquid discharge head; a return manifold which is arranged between the nozzle surface and the supply manifold in a first direction, which is configured that the liquid is flown out therefrom to the outside of the liquid discharge head, and which is provided with a return damper part; and individual flow channels each of which corresponds to one of the nozzles. Each of the individual flow channels has a return throttle channel communicating the corresponding nozzle with the return manifold and being arranged between the return manifold and the nozzle surface in the first direction. The return manifold has a compliance larger than a compliance of the supply manifold.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes ejection orifices for ejecting liquid, common liquid chambers connected to the ejection orifices, common flow passages, and pitch conversion flow passages that connects the common flow passages and liquid chambers to each other. The pitch conversion flow passages includes a periphery formed with resin. In a case where a number of pitch conversion flow passages in a group is minimum on a condition that one or more of the pitch conversion flow passages are respectively included in the group, the pitch conversion flow passages have a repeating pattern in which the group is repeatedly arranged. At least one of two pitch conversion flow passages adjoining an m-th pitch conversion flow passage (m is all integers from 1 to n?2, where n is an integer of 3 or more) is one of first to (m+1)-th pitch conversion flow passages.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid discharging head including: a plurality of supply manifolds configured to receive a liquid to be discharged from a plurality of nozzles and provided side by side with each other; a supply integration channel arranged on a first side in a longitudinal direction of the supply manifolds; a first connecting channel connecting the supply integration channel and a first supply manifold of the supply manifolds; and a second connecting channel connecting the supply integration channel and a second supply manifold, of the supply manifolds, being adjacent to the first supply manifold in a short direction of the first supply manifold. An outlet of the first connecting channel is arranged on the first side in the longitudinal direction of the supply manifolds; and an outlet of the second connecting channel is arranged on a second side in the longitudinal direction of the supply manifolds.

Abstract: A liquid ejection apparatus includes a liquid ejection unit with a plurality of nozzles and a corresponding plurality of actuators. A drive waveform generation circuit is configured to generate drive waveforms having different drive timings. An actuator drive circuit is configured to apply a first drive waveform to a first actuator in a liquid ejection operation and a second drive waveform to a second actuator in the liquid ejection operation during which the first and second actuators are to be driven at a same nominal time. The first driving waveform is different from the second drive waveform, and the first actuator is at a position electrically closer along a predetermined direction to a power supply electrode than is the second actuator.

Abstract: A liquid discharging head includes: individual channels aligned in a first direction; and a first common channel and a second common channel extending in the first direction. Each of the individual channels includes a nozzle, a first pressure chamber and second pressure chamber arranged side by side in the first direction, and a connecting channel connecting the nozzle, the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamber to one another. A first actuator and a second actuator are provided on the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamber, respectively. The first common channel communicates with the first and second pressure chambers; and the second common channel communicates with the connecting channel.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus comprising, a first processing unit configured to process a first image stored in a first memory and output a first processing result in a first size, a conversion unit configured to, if the first size matches a second size, output the first processing result, and if the first size is different from the second size, convert the first processing result into the second size and output a result of the conversion, and a second processing unit configured to process the first processing result outputted from the conversion unit and a second image of the second size stored in a second memory, and to store a second processing result in the second memory in the second size.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes a nozzle surface having a plurality of nozzles, a channel structure stacked on the nozzle surface in a stacking direction, and a supply channel structure formed of a material having a lower thermal conductivity than a material of the channel structure. The channel structure has a liquid ejection channel communicating with the nozzles. The supply channel structure has a supply channel communicating with the liquid ejection channel. The supply channel structure has a covering portion covering at least a portion of an end surface on a side of the channel structure in a width direction orthogonal to the stacking direction.

Abstract: A width in a second direction of the first portion disposed in a position corresponding to the first piezoelectric body in the third electrode which intersects with the first direction is a first width. A width in a second direction of the second portion in the third electrode disposed in a position corresponding to the second piezoelectric body is a second width. A width in the second direction of the third portion in the third electrode disposed in a position between the first piezoelectric body and the second piezoelectric body in the first direction is a third width which is smaller than the first width and the second width.

