Abstract: Provided is a black matrix structure. The black matrix structure includes a plurality of black matrix strips that are intersected with each other, wherein a width the black matrix strip ranges from 2 to 2.5 microns, and a distance between any two adjacent black matrix strips in the plurality of black matrix strips ranges from 4 to 5 microns.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a display device includes a first substrate including a light-shielding layer and a conductive line having a first side surface and a second side surface on a side opposite to the first side surface, a second substrate opposed to the first substrate, a polymer dispersed liquid crystal layer held between the first substrate and the second substrate, and including a polymer and liquid crystal molecules, and a light-emitting element opposed to an end portion of at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the first side surface is closer to the light-emitting element than the second side surface, and the light-shielding layer covers at least the first side surface of the conductive line.

Abstract: Disclosed is a display panel including: first spacer on the array substrate, an orthographic projection of the first spacer on the array substrate being a first pattern extending along a first direction; a second spacer on the counter substrate, an orthographic projection of the second spacer on the array substrate being a second pattern extending along a second direction; at least two third spacers, orthographic projections of which on the array substrate being respectively on two sides of the first pattern along the first direction; at least two fourth spacers, orthographic projections of which on the array substrate being respectively on two sides of the second pattern along the second direction; one of the third spacer and the fourth spacer is on the array substrate, and the other is on the counter substrate.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate, pixel structures, a first common pad, a second substrate, a second common electrode, a display medium and a conductive particle. The pixel structures are disposed on an active area of the first substrate. The first common pad is disposed on a peripheral area of the first substrate, and is electrically connected to first common electrodes of the pixel structures. The second common electrode is disposed on the second substrate. The conductive particle is disposed on the first common pad, and is electrically connected to the first common pad and the second common electrode. The conductive particle includes a core and a conductive film disposed on a surface of the core, where the conductive film has a main portion and raised portions, and a film thickness of each of the raised portions is greater than a film thickness of the main portion.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a dimming glass window assembly, and the dimming glass window assembly includes a window frame, and a dimming glass located in the window frame, where the dimming glass includes a first glass layer and a second glass layer which are opposite to each other and spaced apart, a dimming function layer and a sealant layer which are arranged between the first glass layer and the second glass layer, the dimming function layer is located in a sealed space bound by the sealant layer, the first glass layer and the second glass layer. The dimming glass further includes a control line unit connected to an external dimming controller, the control line unit includes: a flexible printed circuit, a first circuit board, a second circuit board and a signal line.

Abstract: A curved display panel and a display device are disclosed. The curved display panel includes a sealant, a first substrate, a second substrate, and at least two sets of buffer members that are respectively disposed along both sides of the curved display panel in a bending direction and between the sealant and a display region. The buffer members are made of an elastic material, and include a first fixing member arranged between the sealant and the display region and connected to the first substrate, and a second fixing member arranged between the first fixing member and the sealant and connected to the second substrate. Before the curved display panel is bent, one side of the first fixing member abuts one side of the second fixing member. After the curved display panel is bent, the first and the second fixing member are pressed against each other.

Abstract: A display device includes a liquid crystal element, a transistor, a scan line, and a signal line. The liquid crystal element includes a pixel electrode, a liquid crystal layer, and a common electrode. The scan line and the signal line are each electrically connected to the transistor. The scan line and the signal line each include a metal layer. The transistor is electrically connected to the pixel electrode. A semiconductor layer of the transistor includes a stack of a first metal oxide layer and a second metal oxide layer. The first metal oxide layer includes a region with lower crystallinity than the second metal oxide layer. The transistor includes a first region connected to the pixel electrode. The pixel electrode, the common electrode, and the first region are each configured to transmit visible light. Visible light passes through the first region and the liquid crystal element and exits from the display device.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a counter substrate and display panel. The counter substrate includes a base substrate, PS pattern layer and alignment film. A surface of the PS pattern layer away from the base substrate is a support surface, and the PS pattern layer includes: main PSs in a display area and a peripheral barrier wall in a non-display area. The peripheral barrier wall has an elongated-strip shape and has a same length direction as a corresponding display area side, the support surface of the peripheral barrier wall is closer to the base substrate than that of the main PS, and a distance between the support surfaces of the peripheral barrier wall and main PS in a thickness direction is a first distance. A ratio between a width of the support surface of the peripheral barrier wall and the first distance is less than 100.

