Abstract: An image projection apparatus includes a light modulation element, a pixel shift unit that includes an optical element configured to shift an optical path of light from a pixel in the light modulation element and to shift a position on a projection surface of projected pixel formed on the projection surface by a projection optical system with the light, and an attachment portion to which the pixel shift unit is attached. The optical element shifts the optical path by a shift amount in accordance with an attachment angle of the pixel shift unit relative to a plane orthogonal to an optical axis from the light modulation element to the projection optical system. The attachment portion is configured to select a plurality of angles for the attachment angle.

Abstract: A display panel is disclosed, comprising: a first electrode comprising a first trunk electrode and a second trunk electrode and a second electrode comprising a third trunk electrode and a fourth trunk electrode formed thereon, wherein when light passes through the display panel, the first and second trunk electrode respectively correspond to first and second dark lines crossing to each other to form a first cross site, the third and fourth trunk electrode respectively correspond to third and fourth dark lines crossing to each other to form a second cross site, the first and third dark lines respectively comprise first and second arc portions at the first and second cross sites near to a first scan line, and a first concave side of the first arc portion and the second concave side of the second arc portion face to sides opposite to each other.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the present invention, each pixel includes first and second subpixels. CS bus lines connected to the respective storage capacitors of the first and second subpixels are electrically independent of each other. A CS voltage has a waveform that inverts its polarity at least once a frame, which includes a first subframe for sequentially scanning a series of odd rows and a second SF for sequentially scanning even rows that have been skipped during the first SF. A source signal voltage varies so as to have two frames or subframes with mutually opposite polarities. A CS voltage has a waveform that has quite opposite consequences on the effective voltage of a subpixel of a pixel connected to the jth scan line to be selected during the first subframe and on that of another subpixel of a pixel connected to the (j+1)th scan line to be selected during the second subframe.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide for a video projector system having a light engine, a video processing engine, and an optical engine. The light engine can provide narrow-band laser light to the optical engine module which modulates the laser light according to video signals received from the video processing engine. Some embodiments provide for a scanning system in the optical engine configured to scan light across one or more modulating elements from two or more colors. The light from two or more colors can be scanned across the modulating element such that the two or more colors are incident at different locations on the element at a particular time. Systems and methods for reducing speckle are presented in conjunction with the modular laser projector system.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide for a modular video projector system having a light engine module and an optical engine module. The light engine module can provide narrow-band laser light to the optical engine module which modulates the laser light according to video signals received from a video processing engine. Some embodiments provide for an optical engine module having a sub-pixel generator configured to display video or images at a resolution of at least four times greater than a resolution of modulating elements within the optical engine module. Systems and methods for reducing speckle are presented in conjunction with the modular video projector system.

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal display panel with a multi-domain pixel layout, including: a plurality of pixel units arranged in a matrix formed by columns and rows, wherein each pixel unit is divided into a plurality of domains; a first alignment layer aligned to directions along the columns; and a second alignment layer aligned to directions along the rows. For two adjacent pixel units arranged in the column direction, the domains adjacent to a boundary between the two adjacent pixel units are defined with the same directions which liquid crystal molecules tilt toward by the first and second alignment layers.

Abstract: In a display device having a plurality of scan signal line driving circuits, its display quality is improved. The display device comprises a plurality of scan signal lines, a plurality of image signal lines, and a plurality of scan signal line driving circuits for generating scan signals for driving the scan signal lines. Each of the scan signal line driving circuit internally generates a driving signal having the waveform of such potential variation that the potential decreases with a slope from a high potential to an intermediate potential between the high potential and a low potential. Each of the scan signal line driving circuits further includes a signal wiring for connecting the scan signal line driving circuits to one another and applying the driving signal.

Abstract: A television display system including a display system controller, a transmitter, and an integrated timing controller. The display system controller receives pixel data and pixel timing and control data, and responsive to a pixel data format corresponding to a selected communication standard of a plurality of communication standards that includes LVDS and at least one of RSDS and mini-LVDS, provides formatted pixel data formatted according to the pixel data format of the selected communication standard. The transmitter receives the formatted pixel data, and transmits the formatted pixel data for receipt according to a pixel data rate corresponding to the selected communication standard.