Abstract: A method for forming at least a first primary droplet onto a primary fiber includes arranging part of the primary fiber into a reserve of liquid or viscous polymer based material so the primary fiber extends through and on both sides of the reserve. The primary fiber and/or the reserve move relative to each other so a first part of the primary fiber moves out from the reserve with a first primary velocity, forming a first primary layer of the liquid or viscous polymer based material onto the first part of the primary fiber. The first primary layer of the liquid or viscous polymer based material is allowed to form a first primary droplet onto the primary fiber holding the primary fiber relative to the reserve or moving the primary fiber and/or the reserve relative to each other with a first secondary velocity less than the first primary velocity.

Abstract: According to examples, an apparatus may include a processor and a memory on which are stored machine readable instructions. The instructions, when executed by the processor, may cause the processor to access a property value respectively corresponding to each of a plurality of firing actuators in a printing system and determine a count of the firing actuators having property values that are outside of a predefined threshold value range. Based on the count exceeding a predefined maximum threshold value, the instructions may cause the processor to determine locations of the plurality of the firing actuators having property values that are outside of the predefined threshold value range, determine a standard deviation of the determined locations, and based on the determined standard deviation being below a predetermined threshold, output an indication concerning a potential printhead strike.

Abstract: A server includes a transceiver and a controller. The transceiver is configured to facilitate communication with a plurality of image forming apparatuses. The controller is configured to receive adjustment information from each of the plurality of images forming apparatuses, determine an updated adjustment value to be used in each of the plurality of image forming apparatuses based on the adjustment information received from of each of the plurality of image forming apparatuses, and transmit adjustment update information including the updated adjustment value to each of the plurality of image forming apparatuses.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a nozzle configured to discharge a liquid, a pressure chamber communicating with the nozzle, a pressure generator configured to apply pressure on the pressure chamber, a first substrate including a terminal electrode connected to the pressure generator, and a second substrate including a bonding surface bonded to the first substrate, the second substrate including a terminal opening exposing the terminal electrode of the first substrate. The first substrate includes a through hole penetrating through the first substrate, and the second substrate includes a communication hole communicating with the through hole of the first substrate and an air communication channel on a surface opposite to the bonding surface, the air communication channel communicating with the terminal opening and the communicating hole.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes a nozzle, a pressure chamber configured to receive a pressure to eject liquid from the nozzle, a descender, and a communication channel. The descender has a first end and a second end opposite to each other. The first end is connected to the pressure chamber. The communication channel is connected to the second end and extends from a connection with the second end in an X direction. A first direction in which the descender extends from the second end toward the first end is inclined toward the communication channel relative to a Y direction orthogonal to the X direction.

Abstract: The terminal portion extends onto a surface of the protrusion portion from part positioned in the second layer and corresponding to the second portion, and part on the surface of the protrusion portion contacts an electrode of the drive element.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes: a first substrate including a pressure chamber; and a second substrate. The first substrate has a first surface in which a nozzle communicating with the pressure chamber is opened and a second surface positioned at an opposite side of the first surface and in which a communication hole communicating with the pressure chamber is opened. The second substrate is joined to the second surface of the first substrate and has a channel communicating with the pressure chamber via the communication hole. The pressure chamber has a first end in a first direction and a center portion in the first direction. The communication hole communicates with the first end of the pressure chamber, and the first end of the pressure chamber is greater than the center portion of the pressure chamber in length in a second direction which intersects with the first direction.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a flow path substrate configuring a side face of a pressure chamber in communication with a nozzle through which a liquid is ejected, a diaphragm including a first face joined to the flow path substrate and a second face on an opposite side of the diaphragm to the first face, and a drive device provided on the second face and configured to change pressure in the pressure chamber. A corner of the side face of the pressure chamber includes a curved face having a center of curvature positioned in the pressure chamber in plan view, a recess is formed in the first face, and the pressure chamber is positioned inside the recess in plan view.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator includes: a plurality of discrete electrodes, which is disposed on one side of a piezoelectric element; a common electrode, which is disposed on the other side of the piezoelectric element; a plurality of discrete contacts, which are respectively connected to the plurality of discrete electrodes, and wherein the plurality of discrete electrodes include: a first discrete electrode; and a second discrete electrode, which is disposed at a position away from a corresponding discrete contact as compared with the first discrete electrode, wherein the common electrode includes: a first common electrode, which faces the first discrete electrode in the thickness direction; and a second common electrode, which is separated from the first common electrode in the surface direction and faces the second discrete electrode in the thickness direction, and wherein a connection wiring is provided to connect the first common electrode with the second common electrode.

