Abstract: An image sensor includes a plurality of photosensitive sites which convert incident light into a charge for forming a bounded array of active imaging pixels; one or more substitutional pixels sites arranged in predetermined locations and interspersed amongst the boundary of the array of active imaging pixels; wherein the substitutional pixels are of a different design from the active imaging pixels which provides data, information or function different from the active pixels for improving performance, operation, manufacture, and/or assembly of the image sensor.

Abstract: In a solid-state image pick-up device comprising photoelectric converting devices 3r, 3g and 3b formed at a predetermined array interval in row and column directions on a semiconductor substrate, vertical transfer paths 4a, 4b, 4c, . . . provided in the column direction of the photoelectric converting device and serving to read and transfer a signal charge obtained by the photoelectric converting device, and a shielding film for covering an upper part of the vertical transfer path, a pore 7 is provided in a place corresponding to an imaginary pixel point position in the shielding film. Consequently, an actual signal (an imaginary pixel point charge) corresponding to the amount of a received light on the imaginary pixel point through the pore 7 is stored in the vertical transfer path.

Abstract: A solid state imaging device includes: a plurality of photoelectric conversion portions formed in a substrate in a matrix arrangement to convert light incident on light receiving portions into electricity; a plurality of vertical transfer registers for reading charges out of the photoelectric conversion portions and transferring the charges in the column direction; and a plurality of shunt interconnections formed above the vertical transfer electrodes in one-to-one correspondence with the columns of the photoelectric conversion portions to supply drive pulses to the corresponding vertical transfer electrodes. Each of the vertical transfer registers includes a vertical transfer channel formed in the substrate in one-to-one correspondence with a column of the photoelectric conversion portions and a plurality of vertical transfer electrodes formed above the vertical transfer channel.

Abstract: In a signal reading method for a solid-state image pickup apparatus, an estimated photometric value is calculated at the time of preliminary image pickup and compared with a threshold value set beforehand. If the estimated photometric value is smaller than the threshold value, it is then determined that a scene to be pickup up has a narrower dynamic range to execute control reading out signal charges from the main and subregions of the individual photosensitive cell while mixing them together. If the estimated photometric value is not smaller than the threshold value, the signal charges of the main and subregions are read out independently of each other.

Abstract: An object is to prevent a false signal from being generated. In a CCD comprising a lot of photodiodes, vertical transfer paths, and a horizontal transfer path, signal charges respectively representing R, G and B color components are mixed in the horizontal transfer path. Therefore, readout of the signal charges inputted to the horizontal transfer path from the photodiodes is controlled such that the order of the color components respectively represented by the signal charges is a repetition of R, G, B and G and a repetition of B, G, R and G in every other row. When complementary colors are generated by mixing pixels in the horizontal transfer path, they differ even in the same column, thereby making it possible to prevent a false signal from being generated.

Abstract: In a photoelectric conversion device having a plurality of pixel circuits, a read transistor, a main electrode of which is connected to a charge accumulation node of a photoelectric conversion unit in each pixel circuit is operated in a pentode region, so as to read out a photoelectric conversion signal of each diode to a floating diffusion.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for producing progressive scan signals representative of an image of a scene, including the following steps: providing an image sensor onto which the image is projected, the image sensor having a diagonal pixel pattern; producing frame pairs as follows: during one frame of a frame pair, outputting pixel values alternately from successive adjacent line pairs of the sensor, starting at an odd numbered line, and, during the other frame of a frame pair, outputting pixel values alternately from successive adjacent line pairs of the sensor, starting at an even numbered line.

Abstract: A solid-state image pickup apparatus includes a timing signal generator for generating timing signals. Particular gates formed in each of photosensitive cells arranged in an image pickup section are driven independently or simultaneously in response to the timing signals. In an independent drive mode, outputs each having particular sensitivity are obtained from the different photosensitive regions of the individual cell by one time of exposure, covering a range of sensitivity as broad as one achievable with repeated photometry. This reduces the number of times of photometry for determining adequate exposure. In a simultaneous drive mode, outputs are produced in the usual manner. An exposure value calculator converts the resulting image signals to values having a predetermined format while an exposure parameter determining section determines exposure parameters if those values are adequate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a camera system and to a display device for displaying images recorded by the camera system. The camera system comprises a camera (1) provided with an optics system (2) and a photosensitive image surface (3) disposed near the optics symmetrically relative to its optic axis, the image refracted by the optics being projected onto said image surface. The photosensitive image surface is a concave spherical surface whose center of curvature is at the focal point of the optics.