Abstract: A method for updating a submatrix of a display matrix of a display device comprises sequentially selecting rows of the display matrix starting from an initial row of the display matrix. The method includes determining whether a selected row precedes a first row of the submatrix in a first drive frame of a waveform having two or more drive frames. If a condition that a selected row precedes the first row of the submatrix in the first drive frame of the waveform is false, the method includes addressing the selected row for a first line address period. If a condition that a selected row precedes the first row of the submatrix in the first drive frame of the waveform is true, the method includes addressing the selected row for a second line address period.

Abstract: A macroblock-scanned picture may be shown directly on a thin film transistor liquid crystal display in macroblock scan order. This enables eliminating conversion operation from macroblock raster scan to line scan order that requires expensive and power-hungry memory for a frame buffer, in some embodiments, which results in a cost savings.

Abstract: A television set includes a television set body section which has a display panel in which pixels are arranged at intersections of scan lines and data lines in a matrix; and first and second input terminals provided for the television set body section. A first video signal is displayed on the display panel in a first drive system when the first video signal supplied to the first input terminal is selected. A second video signal is displayed on the display panel in a second drive system when the second video signal supplied to the second input terminal is selected.

Abstract: In the present liquid crystal display device, a conventional first auxiliary capacitance trunk line 430 is formed to be narrow, and a second auxiliary capacitance trunk line 440 is additionally provided and disposed at the closest position to the periphery of a substrate. Thus, a shift register can be distanced from the periphery of the substrate without increasing a frame area as a whole, so that the shift register is not overlaid with a seal material. Moreover, the extent of an area overlaid with a seal material within a wiring area for providing signals to the shift register can be reduced.

Abstract: When dividing one frame into a plurality of sub-frames to carry out image display, in a gradation range which is able to be displayed using only sub-frames other than the last sub-frame (for example, luminance ½ or less in the case of two-part division, and luminance ¾ or less in the case of four-part division), the luminance of the last sub-frame is set as the minimum luminance, and luminance display is carried out using the other sub-frames.

Abstract: Briefly, in accordance with one or more embodiments, a scanner for a scanned beam display may comprise a scanning platform having a mirror disposed thereon to reflect a beam of light impinging on the mirror, a drive coil disposed on the scanning platform to scan the reflected beam of light in response to a drive current applied to the drive coil. The drive coil has coil winding segments having a narrower width in one or more regions of the drive coil, and has coil winding segments having a greater width in one or more other regions of the drive coil to provide a the drive coil with a reduced electrical resistance.

Abstract: A display device including a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel includes a driving circuit unit to drive the LCD panel, a main controller to generate a data signal that includes predetermined option information, and a timing controller,to detect the option information upon receiving the data signal from the main controller and to adjust an operation state of the LCD panel by transmitting a predetermined operation signal corresponding to the option information to the driving circuit unit. The main controller transmits a color data signal, a V-sync signal, an H-sync signal, a clock signal, and a data enable signal, as the data signal. The option information can be recorded on the data enable signal to change the option information.

Abstract: A method for driving a flat display is disclosed. Each row of the flat display includes N pixels, that is used to display M pixel data in a row of a image frame, wherein M and N are positive integers and M is larger than N. The method includes, in a first time division, the N pixels display N pixel data out of the M pixel data, and in a second time division, the N pixels display the remaining M-N pixel data.

Abstract: A video display apparatus displays videos corresponding to a plurality of observers respectively and comprises a display device. A control unit controls a scan timing so that a sum of a video scanning period from an upper end to a lower end of the display device concerning one video input into the display device and a response period in the lower end of the display device is smaller than a field period of the video. The control unit allows an illumination system to emit light between the end of the response period of the lower end and the start of scanning of the next video in the upper end of the display device.

Abstract: An active matrix substrate includes first and second pixel electrodes (17a, 17b) in each pixel region, the first pixel electrode (17a) is connected with a data signal line (15) via a transistor (12), a second pixel electrode (17b) is connected with the first pixel electrode (17a) via a capacitor formed between the second pixel electrode (17b) and a coupling capacitance electrode (67) electrically connected with the first pixel electrode (17a), the second pixel electrode (17b) overlaps a retention capacitor line (18) via an insulating layer, and the insulating layer has a thin region (51a) positioned to be at least a part of a portion which does not overlap the coupling capacitance electrode (67).