Abstract: A liquid discharging head includes: a first member having a surface in which first openings are formed, the first openings arranged in a first direction and communicating with individual channels; a second member disposed at one side in a second direction with respect to the first member, the second member having: a space extending in the first direction and communicating with the first openings; and a second opening disposed at the first side in the second direction with respect to the space and communicating with the space; and a third member disposed between the first member and the second member in the second direction and having a communicating hole extending in the first direction and allowing the first openings to communicate with the space. The third member has a wall dividing the communicating hole into partial holes separated from each other in the first direction.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes: a first substrate having pressure chambers, the first substrate having a first surface in which nozzles communicating with the pressure chambers are open and a second surface in which first holes and second holes communicating with the pressure chambers are open; a piezoelectric actuator arranged on the second surface of the first substrate and configured to apply discharge energy to liquid inside the pressure chambers; a second substrate joined to the second surface of the first substrate and having first channels and second channels, the first channels communicating with the pressure chambers via the first holes, the second channels communicating with the pressure chambers via the second holes; first ring-shaped traces connected to the piezoelectric actuator and each surrounding one of the first holes; and second ring-shaped traces connected to the piezoelectric actuator and each surrounding one of the second holes.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head 2 of the present disclosure includes: a flow path member 4 having a plurality of pressurizing chambers 10 connected to respective discharge holes 8, a first common flow path 20 commonly connected to the plurality of pressurizing chambers 10, and a second common flow path 22 commonly connected to the plurality of pressurizing chambers 10; and a plurality of pressurizing units 50 that pressurizes the respective pressurizing chambers 10, in which the first common flow path 20 extends in a first direction and is open to an outside of the flow path member 4 at both end portions, and the second common flow path 22 extends in the first direction and is open to the outside of the flow path member 4 at both end portions.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid discharging head including: a nozzle discharging a liquid; a pressure chamber row in which a plurality of pressure chambers communicating with the nozzle are arranged side by side along a first axis direction; and a first reservoir and a second reservoir commonly communicating with the plurality of pressure chambers, in which the pressure chamber row includes a first pressure chamber communicating with the first reservoir and a second pressure chamber communicating with the second reservoir, and the liquid discharging head further comprises a communication flow path causing the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamber to commonly communicate with one nozzle.

Abstract: A liquid discharge apparatus includes an individual flow passage member; and a common flow passage member joined to the individual flow passage member in a first direction. The individual flow passage member has nozzle groups formed on a surface on a side opposite to the common flow passage member and connecting hole groups formed on a surface on a side of the common flow passage member; and the common flow passage member has manifold flow passages corresponding to the connecting hole groups respectively. Each of the nozzle groups includes nozzles aligned in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction; and each of the connecting hole groups includes connecting holes aligned in the second direction and connected to the nozzles respectively. Each of the manifold flow passages extends in the second direction and is connected to the nozzles via the connecting holes.