Abstract: An image acquisition apparatus has an imaging optical system. An imaging section has a plurality of imaging pixels arranged at non-uniform intervals within an imaging surface. The imaging section picks up an object image imaged by the imaging optical system, and converts the object image into image signals. An image restoration processing section has a coefficient memory in which a predetermined coefficient sequence is recorded, and an image restoration processing circuit which carries out computation processing between the coefficient sequence recorded in the coefficient memory and the image signals from the imaging section. The image restoration processing section generates an image in a desired display pixel arrangement.

Abstract: Photosensor assemblies have, for each color, multiple line-arrays of photosensors. For each color, the spectral bandwidth received by each line-array is different. The additional spectral bandwidths are used to improve the spectral measurement accuracy, and to increase bit-depth. In one example, one row of a staggered array receives light having a first spectral bandwidth, and a second row of the staggered array receives light having a different spectral response. In a second example, photosensors with different sizes receive light having different spectral bandwidths.

Abstract: A solid-state image pickup apparatus includes a color filter including complementary color filter segments. When a shutter release bottom is pressed to its half-stroke or full-stroke position, light incident via the filter is picked up in a movie/photometry or a still picture mode, respectively. While signal charges are read out of an image sensor in accordance with the mode, the signal charges are digitized to become pixel data. In the movie/the photometry mode, despite that a plurality of pixel data are mixed together, a set of primary color pixel data are generated as if pixel signals were thinned out by mixture. In the still picture mode, all the pixels are sequentially read out and interpolated to generate primary color pixel data greater in number than photosensitive cells. The primary color data are raised in frequency to enhance the resolution of a picture.

Abstract: In an image pickup apparatus and image pickup method, an image pickup area where a plurality of pixels each having at least first and second photoelectric conversion sections are arranged in a depth direction is used to pick up an object image, signals from the first and second photoelectric conversion sections are obtained in case that the image pickup area is light-shielded, and differential processing between a signal obtained in the first photoelectric conversion section in case that the image pickup area is light-shielded and a signal obtained in the first photoelectric conversion section by picking up an object image in the image pickup area, and differential processing between a signal obtained in the second photoelectric conversion section in case that the image pickup area is light-shielded and a signal obtained in the second photoelectric conversion section by picking up an object image in the image pickup area are performed, so that correction of image pickup signals is performed.

Abstract: A solid state imaging system has at least one CMOS imager with first and second series of pixels in which the pixels of one series are offset, i.e., staggered, in respect to the pixels of the other series. Multiple imagers can be arrayed end to end, with jumper wires connecting the pixel output conductors or each so that the pixels feed into a common output amplifier for each series, to minimize chip to chip offset voltages. The pixels may be diagonally offset from one another, and a color imager can be constructed in which color ribbon filters are arranged diagonally across the imaging area. This arrangement minimizes color cross talk.

Abstract: A solid state imaging system has at least one CMOS imager with first and second series of pixels in which the pixels of one series are offset, i.e., staggered, in respect to the pixels of the other series. Multiple imagers can be arrayed end to end, with jumper wires connecting the pixel output conductors or each so that the pixels feed into a common output amplifier for each series, to minimize chip to chip offset voltages. The pixels may be diagonally offset from one another, and a color imager can be constructed in which color ribbon filters are arranged diagonally across the imaging area. This arrangment minimizes color cross talk.

Abstract: A color shooting solid state image pickup apparatus is composed by using a solid state image pickup device having a number of color pixels disposed in a plurality of rows and columns in a pixel shift layout with distributing at least one color-type color pixels in a square lattice pattern aligned in row and column directions and by using a video signal proceeding unit being able to perform interpolation processes using color information obtained from pixel signals output from the solid state image pickup device excepting one piece of color information obtained from pixel signals of the color pixels distributed in a square lattice pattern. A moving image having a smooth motion can be reproduced on a monitor even if the process performance of the video signal proceeding unit is not improved so much.

Abstract: The present invention relates to interpolating a missing color value of a given pixel in an array of pixels. The missing color value is determined from color values of neighboring pixels using a median-based technique in which the median is taken of the four pixels values of the horizontally and vertically neighboring pixels (G1–G4) having a same color as the missing color value, and color information from at least one other color (R/B) at the given pixel.

