Abstract: An optical-recording process is used to produce an edge-enhanced, darkfie orthographic projection image of complex terrain or target configuration by utilizing two photographs from cameras pointed in the same direction, but at different arbitrary coordinates, to produce edge-enhanced darkfield transparency inputs for the process.

Abstract: A screen construction enables three dimensional perception of projected stereo images without necessarily requiring that the viewer wear analyzing eyeglasses. Three dimensional shadow image data is generated by projecting light towards the screen, through the region of the object or objects to be imaged, from spaced apart light sources each of which produces light coded in a different manner. The screen construction has an array of linear, parallel bands of light analyzing material. A first group of the bands transmit light from only one of the sources and are alternated with ones of a second group of the bands which transmit only light from the other of the sources. A lenticular screen between the array of bands and the viewer restricts visibility of one group of bands to one eye of the viewer and restricts visibility of the other group of bands to the other eye of the viewer.

Abstract: In an orthophotograph recorder, a three dimensional optical model of a terrain produced by a stereo pair of aerial transparencies is projected onto an imaging plate. The optical model is scanned by an optically produced reference point while the height of the viewing plate is manually adjusted by the operator to maintain the reference on the apparent ground level of the terrain. The scanning motion of the reference point, as well as the height of the imaging plate, is digitally encoded and formatted into data blocks. Each block of digital data represents an individual scan line on the optical model, and is characterized by a starting coordinate and incremental coordinate data. This data format minimizes storage requirements and permits editing of individual scan lines. The encoded data are scaled and stored on magnetic tape to be used to control exposure of a photosensitive sheet in an orthophotograph printer. The printer comprises a light projector located above a platen carrying the photosensitive sheet.

Abstract: A stereo relief modelling apparatus based on photogrammetric method and apparatus comprising a flexible platen, used with standard stereo plotting instrumentation such as double-projection direct-viewing plotting instruments. The purpose of the flexible platen is to provide an absolute stereo image for photographic, modelling and other purposes. The flexible platen, which is of sufficient size to provide a meaningful mapping surface, is vertically adjustable at a multiplicity of points by mechanical, pneumatic, electro-mechanical, fully automated, or other means to provide an actual model-like three-dimensional photographic or modelling surface to enable relief distortion from aerial photographs to be effectively eliminated in planimetric photographs which are taken of the adjusted flexible platen, or models molded on the adjusted flexible platen, upon which the aerial images are projected. Modelling is facilitated by situating the platen inside a sealable vacuum box from which the air is removable.

Abstract: In the illustrative embodiments of the invention disclosed, autostereoscopic pictures are produced by projecting a series of two-dimensional views of an object field onto a lenticular screen. Substantially uninterrupted and non-overlapping condensed, or lineiform, images of the two-dimensional views are formed beneath each lenticule of the lenticular screen by setting the number M of these images in the image band beneath each lenticule, and hence the total number of two-dimensional views projected, equal to w/m, where w is the lenticule width and m is the width of each condensed image. In order to project the required number M of two-dimensional views while avoiding gaps between adjacent condensed images, the projection lenses and the associated film frames are positioned along a plurality of adjacent, parallel, straight lines in a manner such that the apertures of the lenses are effectively in edge-to-edge contiguous relation.

Abstract: A photographic camera for three dimension photography. A housing has an opening to the interior for light rays. Photosensitive material is located in communication with the interior of the housing at a location during exposure time. Optics in the housing project light rays, which are received through the opening from a scene to be photographed, along an optical path to the location for the photosensitive material. The path has a first position therealong. The optics comprise a lenticular screen extending across the path at a a second position farther along the path from the first position and have, on one side, a plurality of elongated lenticular elements which face in the direction from which the light rays are being projected and have an opposite side facing in position for contact with the surface of the located photosensitive material.

Abstract: In a camera for taking stereoscopic photographs, wherein a lenticular screen and photosensitive film are exposed to an object field through a wide effective aperture, the effective aperture size is controlled so that the image of a point on each of the nearest foreground object and the farthest background object in the object field is confined within a region of the lenticular screen which is not greater than 20 lenticules, and preferably not greater than 10 lenticules, in width.

Abstract: An autostereoscopic picture is produced by taking a series of two-dimensional views of an object field and projecting them in an enlarger onto lenticular print film. Substantially uninterruputed and non-overlapping lineiform image bands of high image quality are formed on all areas of the lenticular film by scanning the projected images from each two-dimensional view over a predetermined distance along the photosensitive surface. A novel image structure of improved quality is thereby produced.

Abstract: A photographic camera for taking three dimensional photographs. A housing has an opening to the interior thereof for light rays. Means is provided for immovably locating the photosensitive material in communication with the interior of the housing at a location during the time for exposure. Optical means in the housing projects the light rays, which are received through the opening from a scene to be photographed, along an optical path to the location for the photosensitive material. The path has a first position therealong extending transversely to the direction of the path from a first side to a second side of the path.

Abstract: A photographic camera for three dimensional photography. A housing has an opening to the interior for light rays. The photosensitive material is immovably located in communication with the interior of the housing at a location during exposure time. An optical system in the housing projects light rays, which are received through the opening from a scene to be photographed, along an optical path to the location, and the path has a first position therealong. The optical system comprises a lenticular screen extending across the path at a second position farther along the path from the first position and has, on one side, a plurality of elongated lenticular elements which face in the direction from which the light rays are being projected and have an opposite side facing in position for contact with the surface of the located photosensitive material. Light rays are blocked at the first position.