Abstract: Provided is a liquid discharge head that includes a nozzle plate provided with a nozzle hole that discharges a liquid, a silicon substrate provided with a pressure generating chamber that communicates with the nozzle hole, a vibration plate provided on the silicon substrate, and a piezoelectric element that is provided on the vibration plate and changes a volume of the pressure generating chamber. The piezoelectric element includes a piezoelectric layer including a composite oxide of a perovskite structure containing lead, zirconium, and titanium. A difference between a peak position derived from a (100) surface of the piezoelectric layer and a peak position derived from a (220) surface of the silicon substrate in an X-ray diffraction of the piezoelectric layer is less than 25.00°.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes a first electrode disposed at a base body, a second electrode, and a piezoelectric layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The piezoelectric layer includes a first piezoelectric layer containing a complex oxide having a perovskite structure that contains lead, zirconium, and titanium and a second piezoelectric layer containing a complex oxide having a perovskite structure that is denoted by formula (1) below. The first piezoelectric layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second piezoelectric layer and is preferentially oriented to (100) when the crystal structure of the first piezoelectric layer is assumed to be pseudo-cubic, xPb(Mg,Nb)O3-yPbZrO3-zPbTiO3??(1) where in formula (1), 0<x,y,z<1 and x+y+z=1.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a driving substrate including a driving element configured to, in response to a signal from an external controller, expand or contract so that a liquid is discharged from a pressure chamber through a nozzle, and a connection portion connecting the driving element to a wiring substrate connectable to the external controller; a sealing member that covers the connection portion and a part of the wiring substrate; and a mask plate partially covering a part of the driving substrate including the connection portion and contacting the sealing member.

Abstract: A liquid discharge apparatus of the present disclosure includes an ink composition and a liquid discharge section including a nozzle for discharging the ink composition. The ink composition is a pigment textile printing ink composition containing resin particles, water, and an organic solvent. The resin particles have a glass transition temperature of 5° C. or less and are contained in an amount of 6.5 mass % or more based on the total amount of the ink composition. The ink composition contains a polyhydric alcohol having a boiling point of 270° C. or more as the organic solvent in an amount of 15.0 mass % or less based on the total amount of the ink composition. The liquid discharge section includes a pressure chamber and a circulation passage for circulating the ink composition in the pressure chamber.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting head includes a diaphragm that constitutes a part of a wall surface of a pressure chamber in which a liquid is filled, and a piezoelectric element that vibrates the diaphragm, in which the piezoelectric element includes a first electrode and a second electrode, and a piezoelectric layer including a first portion located between the first electrode and the second electrode and a second portion not overlapping at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode in plan view, a first surface at an opposite side of the first portion from the diaphragm and a second surface at an opposite side of the second portion from the diaphragm are different in position in a laminate direction of the first electrode, the piezoelectric layer, and the second electrode, and a second film thickness of the second portion is larger than a first film thickness of the first portion.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element including a first electrode provided above a base body, a first piezoelectric layer provided so as to be in contact with the base body and cover the first electrode, a second piezoelectric layer provided above the first piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode provided above the second piezoelectric layer, wherein the first piezoelectric layer includes a composite oxide that contains potassium and niobium and that has a perovskite-type structure containing potassium as a main component at an A-site, the second piezoelectric layer includes a composite oxide that contains potassium, sodium, and niobium and that has a perovskite-type structure, and the first piezoelectric layer has a higher potassium atomic concentration (atm %) than the second piezoelectric layer.

Abstract: A piezoelectric device (an actuator unit) includes the following: a first substrate (a pressure chamber forming substrate, a diaphragm) having a piezoelectric layer and a first wiring conductor (a top electrode layer) that is at least partially stacked on the piezoelectric layer; and a second substrate (a sealing substrate) having a second wiring conductor (a bottom wiring conductor) that faces and is separated from the first wiring conductor (a top electrode layer) and to which an electrical signal different from an electrical signal that is applied to the first wiring conductor (a top electrode layer) is applied. At least one of the first wiring conductor (a top electrode layer) and the second wiring conductor (a bottom wiring conductor) is at least partially covered with an electrically insulating protective layer.