Abstract: A solid state imaging system has at least one CMOS imager with first and second series of pixels in which the pixels of one series are offset, i.e., staggered, in respect to the pixels of the other series. Multiple imagers can be arrayed end to end, with jumper wires connecting the pixel output conductors or each so that the pixels feed into a common output amplifier for each series, to minimize chip to chip offset voltages. The pixels may be diagonally offset from one another, and a color imager can be constructed in which color ribbon filters are arranged diagonally across the imaging area. This arrangment minimizes color cross talk.

Abstract: Methods of detecting relative misalignment between a color filter array and a sensor array in a color sensor array. The present invention provides methods for detecting and compensating for shifts of one or more rows and/or columns between a color filter array and a sensor array that may occur during the color sensor array fabrication process. The present invention also enables the use of color sensor arrays in which the alignment of a color filter array relative to the corresponding sensor array is unknown. In one embodiment, a detectable pattern of one or more pixels (e.g., pixels having black filters) is introduced into the periphery of the color sensor array. The position of the pattern is detected and color image data are processed with respect to the detected position. The invention is very cost effective and enables the use of image sensors with misaligned color filter arrays just as if they were manufactured correctly.

Abstract: A solid-state image sensor includes a photosensitive array capturing an optical image representative of a desired scene. The photosensitive array includes photo-sensors arranged in a direction of row and a direction of column, and microlenses each causing incident light to converge to the corresponding photo-sensor. Each photo-sensor corresponds to a particular pixel included in the photosensitive array. Each photo-sensor is made up of a higher- and a lower-sensitivity photosensitive cell for photoelectrically transducing incident light to electric signal charges. Each photo-sensor includes a primary and a secondary photosensitive cell respectively having higher-sensitivity and lower-sensitivity for photoelectrically transducing the incident light. Each microlens has its optical center shifted from the center of the corresponding photo-sensor toward the center of the photosensitive array.

Abstract: A sensor array is described comprising a substantially constant resolution portion comprising a first series of first concentric closed rings, each first closed ring comprising a monodimensional array of equally spaced sensor element location sites, each location site including at aleast one sensor element; and a spatially variant portion comprising a second series of second concentric closed rings, the second series being concentric with the first series and each second closed ring comprising a monodimensional array of equally spaced sensor element location sites, each location site having at least one sensor element, the spatially variant portion surrounding or being surrounded by the substantially constant resolution portion, and the density of sensor element location sites continuously increasing or decreasing between the substantially constant resolution portion and the spatially variant portion.

Abstract: A representative photosensor assembly comprises first through sixth arrays of photosensor elements and first through third arrays of charge shift registers. Each photosensor element in the first array, the third array and the sixth array of photosensor elements exhibit a first size, and each photosensor element in the second array, the fourth array and the sixth array of photosensor elements exhibit a size different than the first size. The first and second arrays of photosensor elements are operative to detect a first color of light, the third and fourth arrays of photosensor elements are operative to detect a second color of light, and the fifth and sixth arrays of photosensor elements are operative to detect a third color of light. The first, second and third arrays of charge shift registers are coupled between the first and second, third and fourth, and fifth and sixth arrays of photosensor elements, respectively.

Abstract: An image input scanner includes a linear array of photosensors to record images, such as in a digital copier or facsimile. A subset of the photosensors can be selected, depending on a particular situation, for recording images, while other photosensors are deselected. In this way, recording of “blank” image data, such as would be caused when photosensors in the array are not exposed to a sheet passing relative to the array, is avoided. In one embodiment, the array includes a plurality of local clock drivers, each clock driver controlling image data readout from a subset of photosensors. When a subset of photosensors are selected for a given situation, only the clock drivers associated with the selected photosensors are activated.

Abstract: In a solid-state image pickup device in which a large number of photoelectric converters are disposed in a shifted-pixel layout, a charge transfer channel configuring a vertical transfer CCD includes a section having a first width and being contiguous to a readout gate region and a section having a second width and being separated therefrom. The first width is less than the second width. Alternatively, a relative positional relationship between each photoelectric converter and the readout gate region corresponding thereto is fixed for all pixels. This makes it possible to easily prevent the event in which the light collecting efficiency and sensitivity of each pixel vary between two adjacent pixel rows. It is also possible to increase the pixel density while suppressing the decrease in area of the light receiving section of each pixel.

