Abstract: An image offsetting apparatus for producing an offset image pathway and presenting the offset image pathway to a user or an optic, including at least some of a prism element comprising a first reflective surface/refracting face and a second reflective surface/refracting face, wherein the prism element is attached or coupled so as to provide the offset image pathway offset from a direct image pathway between a target object and the user or the optic.

Abstract: A combining light emitted from a measurement point of an object to be measured into one parallel light beam by combining optical system; dividing, by phase shifter, parallel light beam emitted from combining optical system into first and second light beam, emitting first and second light beam toward light-receiving face while providing an optical path length difference between the first and second light beam, and causing the first and second light beam to planarly enter the light-receiving face so that at least a part of an incident region of first light beam on the light-receiving face and at least a part of an incident region of second light beam overlap with each other; and obtaining an interferogram at measurement point based on intensity distribution of light in a region where an incident region of the first and second light beam on light-receiving face overlap, and acquiring spectrum by Fourier-transforming interferogram.

Abstract: A variable range visual targeting adjustment apparatus, including at least some of a housing having an optical cavity defined at least partially within the housing, wherein the optical cavity extends from an incoming image aperture to an outgoing image aperture; and two or more reflective surfaces, wherein each reflective surface is adjustably positioned within at least a portion of the optical cavity, and wherein adjustment of at least one of the reflective surfaces adjusts the reflective surfaces such that a target image entering the incoming image aperture is reflected by the reflective surfaces, so as to exit the outgoing image aperture at a determined offset.

Abstract: An image offsetting apparatus for producing an offset image pathway and presenting the offset image pathway to an optic, including at least some of a mirror assembly wherein the mirror assembly comprises a first component mirror and a second component mirror, wherein the mirror assembly is attached or coupled so as to provide the offset image pathway that is offset from a direct image pathway between a target object and the optic.

Abstract: A binoculars rangefinder includes a central shaft, two eyepieces, two objective lenses, two prism modules, an optical transmitter, and an optical receiver. The eyepieces are disposed on two sides of the central shaft, allowing a first light beam reflected by an object to pass therethrough. The objective lenses are disposed on the two sides of the central shaft. The prism modules are disposed between the eyepieces and objective lenses. The optical transmitter is configured to emit a second light beam to the object. The optical receiver is configured to receive the second beam which is reflected by the object.

Abstract: An imaging-based measurement apparatus includes a light source, and at least one optical element for positioning in a flow conduit, the at least one optical element being part of a light path for light emitted by the light source, where light along the light path passes through a portion of fluid flowing in the flow conduit. An image sensor detects the light and measures content of the portion of the fluid.

Abstract: A telescopic sight (10) for a firearm includes a main housing (12), an objective lens assembly (22) for creating an image of a distant object, an ocular lens assembly (30) presenting the image to a viewer, and an optical element assembly (40) between the objective lens assembly (22) and the ocular lens assembly (30). The optical element assembly (40) includes a reticle piece (46) containing a reticle viewable by a user when the user views the image presented by the ocular lens assembly (30). A first adjuster (70, 74) is operatively coupled with the objective lens assembly (22) for removing parallax between the image and the reticle. A second adjuster (72, 76) is operatively coupled with the optical element assembly (40) for removing parallax between the image and the reticle.

Abstract: A manual distance measuring apparatus includes at least one computing unit, an image acquisition means and a laser measuring device, which determines a distance of a measurement point on a measurement object in a measurement direction during a measuring process. The computing unit is configured to control, at least by open-loop control, the measurement direction depending at least on an output characteristic variable of the image acquisition means.

Abstract: Composite probes for super resolution optical techniques using super resolution via transiently activated quenchers (STAQ) include a donor moiety and an acceptor moiety joined by a linker, wherein the acceptor moiety, when excited by incident radiation, is excited to a state which, for example, absorbs in the donor emission region, such that the acceptor moiety in its excited state quenches at least a portion of the donor moiety emission. Other transiently activated quenching mechanisms and moieties could accomplish the same task by reducing donor population. Also disclosed are methods for irradiating a selected region of a target material including the composite probe, wherein the composite probe enables improved resolution by point spread function modification and/or nanoscale chemical reactions.

Abstract: Methods and systems for three-dimensional imaging include sampling one or more emissions which are reflected back from a target scene with one or more micro-channel plates. The one or more sampled emissions are processed in one or more frames. Within each frame a phase is extracted and a distance to the target scene and amplitude is determined on a pixel-by-pixel basis. A three dimensional image of the target scene is generated and provided based on the extracted phase and the determined distance and amplitude for the one or more frames.