Abstract: A light modulation device is disclosed herein. The light modulation device can properly maintain a cell gap by controlling the shape and arrangement of spacers and the like, and is applicable for various applications by effectively controlling omnidirectional light leakage in a black mode, while having excellent optical properties, including transmittance-variable characteristics and haze characteristics, and the like.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device includes: an element substrate; a counter substrate disposed opposite to the element substrate; a sealing material disposed between the element substrate and the counter substrate; and a liquid crystal layer disposed on an inner side of the sealing material and containing liquid crystal. The element substrate includes an alignment film configured to align the liquid crystal and an ion-adsorbing first adsorption film disposed in contact with the sealing material. The alignment film includes a first vapor-deposited film and a second vapor-deposited film disposed between the first vapor-deposited film and the liquid crystal layer. The second vapor-deposited film and the first adsorption film include a column of which a long axis direction intersects a thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer. A thickness of the first adsorption film is thicker than a thickness of the second vapor-deposited film.

Abstract: A display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate and a black matrix disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first substrate includes a plurality of pixel areas arranged in a matrix. The first substrate further includes a plurality of scan lines extending along a first direction. The second substrate is disposed opposite to the first substrate. The black matrix includes a plurality of first parts and a second part. One of the plurality of first parts extends along the first direction and corresponds to one of the plurality of the scan lines. The second part is connected to the one of the plurality of first parts and extends along a second direction. A thickness of the second part is varied along the second direction.

Abstract: A color filter array may include a plurality of color filters arranged two-dimensionally and configured to allow light of different wavelengths to pass therethrough. Each of the plurality of color filters includes at least one Mie resonance particle and a transparent dielectric surrounding the at least one Mie resonance particle.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrically controllable viewing angle switch device and a display apparatus. The switch device includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a liquid crystal layer, spacers, a first alignment film, a second alignment film, a first polarizer, and a second polarizer and has a light transmission region. The second substrate is disposed opposite to the first substrate. The liquid crystal layer and the spacers are located between the first substrate and the second substrate in the light transmission region. The spacers are fixed on the first or second substrate. The first polarizer and the second polarizer are disposed on opposite sides of the liquid crystal layer. The axial directions of the transmission axis of the first polarizer and the transmission axis of the second polarizer are parallel or perpendicular to the alignment direction of the first alignment film and the second alignment film.

Abstract: The present invention provides a LCOS structure and a method for fabricating same. The LCOS structure includes: a silicon substrate; a liquid crystal layer and a transparent conductive layer both disposed above the silicon substrate. In the silicon substrate, there are formed a conductive pad, an opening where the conductive pad is exposed, and at least one metal layer. The opening is located peripherally around the liquid crystal layer, there is no portion of the metal layer located under the conductive pad. The conductive backing is located at the same vertical level as one metal layer in the at least one metal layer and electrically connected thereto, a conductive adhesive fills in the opening and a gap between the silicon substrate and the transparent conductive layer. The transparent conductive layer is electrically connected to the conductive pad by conductive metal particles in the conductive adhesive.

Abstract: A display device includes a cover window including a curved portion, and a panel member laminated on the cover window. A method of manufacturing a display device includes mounting a cover window including a curved portion on a first jig including a curved portion, mounting a panel member on a second jig that conforms to a surface of the first jig, and laminating the cover window to the panel member by moving a first one of the first jig or the second jig to a first other one of the first jig or the second jig. An apparatus for manufacturing a display device includes a first jig including a mount surface that is partially curved to conform to a surface of a cover window, a second jig including a surface conforming to the mount surface and configured to contact a panel member, and a driving unit.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a display panel and an electronic device. In the display panel, a contact area between a support pillar and a bottom layer is increased, without changing a size of a single sub-pixel, thereby alleviating a technical problem that the support pillar easily peels off in an existing 8K ultra-high-resolution electronic device. Moreover, by adjusting voltage drop values of clock input transistors in different GOA units, the voltage drop value between each of the GOA units and clock driving chips is approximately the same.