Abstract: An electro-optical device includes: a plurality of data lines blocked for every “m” (m is an integer of 2 or greater) columns; a sampling signal output circuit which outputs sampling signals; and a sampling circuit which has sampling switches provided in the data lines, respectively, and which turns on the sampling switches to sample data signals supplied to “n” (n is an integer of 2 or greater) image signal lines, to the data lines. The sampling circuit groups the blocks for every “n” blocks, makes individual blocks in the same group correspond to different image signal lines, respectively, to connect the sampling switches in the individual blocks to corresponding image signal lines, supplies one sampling signal to two adjacent groups, and when any one sampling signal is supplied, simultaneously turns on sampling switches in the same columns in “n” blocks belonging to one group of two groups.

Abstract: The video processing circuit includes a boundary detection unit that detects a specific boundary, which is a part of a boundary of a first pixel for which an applied voltage designated by the video signal is less than a first voltage, and a second pixel for which the applied voltage is more than a second voltage larger than the first voltage, the specific boundary being determined by tilt azimuth of the liquid crystal, and a replacement unit that replaces an applied voltage to a liquid crystal element corresponding to the first pixel with a predetermined voltage from the applied voltage designated by the input video signal when the applied voltage designated by the video signal is less than a third voltage smaller than the first voltage with respect to the first pixel adjacent to the specific boundary.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display driving circuit and method. A data register block of a controller applies in advance a polarity control signal to data before the data are stored in latches of a data driver, exchanges the data, and then stores the exchanged data in the latches. Thereby, it is possible to provide multiplexers, which are otherwise required for respective channels, to one controller and to decrease the size of a chip.

Abstract: A lightweight, compact image projection module, especially for mounting in a housing having a light-transmissive window, is operative for sweeping a composite laser beam as a pattern of linear scan lines on a planar projection surface and for causing selected pixels arranged along each linear scan line to be illuminated to produce an image of high quality and in color.

Abstract: System and method for synchronizing the low speed mirror movement of a mirror display system with incoming frame or video signals, and synchronizing buffered lines of video data to the independently oscillating scanning mirror. According to one embodiment of the invention, the peak portions of the low speed cyclic drive signal are synchronized with the incoming frames of video by compressing or expanding the peak portion or turn around portion so that each video frame begins at the same location on the display screen. The actual position of the high frequency mirror is determined by sensors and a “trigger” signal is generated to distribute the signals for each scan line such that the scan lines are properly positioned on the display.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes: pixel that corresponds to intersection of scanning line and data line and that each change the transmittance or reflectance of a liquid crystal element by means of a pair of electrodes; a scanning line driving circuit that selects scanning line and applies a selection voltage to the selected scanning line; and a data line driving circuit that applies writing voltages through the data line to the pixel that corresponds to the selected scanning line, wherein the scanning line driving circuit applies the selection voltage to the selected scanning line for video signal writing periods and setting periods that start before the video signal writing periods, respectively, the data line driving circuit supplies, to the pixel, data signals with voltages corresponding to video signals for the video signal writing periods and supplies, to the pixel, a setting signal with a predetermined voltage for the setting periods, and each of the setting periods is shorter than a response t

Abstract: At least either a first substrate or a second substrate has regions corresponding to subpixels (15a, 15b, 15c) and provided with ribs (100a) for controlling how a liquid crystal material is aligned. Scanning signal lines (32) and picture element electrodes (60) are overlapped with each other via an insulating material as seen in plan view. The ribs (100a) and the scanning signal lines (32) are at least partially overlapped with each other as seen in plan view.

Abstract: An image displaying period of a 1st subframe of an Nth frame is partially overlapped with an image displaying period of a 2nd subframe of the Nth frame and an image displaying period of a 2nd subframe of an (N?1)th frame. For each of the subframes, a period of writing a pixel voltage into all horizontal lines in a display screen equals an image signal input period for inputting a single frame of the image signal. A delay period from (i) inputting of the Nth frame of the image signal for the horizontal lines to (ii) writing of the pixel voltage into the horizontal lines in the 1st subframe of the Nth frame is made as short as possible.