Abstract: Provided is an apparatus and method for determining stereo disparity based on two-path dynamic programming and GGCP. The apparatus includes a pre-processing unit for analyzing texture distribution of an input image by using a Laplacian of Gaussian (LOG) filter and dividing the input image into a homogeneous region and a non-homogeneous region; a local matching unit for determining candidate disparities to be included in an each pixel of all pixels; a local post-processing unit for removing candidate disparities in a pixel of low reliability by performing a visibility test betweens candidate disparities in each pixel to improve the reliability of the candidate disparity; and a global optimizing unit for determining a final disparity for candidate disparities in an each pixel by performing a dynamic programming.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for providing direct liquid sample introduction using a nebulizer are provided. The apparatus and method include a short torch having an inner tube and an outer tube, and an elongated adapter having a cavity for receiving the nebulizer and positioning a nozzle tip of the nebulizer a predetermined distance from a tip of the outer tube of the short torch. The predetermined distance is preferably about 2-5 mm.

Abstract: A pattern evaluation method includes: scanning an object to be measured on which a pattern has been formed with an energy beam and obtaining an image data of the object by detecting a scattered particle which is produced from the object; recognizing at least one edge of the pattern on the basis of the image data and calculating the coordinate positions of each edge point of a sequence of edge points constituting the shape of the edge of the pattern; deriving a straight line so that the sum of lengths of perpendiculars drawn from the edge points to the straight line is minimum; and statistically processing the lengths of perpendiculars when the straight line is derived and outputting evaluation information for quantitatively expressing roughness of the edge of the pattern.

Abstract: When determining the presence of foreign particles in a processing chamber by radiating a laser beam inside a processing chamber and detecting scattered light from foreign particles within the processing chamber, the detection of scattered light is performed using a detecting lens having a wide field angle and deep focal depth. Accordingly, the detection of foreign particles floating in the processing chamber can be performed across a wide range, and with uniform sensitivity, with a detecting optical system having a simple constitution.

Abstract: A top surface of a wafer is provided with an n-type source region, an n-type drain region, and an n-type semiconductor region. Dry etching using a plasma is performed with respect to an interlayer insulating film deposited on the wafer to form openings reaching the respective regions, followed by light etching for removing a damaged layer. In this case, exciting light is supplied intermittently to the n-type semiconductor region. The progression of the removal of the damaged layer and the stage of development of a newly damaged layer are sensed by monitoring the change rate of the intensity of reflected probe light in the presence and absence of the exciting light, resulting in the formation of a semiconductor device having low and equal contact resistance. In-line control using optical evaluation enables the implementation of semiconductor devices with excellent and consistent properties.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for detecting overhead transparencies (OHT), such as a dual OHT. Dual overhead transparencies, preferably, have a coating on one side that is compatible with ink jet-type printers and a coating on the other side that is compatible with laser jet-type printers. Such structures of this type, inform the user of the type of OHT.

Abstract: A coincidence and stereoscopic binocular rangefinder is disclosed for measuring distance to sighted targets. The rangefinder preferably has three optical windows for receiving radiation from a sighted target allowing the user to use both his ability to align separated images in one of the eyepieces of the rangefinder, and his ability to stereoscopically sense and compare apparent target depths using both eyepieces of the rangefinder. The rangefinder also includes a novel feature whereby the binocular portion may be easily and conveniently detached from the rangefinder and used separately, and then easily reattached when distance measurement is again desired.

Abstract: An optical device having an objective lens system including at least two lens groups (at least one of which is shiftable in the optical axis direction), a vibration detector for detecting a vibration of the objective lens system, and outputting a signal indicating the vibration of the objective lens system, a vibration compensation unit arranged at a position other than the position of the most-object side lens group of the objective lens system, and at least one shift amount detector for detecting the shift amount, in the optical axis direction, of the shiftable lens of the objective lens system, and outputting a signal indicating the shift amount. The drive amount of the vibration compensation unit is calculated based on the signal from the shift amount detector and the signal from the vibration detector.

Abstract: A stereoscopic rangefinder is disclosed for determining the distance of a target object by measuring the angle of parallax of light scattered by the target. The rangefinder includes two arrays of photosensitive elements upon each of which a distinct target image is projected. A measurement of the pixel displacement between the two target images is used in measuring the angle of parallax. A novel computational scheme is included in the rangefinder wherein it is self-correcting with regard to mechanical shock and thermal influences such that a user need only "point and shoot." Further, the rangefinder is insensitive to target image blur and is embodied as a hand held rangefinding binocular having no moving parts.