Abstract: A liquid crystal panel (display panel) 11 includes a display area AA configured to display images, a non-display area NAA outside the display area AA, a light blocking layer (a light blocking portion) 11i disposed at least in the non-display area NAA and configured to block light, a signal line connection line (a narrow line portion) 29 where lines are arranged at intervals in the non-display area NAA, and a common electrode connection line portion (a wide line portion) 30 disposed in the non-display area and having a line width greater than that of the signal line connection line 29 and including empty portions 34.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a counter substrate and display panel. The counter substrate includes a base substrate, PS pattern layer and alignment film. A surface of the PS pattern layer away from the base substrate is a support surface, and the PS pattern layer includes: main PSs in a display area and a peripheral barrier wall in a non-display area. The peripheral barrier wall has an elongated-strip shape and has a same length direction as a corresponding display area side, the support surface of the peripheral barrier wall is closer to the base substrate than that of the main PS, and a distance between the support surfaces of the peripheral barrier wall and main PS in a thickness direction is a first distance. A ratio between a width of the support surface of the peripheral barrier wall and the first distance is less than 100.

Abstract: A projection type transparent display includes a polarization modulator and a reflective layer. The polarization modulator is stacked in sequence by a linear polarizer, a liquid crystal layer and a phase retarder. The reflective layer is stacked on the phase retarder. A projection light is incident on the linear polarizer to form a linearly polarized light. The liquid crystal layer changes a polarization direction of the linearly polarized light. Two kinds of linearly polarized projection lights with polarization directions orthogonal to each other are respectively formed and pass through the phase retarder to respectively form two kinds of circularly polarized projection lights with opposite rotation directions. A background light is incident on the reflective layer.

Abstract: A substrate on which a specific type spacer is formed, a substrate comprising an alignment film formed on the spacer, and an optical device using such a substrate are disclosed herein. By controlling the shape of the spacer formed on the substrate, even when the alignment film is formed on the top of the spacer and the orientation treatment is performed, the uniform orientation treatment can be performed without any influence by the step or the like of the spacer, whereby a substrate or the like capable of providing a device having excellent optical performance can be provided.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a display panel, a manufacturing method of the display panel, and a display device. The display panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate opposite to the first substrate, and a color resist layer disposed on the first substrate. The color resist layer includes a plurality of color resistances, the color resistances are divided into first color resistances, second color resistances, third color resistances, and connecting color resistances. First supporting structures and second supporting structures are disposed on the first substrate; the supporting structures includes at least one. A height of the first supporting structure is greater than a height of the second supporting structure.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a liquid crystal phase modulation device is provided. The method includes detecting thicknesses of a plurality of portions of a reference liquid crystal layer of a reference liquid crystal phase modulation sample; determining a distribution according to the thicknesses of the portions of the reference liquid crystal layer; forming a plurality of spacers over a first substrate in the determined distribution; and combining the first substrate with a second substrate and a liquid crystal layer to form the liquid crystal phase modulation device.

Abstract: A display device includes a first substrate having a display area and a non-display area. The first substrate includes a conductive line in the non-display area. A second substrate faces the first substrate and is spaced apart from the first substrate. A conductive layer is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate. The conductive layer is spaced apart from the first substrate in a direction perpendicular to a top surface of the first substrate. The conductive layer at least partially overlaps the conductive line and is electrically floated.

Abstract: A display panel and a display device are provided. In the display panel, a plurality of main spacers and a plurality of auxiliary spacers are disposed on a side of a first substrate close to a second substrate, the second substrate further includes a plurality of first lug bosses and a plurality of second lug bosses; an orthographic projection of the main spacers on the second substrate is at least partially overlapped with an orthographic projection of a corresponding first lug boss on the second substrate; an orthographic projection of the auxiliary spacers on the second substrate is away from an orthographic projection of a corresponding second lug boss on the second substrate by a preset distance; and the distance between each of the auxiliary spacers and the corresponding second lug boss is less than a height of the first lug bosses.