Abstract: At least one embodiment of the present invention aims to provide a display device capable of compensating for a change of a liquid crystal capacitance value for an electro-optic element such as a liquid crystal in accordance with a change of an application voltage to the electro-optic element, without incorporating frame memory. It also aims to improve the response speed of a display device without frame memory. For each pixel formation portion, a frame period is divided into first and second periods.

Abstract: A drive circuit for driving an electro-optical device where the scanning-line driving unit and the data-line driving unit drive, in a surface inversion manner, with a first cycle, the pixel portions in odd partial surfaces in a direction parallel to the data lines among 2M (where M is a natural number) partial surfaces resulting from dividing the display surface by division lines corresponding to the scanning lines, each partial surface including n (where n is a natural number greater than or equal to 2) scanning lines, and drive the pixel portions in even partial surfaces among the 2M partial surfaces in the surface inversion manner with a second cycle complementary to the first cycle.

Abstract: An electro-optical device includes: a plurality of scanning lines; a plurality of data lines which are divided into blocks each composed of m data lines (m is an integer equal to or larger than 2); pixels which are provided at intersections of the plurality of scanning lines and the plurality of data lines and each of which emits light at a gray-scale level designated by a data signal sampled to the data line when the scanning line is selected; a scanning line driving circuit which selects at least one of the scanning lines in a horizontal scanning period; a sampling signal output circuit which outputs sampling signals for sequentially selecting the blocks in the horizontal scanning period; a rotation circuit which inputs the data signals to m pixels corresponding to the selected scanning line and the data lines belonging to the selected block and distributes the input data signals corresponding to the m pixels to m image signal lines according to a correspondence prescribed by one or more predetermined contr

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device which is capable of preventing single-image prolonged-display screen burn while keeping an image constantly on display. The liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal panel provided with groups of pixel formation portions disposed in a matrix pattern, and a backlight which is capable of turning ON/OFF of lighting for each region which includes a predetermined number of scanning lines. Each frame period for an entered video signal is divided into a first sub-frame period and a second sub-frame period. In the first sub-frame period, the liquid crystal panel is supplied with a data signal based on the entered video signal as the scanning lines are selected. In the second sub-frame period a data signal based on a refresh data for prevention of screen burn is supplied.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for switching the voltages supplied to the electrodes of pixels disposed within a liquid crystal display device. By reducing the frequency associated with an alternating voltage supplied to a first set of liquid crystal electrodes, the power required to drive the liquid crystal display device can be reduced. At the same time, a reordered schedule for updating rows of pixels in the liquid crystal display device can provide improved image quality.

Abstract: A scanning signal line (16) includes an opening (29) leading from the outside of a pixel region through below a data signal line (15) into the pixel region, and first and second scanning electrode portions (16a/16b) or two side portions of the opening confronting in a column direction through that opening. The end portion of the first scanning electrode portion (16a) in the pixel region is a first end portion (EP1), and the end portion of the second scanning electrode portion (16b) in the pixel region is a second end portion (EP2). A first transistor has a source electrode (9a) and a drain electrode (8a) individually overlapping the first electrode portion (16a) but not the first end portion (EP1) in the pixel region. A second transistor has a source electrode (9b) and a drain electrode (8b) individually overlapping the second electrode portion (16b) but not the second end portion EP2) in the pixel region.

Abstract: A driving circuit for display elements, comprises a modulation circuit that outputs a modulating signal to be applied to wiring to which display elements are connected; and an output circuit that serializes modulation data including height value data for determining a height value of at least part of waveform of the modulating signal and pulse width data for determining a pulse width of at least part of waveform of the modulating signal so that the modulation data can be transmitted to the modulation circuit by transmission paths, the number of which is smaller than the number of bits of the modulation data, and outputs the serialized modulation data.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a display device and, more particularly, to an active matrix-type display device employing a line inversion drive scheme as a drive scheme. In a liquid crystal display device employing the line inversion drive scheme as a drive scheme, a predetermined video signals are applied to video signal lines in a predetermined period after start of a vertical blanking period. When a vertical scanning period starts in an even-numbered frame, a source potential (VS) decreases by ½ of amplitude in an effective video period. After the decreased source potential (VS) is maintained only for one horizontal scanning period, source bus lines are set to a high-impedance state. When a vertical scanning period starts in an odd-numbered frame, the source potential (VS) rises by ½ of amplitude in the effective video period. After the risen source potential VS is maintained only in one horizontal scanning period, the source bus lines are set to a high-impedance state.