Abstract: An ink jet head with a head chip including a nozzle layer with nozzles for jetting ink and a pressure chamber layer with pressure chambers communicated respectively with the nozzles; and a manifold which stores the ink to be supplied to the pressure chambers; where the head chip has individual communication flow paths which are communicated respectively with the pressure chambers and which are capable of discharging the ink in the pressure chambers; and a common communication flow path which is disposed in a part facing the nozzle layer of the pressure chamber layer and which is connected to the individual communication flow paths to join the ink discharged from the individual communication flow paths together.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes a first electrode layer, a piezoelectric body layer, and a second electrode layer laminated in this order, and a conductive layer that is located from the first electrode layer to the piezoelectric body layer, in which the piezoelectric body layer includes a first portion overlapping the second electrode layer, a second portion overlapping the conductive layer, and a third portion not overlapping the second electrode layer and the conductive layer, in a plan view which is viewed from a laminate direction of the first electrode layer, the piezoelectric body layer, and the second electrode layer, and in which a thickness of at least a part of the third portion is smaller than a thickness of the first portion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a drum unit, an optical print head, a moving mechanism, a moving mechanism supporting member, a main assembly, a flexible flat cable, a first cover portion made of a resin material and provided in the supporting member so as to cover a first portion of a cutting plane of the opening, the first portion opposing one surface of the flexible flat cable, and a second cover portion made of a resin material and provided in the supporting member so as to cover a second portion of the cutting plane of the opening, the second portion opposing the other surface of the flexible flat cable.

Abstract: A liquid jetting head, includes: a nozzle plate having a nozzle surface in which nozzles are open, the nozzles being aligned on the nozzle surface in a first direction to form nozzle rows; a cover which is in thermal contact with ends in the first direction of the nozzle plate; and at least one heater which is in thermal contact with the cover and which is configured to heat the cover.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid jetting apparatus, including: a first pressure chamber and a second pressure chamber arranged in a first direction; a first insulating film covering the first and second pressure chambers; a first piezoelectric element arranged to face the first pressure chamber with the first insulating film being intervened therebetween; a second piezoelectric element arranged to face the second pressure chamber with the first insulating film being intervened therebetween; a trace arranged between the first and the second piezoelectric elements adjacent to each other in the first direction; and a second insulating film covering the trace. An end, in the first direction, of a part of the second insulating film covering the trace between the first piezoelectric element and the second piezoelectric element is positioned inside an end of a partition wall partitioning the first pressure chamber and the second pressure chamber.

Abstract: A micro-electromechanical fluid control device includes at least one flow guiding unit. The at least one flow guiding unit includes an inlet plate, a substrate, a resonance membrane, an actuating membrane and an outlet plate sequentially stacked. A first chamber is defined between the resonance membrane and the actuating membrane and a second chamber is defined between the actuating membrane and the outlet plate. While the piezoelectric membrane of the flow guiding unit drives the actuating membrane, a fluid is inhaled into the convergence chamber via the inlet of the inlet plate, transported into the first chamber via the central aperture of the resonance membrane, transported into the second chamber via a vacant space of the actuating membrane, and discharged out from the outlet of the outlet plate, so as to control the fluid to flow.

Abstract: An optical scanning device includes: a mirror that has an optical reflection surface; a mirror support unit configured to support the mirror; a pair of drive beams arranged on both sides of the mirror support unit and connected such that the mirror support unit is swingable; a drive source provided on the drive beams and configured to swing the mirror support unit, the drive source including a stack structure of a plurality of piezoelectric thin films; and a piezoelectric sensor formed on a connection beam connected to the drive source or the drive beams, a number of piezoelectric thin films included in the piezoelectric sensor being less than a number of the piezoelectric thin films included in the drive source.