Abstract: Provided are a display panel, a preparation method thereof, and a display apparatus. The display panel includes an array substrate and a color filter substrate aligned and combined into a cell. The color filter substrate includes a first base substrate and a plurality of color resist blocks arranged at intervals on the first base substrate. The array substrate includes a second base substrate and a plurality of pixel electrodes arranged at intervals on the second base substrate. The pixel electrodes are in one-to-one correspondence with the color resist blocks. The display panel includes a bending area and a non-bending area located at least on one side of the bending area. A density of the pixel electrodes in the bending area is less than that in the non-bending area, and a density of the color resist blocks in the bending area is less than that in the non-bending area.

Abstract: An optical device is provided in the present application. The present application provides an optical device capable of varying transmittance, and such optical device can be used for various applications, such as eyewear, for example, sunglasses or AR (augmented reality) or VR (virtual reality) eyewear, an outer wall of a building or a sunroof for a vehicle.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a display panel and a display device. The display panel includes: a first substrate; at least one underlaying structure, arranged on the first substrate and in a non-display region of at least one side of a display region of the display panel; and at least one supporting structure, arranged on one side, facing away from the first substrate, of the at least one underlaying structure, where an orthographic projection of the supporting structure on the first substrate is within a range of an orthographic projection of the underlaying structure on the first substrate.

Abstract: An optical display includes an optical display element including a second substrate, a first substrate facing the second substrate, a dummy region and a metal interconnection layer thereon. A first polarizing plate on an upper surface of the optical display element has a light shielding layer therein including printed patterns separated from each other. A first printed layer includes a first point at an interface between the display and non-display regions and a second point at a vertex closest to the first point. A second printed layer includes a third point at the interface and a fourth point at a vertex closes to the third point. The light shielding layer satisfies H?P/2, where H is a minimum value among a distance from the interface to the second point and a distance from the interface to the fourth point, and P is a width of the dummy region.

Abstract: Manufacturing equipment of low-temperature formed liquid crystal alignment film and panel manufacturing process thereof are provided. The manufacturing equipment includes an engraving member, a light curing agent coating member, and a light curing device. In the panel manufacturing process, the engraving member is applied for engraving an alignment pattern on a surface of a prepared substrate. Next, the light curing agent coating member coats the light curing agent on the surface of the substrate having the alignment pattern thereon. Then, the light curing device is applied for light curing the light curing agent, so as to form a crystal alignment film having a texture of the alignment pattern. Finally, liquid crystal is injected between two substrates having the liquid crystal alignment film and encapsulating the structure to form a panel.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a liquid crystal display comprising a first substrate, a second substrate opposed the first substrate, a liquid crystal layer between the first substrate and the second substrate, a light-shielding layer including a first light-shield formed along a first direction and a second light-shield formed along a second direction and crossing the first light-shield, and a spacer which maintains a gap between the first substrate and the second substrate, the spacer overlapping a crossing region where the first light-shield and the second light-shield cross each other and including an exposed region outside the light-shielding layer in a planar view.

Abstract: A display substrate, a manufacturing method thereof and a display device are provided. The display substrate includes: a driver circuit layer, a planarization layer and light-emitting units, each light-emitting unit includes an anode, a cathode and an organic light emitting layer located between the anode and the cathode, and the anode is connected to a driving electrode of the driver circuit layer through a via hole in the planarization layer. The organic light emitting layer includes: at least one pixel repetition unit, each pixel repetition unit includes multiple pixels, and each pixel includes multiple sub-pixels with different colors. Via holes in the planarization layer that correspond to same colored sub-pixels of at least two pixels in the same pixel repetition unit have different via hole positions, the via hole position being a relative position of a projection of a via hole in the planarization layer within corresponding sub-pixel.