Abstract: A driving apparatus for a liquid crystal display capable of adjusting a field area displayed on a liquid crystal display panel at the exterior thereof is disclosed. In the apparatus, an image signal processor separates a television image signal from a complex image signal and separates a complex synchronizing signal. A liquid crystal display panel displays the television image signal. A timing controller generates a source start pulse determining a display start time of the television image signal displayed on the liquid crystal display panel using an internal clock signal and the complex synchronizing signal from the image signal processor. A delay circuit delays the internal clock signal to apply it to the timing controller.

Abstract: System and method for synchronizing the low speed mirror movement of a mirror display system with incoming frame or video signals, and synchronizing buffered lines of video data to the independently oscillating scanning mirror. According to one embodiment of the invention, the peak portions of the low speed cyclic drive signal are synchronized with the incoming frames of video by compressing or expanding the peak portion or turn around portion so that each video frame begins at the same location on the display screen. The actual position of the high frequency mirror is determined by sensors and a “trigger” signal is generated to distribute the signals for each scan line such that the scan lines are properly positioned on the display.

Abstract: A display device having an on-screen display (OSD) function receives a YUV video signal such as the camera video signal or broadcast video signal of YUV format from a camera or recording medium, receives an RGB-OSD signal from a circuit device (serial interface) of another system different from this YUV video signal, causes a memory within an OSD processor to store the OSD signal, converts an RGB video signal resulting from conversion of the YUV video signal to a panel-matched RGB video signal synchronized with a display synchronization signal, reads a panel-matched RGB OSD signal from the memory of the OSD processor in synchronism with this display synchronization signal, composes those RGB video signal and OSD signal, using an OSD composer, and supplies the resulting RGB composite video signal and the display synchronization signal to a display panel.

Abstract: A panel driving method in which a single TV field includes at least one reset period and at least one subfield and each of the at least one subfields includes an address period and a sustain period, includes supplying a variable reset pulse according to the length of a pause period in a previous or present TV field. A variable reset period is supplied according to the length of a pause period in a single TV field, so that a reset operation for preparing the address period is stably performed.

Abstract: A flat display device includes, vertical synchronization lock means which generates an internal vertical synchronization signal, a window signal generating circuit which generates a window signal by use of the internal vertical synchronization signal, a detecting circuit which detects whether or not an external vertical synchronization signal is present in a period of the window signal, and a determination circuit which determines whether a preset condition that a plurality of detection signals are present in a preset period is satisfied or not and controls an output inhibition circuit to inhibit a gate signal from being output when the preset condition is not satisfied.

Abstract: A lightweight, compact image projection module, especially for mounting in a housing having a light-transmissive window, is operative for causing selected pixels in a raster pattern to be illuminated to produce an image of high resolution of VGA quality in monochrome, color or gray scale. Pixel size is controlled as a function of distance of the image from the module to control image resolution and allow the image to remain sharp and clear over an extended range of distances from the module.

Abstract: A control circuit of an image display apparatus controls an output of video signals so that a non-display period TC set between an end of display of images corresponding to a first input video signal for one vertical scan and a start of display of an image corresponding to a second input video signal for the next one vertical scan can satisfy a relationship: TC>(TA?TB)/N, where TA denotes a period between the start of the display of the images corresponding to the first input video signal and the start of the display of the image corresponding to the second input video signal, TB denotes a sum of display periods for the respective images corresponding to the first input video signal, and N denotes the number of the images corresponding to the first input video signal.

Abstract: To provide a display device and a projector capable of enhancing the quality of dynamic images, of reducing limitations on light sources, enhancing the utilization efficiency of light, and of displaying images in full color, illumination light emitted from a light source lamp is irradiated onto some pixels of a liquid crystal light valve capable of displaying images in colors. A rotating prism scans the illumination light. At this time, fly eye lenses and an superposing lens condense illumination light emitted from the light source lamp to form an image. The image formed by the fly eye lenses and the superposing lens is formed again on the liquid crystal light valve by the image re-forming lenses. The image of the liquid crystal light valve is enlarged and projected by the projection lens to a screen.