Abstract: There is provided a liquid ejection head whose resolution may be enhanced without narrowing a wiring pitch, and a manufacturing method thereof. To that end, integrated circuits are arranged on a same substrate as that of piezoelectric elements.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes: a substrate; a first electrode which is disposed on the substrate; a piezoelectric body layer which is disposed on the first electrode, which has a plurality of layers configured to contain a piezoelectric body material, and in which the total thickness of the plurality of layers is within a range of 1.6 ?m to 10 ?m; and an intermediate layer which is disposed on an interlayer of the piezoelectric body layer, and which is configured to contain titanium.

Abstract: A fluid ejection die includes a substrate including an array of nozzles.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a plurality of nozzles to discharge a liquid, a plurality of pressure chambers communicating with the plurality of nozzles, respectively, a plurality of individual supply channels communicating with the plurality of pressure chambers, respectively, a plurality of common-supply branch channels each having a side face and a bottom face and communicating with two or more of the plurality of individual supply channels, respectively, and a common-supply main channel communicating with the plurality of common-supply branch channels. The plurality of common-supply branch channels includes a curved portion on a corner between the side face and the bottom face of each of the plurality of common-supply branch channels along a direction of liquid flow in the plurality of common-supply branch channels.

Abstract: A head module includes a base including a plurality of openings, and a plurality of heads inserted into the plurality of openings, respectively, to be mounted on the base. The plurality of heads includes a nozzle plate including a nozzle, an individual channel member disposed on the nozzle plate and including an individual chamber communicating with the nozzle, and a frame fixed to the individual channel member. Coefficients of linear expansion of the nozzle plate and the individual channel member are substantially identical to a coefficient of linear expansion of the base, and one of the nozzle plate and the individual channel member is bonded to the base.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head is provided. The liquid ejection head includes at least two nozzle lines configured to have a plurality of nozzles for ejecting liquid disposed in respective lines, a plurality of individual liquid chambers configured to be in communication with corresponding nozzles of the nozzle lines, and at least two circulation channels corresponding to the nozzle lines, configured to be in communication with the individual liquid chambers. The at least two circulation channels are in communication with each other through a bridging channel disposed in a direction intersecting with the nozzle line direction, and the bridging channel and the circulation channels are disposed at different positions in a thickness direction of a member which forms the bridging channel and the circulation channels.

Abstract: A liquid ejecting apparatus includes a plurality of nozzles, a plurality of pressure chambers, a plurality of pressure-generation-elements, a plurality of inflow channels, a first-channel-resistance-changing-section, and a control-unit. The control-unit repeats control of switching between a first state in which the control-unit controls the first-channel-resistance-changing-section to collectively increase channel resistance of the inflow channels and a second state in which the control-unit controls the first-channel-resistance-changing-section to collectively decrease the channel resistance of the inflow channels.

Abstract: A piezoelectric functional film includes a base layer and a piezoelectric layer. The piezoelectric layer contains niobium-doped lead zirconate titanate. The base layer contains one of niobium-doped lead titanate, (niobium, lanthanum)-doped lead titanate, and (niobium, lanthanum, magnesium)-doped lead titanate.

Abstract: A piezoelectric thin film element comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and one or more piezoelectric thin films there between wherein the first electrode is a platinum metal electrode having an average grain size greater than 50 nm and wherein a piezoelectric thin film adjacent the platinum metal electrode comprises a laminate having a plurality of piezoelectric thin film layers wherein a piezoelectric thin film layer contacting the platinum metal electrode comprises lead zirconate titanate (PZT) of composition at or about PbZrxTi1-xO3 where 0<x?0.60 and has a degree of pseudo cubic {100} orientation greater than or equal to 90%.

Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator has a ground substrate layer, an intermediate layer containing at least one of Ti and TiO2 on the ground substrate layer, an electrode layer containing Pt on the intermediate layer, and a piezoelectric layer containing lead zirconate titanate on the electrode layer, in which the lead zirconate titanate contained in the piezoelectric layer is preferentially oriented in the (100), (001), or (110) direction, the Pt contained in the electrode layer is preferentially oriented in the (111) direction, and the half width of the rocking curve in the (111) plane of the Pt contained in the electrode layer in X-ray diffraction is 1° or more.