Abstract: An apparatus for exchanging liquid crystal (LC) between two areas of an antenna array in an antenna and method for using the same are disclosed. In one embodiment, the antenna comprises an antenna element array formed using portions of first and second substrates with a liquid crystal (LC) therebetween, and a structure between the first and second substrates and in an area outside of, and at an outer periphery of, the antenna element array to collect LC from an area between the first and second substrates forming the RF antenna elements due to LC expansion and to provide LC to the area between the first and second substrates forming the RF antenna elements due to LC contraction, the structure having a plurality of support spacers between the first and second substrates.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a pillar supply sheet is a method for manufacturing a pillar supply sheet including a plurality of pillars, a carrier sheet, and an adhesion layer between each of the pillars and the carrier sheet, the method including a pillar forming step. The pillar forming step is a step of forming the plurality of pillars by subjecting the base member to an etching process or a laser irradiation process and removing an unnecessary portion from the base member after the process.

Abstract: A display device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present inventive concept includes: a first substrate including a display area and a non-display area; a second substrate overlapping the first substrate; a sealant disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a stacked body disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, disposed on an outermost edge of the non-display area, and disposed spaced apart from the sealant, wherein the stacked body includes a column spacer and a color filter stacked body in which at least two color filters are stacked.

Abstract: An electro-optical device includes a first substrate including a layered body including a plurality of insulating layers, and a pixel electrode disposed at the layered body, a second substrate including a common electrode, an electro-optical layer disposed between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, the electro-optical layer having optical characteristics varying according to an electric field, a spacer coupled to the first substrate, the spacer defining a distance between the pixel electrode and the common electrode, in which the spacer has a first portion overlapping with the pixel electrode when viewed in a thickness direction of the first substrate, and a second portion not overlapping with the pixel electrode when viewed in the thickness direction.

Abstract: A glass protective film assembly for covering a curved surface which protects a display area of a portable device, including a flat display area and a curved display area. The glass protective film assembly for covering the curved surface includes a glass film member having a flat area portion corresponding to the flat display area and a curved area portion corresponding to the curved display area and an adhesive layer adhering the entire area of the lower surface of the glass film member to the display area of the portable display.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel comprising a color film substrate, a thin film transistor substrate, and a photo spacer. Wherein the photo spacer is disposed on the color film substrate or/and the thin film transistor substrate. The color film substrate or/and the thin film transistor substrate are provided with a recess. At least a portion of the photo spacer disposed on one of the color filter substrate and the thin film transistor substrate and the recess disposed on the other of the color filter substrate and the thin film transistor substrate are nested.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a display panel, a display substrate, and a manufacturing method thereof. The display substrate comprises a substrate, a first planar layer, and a BPS light-shielding layer. Wherein the BPS light-shielding layer is made of a composite material including polydopamine and graphene oxide, which can strengthen a binding force between the BPS light-shielding layer and the first planar layer and improve light-shielding effect of the BPS light-shielding layer. The manufacturing method of the display substrate is simple, and making liquid crystals uniformly filled, thereby improving display quality of panels.

Abstract: Microperturbation fluidic assembly systems and methods are provided for the fabrication of emissive panels. The method provides an emissive substrate with a top surface patterned to form an array of wells. A liquid suspension is formed over the emissive substrate top surface, comprising a first liquid and emissive elements. Using an array of micropores, a perturbation medium, which optionally includes emissive elements, is injected into the liquid suspension. The perturbation medium may be the first liquid, a second liquid, or a gas. A laminar flow is created in the liquid suspension along the top surface of the emissive substrate in response to the perturbation medium, and emissive elements are captured in the wells. The ejection of the perturbation medium can also be used to control the thickness of the liquid suspension overlying the top surface of the emissive substrate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a display device having an integrated, optically operating proximity sensor system (30) for detecting an object present within an observation space in front of the display device, such as a hand a finger of a hand of a person. The display device is provided with a display unit (22), which has a front side having an information-displaying display surface (20) and having an edge region (18), which adjoins said display surface and is not used for the display of information, and a rear side. The display device also has a proximity sensor system (30) having at least one transmitter (32) for emitting sensor radiation toward the observation space and having at least one receiver (34) for receiving sensor radiation reflected from the observation space.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display substrate and a display substrate motherboard. The method of manufacturing the display substrate includes: providing a base substrate including a first main surface and a second main surface opposite to each other and divided into at least one active region and a dummy region located around the active region; forming a magnetic layer on at least one of the first main surface within the dummy region and the second main surface; and forming an element layer on the first main surface.