Abstract: A photographic camera for three dimensional photography. The photosensitive material is positioned at a fixed location during the exposure cycle of the camera. Optics projects the light from a scene to be photographed along an optical path onto the located photosensitive material. A lenticular screen is positioned in the optical path and adjacent the location for photosensitive material. The path of light from the scene is blocked and an optical aperture is passed across the optical path for sequentially exposing the photosensitive material through the lenticular screen to the light rays from the scene. A lenticular screen is moved a predetermined distance along a path transverse to the path of the light simultaneously with the movement of the optical aperture. The arrangement for moving the lenticular screen comprises means for guiding the screen along said predetermined path and a pivoted member, a connection between the pivoted member, at a position displaced from the pivot thereof, and the screen.

Abstract: A photographic camera for three dimensional photography on fixedly positioned photosensitive material. A screen having a plurality of lenticular elements with the boundaries of adjacent elements forming lines defining stripe portions is located in the light path from the object to be photographed and positioned closely adjacent to and in a fixed relationship to the surface of the photosensitive material. A shutter having a substantially rectangular aperture interrupts light passing through an objective, the screen and onto the photosensitive material. The objective's effective aperture defined by parallel planes at opposite sides of the optical axis and transverse to the stripe portions enables a reversed image to be produced on the photosensitive material by a single exposure. The reversed three dimensional original image upon development is positioned closely adjacent fresh photosensitive material.

Abstract: In the illustrative embodiments of the invention disclosed, autostereoscopic pictures are produced by projecting a series of two-dimensional views of an object field onto a lenticular screen. Substantially uninterrupted and non-overlapping condensed, or lineiform, images of the two-dimensional views are formed beneath each lenticule of the lenticular screen by setting the number M of these images in the image band beneath each lenticule, and hence the total number of two-dimensional views projected, equal to w/m, where w is the lenticule width and m is the width of each condensed image. In order to project the required number M of two-dimensional views while avoiding gaps between adjacent condensed images, the projection lenses and the associated film frames are positioned along a plurality of adjacent, parallel, straight lines in a manner such that the apertures of the lenses are effectively in edge-to-edge contiguous relation.

Abstract: An improved camera and process of coding images and a product produced thereby is described in which an image of graphics is scrambled by operation of a pseudoscopic camera. The graphics and focal plane-type shutter are moved simultaneously relative to an objective lens and a graticule so as to produce an image of the graphics which will appear inchoate to ordinary vision. The image can be unscrambled by viewing the same through a graticule of the same nature as that used in the scrambling process.

Abstract: In the exemplary embodiments of the invention disclosed, a system especially adapted for producing stereoscopic pictures in general photography includes a camera having a plurality of lenses aligned in a row with the optical axes substantially in parallel and the endmost lenses spaced apart by a distance that is productive of a three-dimensional depth of field in the system which matches or exceeds the two-dimensional depth of field of the camera lenses at least under average photographic conditions. Such matching of the two and three-dimensional depths of field, where the limits of the two-dimensional depth of field are based on the lenticule width w of the stereoscopic picture, provide sharply focused, solid stereoscopic images of all objects within the two-dimensional capabilities of the camera lens.

Abstract: An apparatus for composing stereoscopic photographs uses a two-stage optical enlarging system. The two-stage system enables one step composing of a stereoscopic photograph without spacial separation or movement of the two-dimensional views from which the photograph is composed.

Abstract: A method of making a print of an object, photographed by a stereo camera to provide first and second stereo transparencies thereof, comprises copying one of the first and second transparencies to prepare a third transparency. The first transparency and the third transparency are optically superimposed on each other to provide a first combination of light. A line screen negative is prepared having a plurality of black lines of equal thickness in parallel relation equidistantly spaced from each other by clear lines equal in thickness to the black lines. Photosensitive material is exposed to the first combination of light via the line screen negative to provide a first exposure. The second transparency and the third transparency are optically superimposed on each other to provide a second combination of light. The line screen negative is shifted in position by the thickness of a black line thereof on the first exposure.

Abstract: Photogrammetric method and apparatus comprising a flexible platen used with standard stereo plotting instrumentation such as double-projection direct-viewing plotting instruments. The purpose of said flexible platen is to provide an absolute stereo image for photographic and other purposes. The flexible platen which is of sufficient size to provide a meaningful mapping surface is vertically adjustable at a multiplicity of points by mechanical, pneumatic, electro-mechanical, fully automated, or other means to provide an actual model-like three-dimensional photographic surface to enable relief distortion from the aerial photographs to be effectively eliminated in planimetric photographs which are taken of the adjusted flexible platen upon which the aerial images are projected. Additionally, an orthostereoscopic photo can be produced by the use of color film.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for aiding a photographer in determining, coordinating and adjusting numerous variables which bear on the quality of a stereoscopic picture employing a lenticular screen. The variables may include, depending upon the photographic method employed and the scene to be photographed, the desired size of the stereoscopic picture, the resolving power and lenticule width of the lenticular screen, the number and size of two-dimensional picture negatives which are taken and included in the stereoscopic picture, the distance between adjacent camera vantage points from which the negatives are taken, the camera focal length, the distance from the camera to the nearest element or object of the photographed scene, the distance from the camera to the farthest element or object of the scene, and the distance from the camera to an element or object -- the "key subject matter" -- in the scene which is to lie in the plane of the stereoscopic picture.