Abstract: A color image capturing device provided with groups of two rows of photoelectric conversion elements for each color of R, G and B is mounted on a carriage and planar color images are read by moving the carriage in a sub scanning direction. As each first row of photoelectric conversion elements and each second row of photoelectric conversion elements are offset from each other by an amount equivalent to a half of the width of an individual element in a main scanning direction, and resolution in the main scanning direction is enhanced. As each row of photoelectric conversion elements is arranged at pitch equivalent to the height of four rows, all the rows of photoelectric conversion elements can read the same line, even if the carriage is moved at speed twice or four times as fast as that in reading at 600 dpi to read at the resolution of 300 dpi or 150 dpi in the sub scanning direction at high speed in case the reading resolution of each row of photoelectric conversion elements is 600 dpi.

Abstract: A system for capturing an image includes a CMOS imaging system, an image focusing device, and an image control processing system coupled to the CMOS imaging system. The CMOS imaging system has at least one CMOS imager with at least one series of pixels. The image focusing device directs the image on to at least a portion of the at least one series of pixels. The CMOS imager may have two or more series of pixels at least adjacent each other where each of the series of pixels is offset from another one of the series of the pixels by a reciprocal of the total number of series of pixels in the CMOS imager.

Abstract: A solid state image sensor includes an array of pixels and a corresponding array of microlenses. The positions of the microlenses relative to their corresponding pixels may vary according to the distances of the pixels from a central optical axis of the image sensor to substantially eliminate vignetting of light collected by the microlenses.

Abstract: This invention discloses a filter structure for a video image sensing device. The filter structure consists of a red colour filter and a blue colour filter and these are combined in a sensing block with non-colour or apertured windowed sensors i.e. grey sensors.

Abstract: A solid-state image pickup apparatus capable of performing, for instance, AE control by means of an image signal containing all colors used for color separation in photosensitive cells arranged in a honeycomb-like structure, and signal reading out method therefor. A digital still camera supplies a signal in a mode set by a mode setting section to a system control section. Upon receiving the signal, the system control section controls a drive signal generation section to generate a drive signal. Incident lights are supplied onto an image pickup section through color separation filters having filter segments of identical colors arranged in a column direction. The image pickup section photoelectrically converts the lights incident to the respective photosensitive cells. A drive signal generated by the drive signal generation section according to the specified mode is supplied to a signal reading out gate, so that a transfer for the signal charges is performed.

Abstract: A solid-state imaging apparatus includes an image pick-up section in which photosensitive devices are arranged in, e.g., a honeycomb G square lattice, RB full-checker pattern due to shifted pixels. Regions void of the photosensitive devices are assumed to be virtual photosensitive devices. A signal processing section generates data for the virtual photosensitive devices by using the data of surrounding photosensitive devices while attaching importance to accurate color reproduction and horizontal and/or vertical resolution. As a result, the number of pixel data are increased in a square lattice arrangement. Therefore, high quality image signals are readily achievable with a smaller number of photosensitive devices than conventional with a conventional apparatus. Interpolation can be executed with the high quality signals to the limit of resolution with an adequate circuit scale.

Abstract: A solid-state image pickup apparatus with a shortened signal reading out time in performing, for example, a light measurement control even in an application in which photosensitive cells are highly integrated, and a method of reading out a signal. With a digital still camera, in a mode set by a mode setting section, a system control section controls a drive signal generator to generate a drive signal. Light from an objective imaging field is incident onto an image pickup device through a color separation filter having color filters at least one of three separated colors arranged in a column direction. The image pickup device photoelectrically converts the incident light by each of photosensitive cells incorporated therein, receives the drive signal on a signal reading out gate, and performs a transfer of signal charge. A signal reading out only for the one of separated colors is in turn performed taking account of the arrangement of the color filter segments of color separation filter.

Abstract: A solid-state image pickup apparatus includes color separating filters for separating incident light representative of a scene into color components. Photosensitive cells are arranged in rows and columns each for receiving a particular color component and outputting a corresponding signal charge. The photosensitive cells are classified into a first and a second group respectively having first sensitivity and second sensitivity lower than the first sensitivity. The photosensitive cells of the first group adjoin the photosensitive cells of the second group with their geometric centers being shifted from those of the photosensitive cells of the second group by one half of a pitch with respect to arrangement in the direction of rows and/or the direction of columns. A first transfer path extends in the direction of columns between each nearby photosensitive cells of the first group adjoining each other in the direction of rows for transferring signal charges output from the photosensitive cells.