Abstract: A display panel is provided. The display panel includes a first substrate; a second substrate; a liquid crystal layer, arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a color resistance layer, formed on the first substrate or the second substrate, where a spacing unit is formed on a side, close to the second substrate, of the first substrate, and the spacing unit includes at least one first-type spacing unit and at least one second-type spacing unit; a shading layer is arranged on a side, close to the first substrate, of the second substrate, and the shading layer includes a shading area and an open area; and the shading area is positioned on the first-type spacing unit, and the open area is positioned on the second-type spacing unit.

Abstract: A flat panel display is provided. The flat panel display comprises: two substrates disposed opposite each other, a display medium disposed between the substrates, and a photo spacer region where a plurality layout units are distributed, and the layout units are disposed between the substrates. An area of one of the layout units at a central portion of the substrate is larger than an area of another layout unit at a peripheral portion of the substrate.

Abstract: A display device according to an embodiment includes: a substrate; and a plurality of pixels, the plurality of pixels including a first pixel, a second pixel and a third pixel. Each of the plurality of pixels including a gate line extends in a first direction; a first transistor and a second transistor connected with the gate line; a pixel electrode that includes a first subpixel electrode and a second subpixel electrode; a first bridge that connects the first subpixel electrode and the first transistor; and a second bridge that connects the second subpixel electrode and the second transistor. At least one of the second pixel and the third pixel includes a light blocking pattern that overlaps at least one of the first transistor and the second transistor. The first bridge and the second bridge do not overlap or cross the light blocking pattern in a plan view.

Abstract: A liquid crystal (LC) device comprising a stack of at least first and second LC cells in optical series, each of the first and second LC cells comprising two half-cells and LC material contained in a space at least partially defined by spacer structures forming an integral part of one or both half-cells; wherein the arrangement within an active area of the device of the spacer structures in one of the first and second LC cells is different to the arrangement within the active area of the device of the spacer structures in the other of the first and second LC cells; and wherein the difference between the two arrangements comprises an ordered aspect.

Abstract: A display substrate includes a base substrate, a color filter layer, a black matrix and a passivation layer. The color filter layer, the black matrix and the passivation layer are arranged on the base substrate, the color filter layer includes: a plurality of color filter units; a plurality of white filter unit formed by a blank area; a black matrix disposed between the color filter unit and the white filter unit; and a pad layer arranged in the blank area, an orthogonality projection of the pad layer on the base substrate being located in an orthogonality projection of the blank area on the base substrate, and smaller than the orthogonality projection of the blank area on the base substrate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a display panel laminate structure and its manufacturing method. The display panel laminate structure includes a liquid crystal panel, a first support layer, a cover plate, a second support layer, and a sealant layer. The first support layer includes a first hollow portion, and a first medium is positioned in the first hollow portion. The second support layer includes a second hollow portion, and a second medium is positioned in the second hollow portion. A refractive index of the first medium and a refractive index of the second medium are both smaller than a refractive index of the sealant layer.

Abstract: A display apparatus has an enlarged display area so that an image can be displayed in a sensor area. The display apparatus includes: a first base layer that includes a display area that includes a plurality of main pixels and a sensor area that includes a plurality of auxiliary pixels and a transmission portion; a conductive layer positioned on the first base layer and that corresponds to the plurality of auxiliary pixels; and a second base layer positioned on the first base layer with the conductive layer positioned between the second base layer and the first base layer. A resolution of an image displayed by the sensor area is lower than a resolution of an image displayed by the display area.

Abstract: A display panel and a display device are provided by this disclosure. The display panel comprises an imaging area and a main display area surrounding the imaging area, wherein the imaging area comprises a LED lamp plate, a light controlling layer disposed on the LED lamp plate, a diffusion layer disposed on the LED lamp plate, a liquid crystal structural layer disposed on the light controlling layer, and a groove extending from the LED lamp plate to a surface of the liquid crystal structural layer close to the diffusion layer.

Abstract: This application discloses a display panel and a display device, the display panel including: a first substrate; a second substrate; and a second common electrode, disposed on the second substrate, where the second common electrode includes an enlarging part, and the display panel includes a support part disposed corresponding to the enlarging part.