Abstract: A device to precisely determine the angle of parallax formed by a target object of interest and first and second entrances (30, 30') for the purpose of rangefinding for example. The device having photodetectors (46) for sensing the separation of first and second channel target scene images (68, 68') and for sensing the separation of first and second channel reference marker images (66, 66') and having electronic circuitry (76) and processor (78), wherein by comparison of these separations, may calculate an accurate angle of parallax of the target object of interest and provide the resultant information to the user via a display (80). The device includes a spatial referencing system (14) and therein, the device may automatically account for small misalignments of optical elements which may occur during normal use and in certain embodiments of the device may allow the user to isolate the target object of interest from other objects which may appear in the field of view.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an electro-optical rangefinding-type apparatus which uses electronic sensors to detect the position and orientation of the apparatus relative to a fixed point. Data from the sensors is relayed to a microprocessor which can calculate parameters such as range, horizontal distance and angle, vertical distance and angle, relative speed and magnetic bearing of a target objective, which are then displayed. A preferred embodiment of the invention is convertible between the functions of a stereoscopic binocular and a coincidence-type range-finder and means are provided for converting the apparatus to and from the binocular and rangefinding modes.

Abstract: A range-finding binocular is disclosed which has substantially the external appearance and size of a conventional binocular. In each barrel, a system is provided for obtaining a projected image of a range-mark of circular symmetry which is focused in the focal plane of each eye lens at an accurately placed position near the visual axis of the monocular. The distance between the projected image and the visual axis is carefully controlled in order to provide, in stereovision, a sense of distance to the range-mark image which can be "placed alongside" a target of interest by changing the offset distance in a controlled manner. In one embodiment, the image is obtained by a backlighted reticle whose image passes between a transparent glass range-mark translation plate and a transparent glass adjustment plate, through a lens, and to a gold surfaced mirror for directing the projected image into the conventional path of the field of view.

Abstract: A scanning laser measurement system for measuring depthwise variations of surfaces relative to a focal plane of an optical system. Laser light is directed to a test surface, generally aligned with the focal plane, through focusing optics having an optical axis. Some of the light from a beam spot is retro scattered from the test surface and reimaged along a path generally parallel to the optical axis. Depthwise variations in the test surface with respect to the focal plane cause spatial displacements in the retrobeam relative to the optical axis. The retrobeam is directed to a filter which is partially reflective and partially transmissive. A pair of photodetectors is used to intercept reflected and transmitted components of the retrobeam and the intensity of these components is measured and used to compute centroid values for the retrobeam on the filter for various beam spots on the test surface. The computed centroid values are directly proportional to depthwise surface deviations from the focal plane.

Abstract: A non-contacting optical probe incorporates an optical system designed to measure distances between various surfaces which may be internal or external such as exists in molds and the like. A collimated light beam is passed off-center through a first lens and focused to a first point on a first surface coplanar with the focal plane of the lens. When the distance between the first surface and the optical probe carrying the collimated beam changes so that a second surface is presented, this second surface is no longer in the focal plane with the result that a laterally displaced image of the point of interception of the collimated beam with the point of the intersection of the optical axis of the system occurs. This lateral displacement is imaged back through the optical system to a sensing surface.

Abstract: A system for visually determining the distance to an object includes a lens that is adapted to be sighted upon an object, said lens being divided equally in a first direction with each half covered by polarizing masks arranged at right angles to each other, a flat light transmission analyzer positioned in the vicinity of the focal plane of the lens and dividing the field of view thereof in a second direction displaced 90.degree. with respect to said first direction, each half of the analyzer being covered by polarizing elements arranged at right angles to each other, and calibrated means to indicate the relative position of adjustment of the lens and analyzer when the observed images at the opposite sides of the divided field of view are in coincidence.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION1. Field Of The InventionThis invention relates to an improvement in an optical apparatus for visually determining the distance of an object.2.

Abstract: Provided is a dot sighting device with large caliber for binocular vision in which sighting can be performed rapidly and accurately by minimizing parallax. The dot sighting device is attached to and detached from a mount for a heavy machine gun. In addition, by using the dot sighting device with large caliber, a user can rapidly and accurately sight and fire a target by taking into consideration types and characteristics of the target and a distance to the target.