Abstract: The outputs of N kinds of spectral response characteristics from an image sensor are passed through low-pass filters to obtain N kinds of outputs from the 1st through Nth, and the output signal of a pixel of interest having the Kth (1≦K≦N) spectral response characteristic is multiplied by the ratio of the low-pass filter output of the image sensor output at the coordinates of the pixel of interest to the Kth low-pass filter output at the coordinates of the pixel of interest, thereby the luminance signal with alleviated attenuation of the harmonics components is obtained.

Abstract: A digital camera which is capable of printing instantly after photographing and is easy to be carried and handled and inexpensive is disclosed. A print unit A for allowing a latent image to be formed on a print paper on which a photosensitive type microcapsule has been coated by optically scanning on the basis of an image signal and applying a mechanical pressure to the print paper and developing it, and a display image pickup unit B having a semiconductor image pickup device 32 for converting a video image of a photographing object into digital image signals and a solid state image display 33 for displaying the object are constructed. A flash memory card interface 29 is provided for the display image pickup unit B and a flash memory interface is provided for the print unit A. The display image pickup unit B is controlled by a control unit including a CPU 11 in the print unit A.

Abstract: The computation of an R06-signal at a G06-pixel position that has only a G-signal on a line of B-pixels and G-pixels is performed by an equation of R06=G06+(R09+G09), based on the assumption that the difference between an R-signal and a G-signal is constant at local regions of an image, i.e., the assumption that a relation of R06−G06=R09−G09 is established. In this case, the G09-signal at the R09-pixel position is computed by performing a one-dimensional interpolation on a G-signal on an RG line including the R09-pixel position, like G09=(G05+G13)/2, etc.

Abstract: A solid-state image sensor comprising an effective pixel area having light receiving portions which perform photoelectric conversion by taking in light and an optical black area which forms a reference black level without taking in light. The light receiving portions are formed inside electrode opening port portions which are formed through an electrode. Electrode opening port portions in the optical black area which are formed through the electrode are formed narrower than the electrode port portions in the effective pixel area. Alternatively, there may be no opening port portions formed in the optical black area.

Abstract: A semiconductor based X-Y addressable imager having an imaging array with a plurality of the pixels within the X-Y addressable imager, a photodetector within each of the plurality of pixels configured to sense a first bandwidth of light, a sense node within each of the pixels configured to sense a second bandwidth of light, a reset mechanism operatively configured to the photodetector and the sense node to allow resetting each of the photodetector and the sense node to a predetermined potential, the sense node being formed such that it does not have a light shield allowing the sense node to act as a second photodetector, and a transfer mechanism within each of plurality of pixels configured to transfer charge from the photodetector to the sense node. The X-Y addressable sensor in this embodiment can have either the first and second bandwidths being different, or the first and second bandwidths are the same.

Abstract: A method of resolving photoelectron coupling that results from the operation of a staggered charge-coupled device inside a scanner. The staggered charge-coupled device at least includes an optical sensor group comprising of an optical sensor array and a neighboring optical sensor array for scanning pixels. The method includes the step of: recording the quantity of photoelectrons transferred between a first quantity of photoelectrons captured by the optical sensor array and a second quantity of photoelectrons captured by the neighboring optical sensor array during a scanning time interval t. Thereafter, the quantity of transferred photoelectrons is subtracted from the first quantity of photoelectrons captured by the optical sensor array to obtain the correct quantity of photoelectrons captured by the optical sensor array during the scanning time interval t. Using the corrected value, accurate brightness value of the pixels scanned by the optical sensor array is obtained.

Abstract: A head set is disclosed comprising a head band having a first and a second end; a pad-like support means attached to said first end of said head band to rest on a first side of a head; a mounting to support a camera; and an earpiece attached to said second end of said head band comprising: an ear-shaped, resilient wire formed so as to leave an anterior notch of an ear unobstructed; and an elastomeric covering that can pivot with respect to the wire having a broader flattened surface on one side to rest on a second side of said head.

Abstract: In a method of interpolating a color sample in a signal (RGBin) having alternately colored samples, the missing color sample is interpolated in dependence upon neighboring color samples (G1, G2, G3, G4) of the same color (G) as the color sample to be interpolated, and a differently colored sample (R/B) from the same location as the color sample to be interpolated.