Abstract: A driving circuit for display elements, comprises a modulation circuit that outputs a modulating signal to be applied to wiring to which display elements are connected; and an output circuit that serializes modulation data including height value data for determining a height value of at least part of waveform of the modulating signal and pulse width data for determining a pulse width of at least part of waveform of the modulating signal so that the modulation data can be transmitted to the modulation circuit by transmission paths, the number of which is smaller than the number of bits of the modulation data, and outputs the serialized modulation data.

Abstract: A display apparatus includes a control circuit for outputting a timing signal for determining a predetermined time period and a clock signal counted to determine the length of a modulation signal. The display apparatus is capable of switching between a first state in which a first timing signal and a first clock signal are output, and a second state in which a second timing signal and a second clock signal are output. The first time period is shorter than the second time period, wherein the first time period is the predetermined time period determined by the first timing signal and the second time period is the predetermined time period determined by the second timing signal. The frequency of the first clock signal is higher than the frequency of the second clock signal.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device (1) according to the invention, when an image corresponding to an inputted video signal is a moving image complying with an interlace system, inserts a black signal as an interpolation signal into each of corresponding interlace non-scanning portions (101) without generating the interpolation signal from upper and lower side scanning lines with respect to a scanning line concerned for the video signal (100a or 100b). Alternatively, the interpolation signal generated from the upper and lower side scanning lines with respect to a scanning line concerned for the video signal can also be inserted into each of corresponding interlace non-scanning portions (101) instead of using the black signal.

Abstract: A display system includes a mechanism to provide for simultaneous pixelated color with a spatial light modulator. Also included is a mechanism to project the simultaneous pixelated color to create a color field display on a viewing surface. A further mechanism moves the color field display relative to viewing surface to provide at least one of color and resolution increasing wobulation.

Abstract: An EPG extraction portion extracts EPG information; a program type decision portion decides the type of broadcast program using the extracted EPG information, and outputs a ratio modification signal to change the ratio of the image display interval to the black display interval according to the program type; a driving pulse generation portion generates a gate driver control signal which changes the write timing of a frequency-doubled image signal and frequency-doubled black display signal in one field interval, according to the ratio modification signal; and, a gate driver changes the write timing of the frequency-doubled image signal and frequency-doubled black display signal according to the gate driver control signal, to change the ratio of the image display interval to the black display interval.

Abstract: An image display system comprises a first liquid crystal projector which projects a counterclockwise-rotating, circularly polarized light beam to form an image containing specific visual information on a screen and a second liquid crystal projector which projects a clockwise-rotating, circularly polarized light beam to form a white image on the same screen. When viewed with the naked eye, a combination of the two images projected on the screen appears totally white. A viewer wearing a dedicated viewing device equipped with an optical filter which allows counterclockwise-rotating, circularly polarized light to pass through can selectively see the image projected by the first liquid crystal projector.

Abstract: An image system includes a beam generator and a screen having a region with an adjustable brightness. The beam generator directs first and second electromagnetic beams onto the region. The first beam changes the brightness of the region according to a first polarity and the second beam changes the brightness of the region according to a second polarity. Such an imaging system can generate a video frame on a projection screen such that each pixel of the frame is “on” for the same or approximately the same amount of time as each of the other pixels. This technique prevents portions of the image from appearing visibly dimmer than other portions. It also allows the persistence of the screen regions to be relatively long, e.g., longer than the frame rate, and thus allows the screen to display/project relatively high-quality video frames.

Abstract: It is an object to provide a high-performance display element driving device or the like which can be easily reduced in power consumption and scale. A display element driving device (100) drives a liquid crystal serving as a capacitive display element. A D/A converter (110) includes first to Nth charge storage sections (112-1) to (112-N) for receiving first to Nth digital data corresponding an image signal and storing charges corresponding to the values of the first to Nth digital data, and first to Nth connection sections (114-1) to (114-N) for electrically connecting the first to Nth charge storing sections (112-1) to (112-N) and an electrode line (130) to each other and discharging the stored charges to the electrode line (130) at a given timing. In this manner, ?-correction of a liquid crystal and D/A conversion can be simultaneously performed, and conversion from RGB to YUV and D/A conversion can be simultaneously performed.