Abstract: A solid state image pickup device in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion element pairs are disposed in a row direction and a column direction, each pair constituting one unit including two adjacent photoelectric conversion elements disposed in the column direction, wherein a pitch of pairs in the row direction is generally equal to a pitch of pairs in the column direction.

Abstract: A closed circuit television surveillance system of the type used with a dome housing includes a camera which can be scanned with respect to pan and tilt axes. The camera is capable of scanning almost 180° about the tilt axis. As the camera passes the vertical position, the image scan of the camera is flipped electronically so that the image on the monitor appears right-side up even though the camera position has changed to up-side down after it passes the vertical position.

Abstract: A photographic camera having a camera body which is originally formatted for a film photography, i.e. the photography with a silver haloid film, and is selectively and detachably coupled with a camera back for the film photography (hereinafter referred to as a first camera back) and a camera back for digital photography with image pickup element or device, such as a CCD (hereinafter referred to as a second camera back). The camera body may adjusts photographic conditions in accordance with data of image pickup element mounted on the digital camera back. The camera body may alternatively which controls a range of photographic conditions in accordance with data of image pickup element mounted on the digital camera back.

Abstract: Pixels in an image sensor array are arranged at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the axis of the array and read out in a zigzag fashion.

Abstract: Geometric configurations for photosites found on photosensitive chips for creating electrical signals from an original image, as would be found, for example, in a digital scanner, copier, facsimile machine, or other document generating or reproducing device. The photosensitive chips are mounted on a substrate to form a photosensitive array in a full width scanner or other photosensitive device. The geometric configurations reduce the Moiré patterns to provide a higher quality image.

Abstract: A flash system for underwater photography includes a housing for containing a camera which may be a digital camera, a flash unit externally attached to this housing for emitting flash light, a light sensor on the housing for sensing reflected light and outputting detection signals according to the sensed reflected light, and a control signal generator inside the housing. The control signal generator includes an input device for allowing a user to specify a selected light quantity to be emitted from the flash unit and also serves to generate and output signals to the flash unit according to the detection signals from the light sensor and also the light quantity selected through the input device.

Abstract: Geometric configurations for photosites found on photosensitive chips for creating electrical signals from an original image, as would be found, for example, in a digital scanner, copier, printer, facsimile machine, or other document generating or reproducing device. The photosensitive chips are mounted on a substrate to form a photosensitive array in a full width scanner or other photosensitive device. The geometric configurations reduce the Moiré patterns to provide a higher quality image.

Abstract: A wirelessly remote control battery powered self-video capturing capability camera mounting device system especially for handheld video camera. It provides the user the ability to control the video capturing direction of the handheld video camera from a distance away. The video camera mounting stage provides polar rotational movement both horizontally and vertically. The rotational movement is controlled by remote device as the input instructional device by the user. The signal is then transmitted to the video camera mounting stage via wireless signal transmission. The camera mounting stage receives the signals and generates functions to drive the designated motors to move the camera video capturing direction to the decided direction. The user can then confirm the results from the LCD screen of the video camera and fine tune the direction of the video camera mounting stage. This device provides the user the opportunity to be in the video while taking video pictures for the occasion.

Abstract: In one embodiment, an image sensor includes a linear pixel array and array readout lines, wherein the linear pixel array includes a group of pixels arranged in a row, and each array readout line is selectively coupled to an output of at least one pixel included in the group of pixels. In another embodiment, an image sensor includes a linear pixel array and an array readout line, wherein the linear pixel array includes a first group of pixels, sensitive to a first color of light, arranged in a first row, and a second group of pixels, sensitive to a second color of light, arranged in a second row, and the array readout line is selectively coupled to outputs of pixels included in the first group of pixels and outputs of pixels included in the second group of pixels.

Abstract: A color display having horizontal sub-pizel arrangements and layouts is disclosed. The display can include a plurality of a sub-pixel group. The sub-pixel group can have a plurality of sub-pixels wherein each sub-pixel has a height along a vertical axis and a width along a horizontal axis. The width of each sub-pixel is greater in length than its height in the sub-pixel group. The display also includes a column driver coupled to each sub-pixel in a column and a row driver coupled to each sub-pixel in a row of the sub-pixel group. Each sub-pixel in the sub-pixel group is coupled to the row driver along the width of the sub-pixel.