Abstract: A densitometer apparatus (200) is disclosed and is adapted to provide color density measurements of opaque materials. The densitometer apparatus (200) comprises a light source unit (202) having a source light (204) projecting light through a collimating lens (206). Light rays transmitted through the collimating lens (206) project through an aperture (208). The rays are projected onto an irradiated area surface of an object sample (212) under test. Electromagnetic radiation in the form of reflected light rays (214) are reflected from the sample (212). The reflected light rays are directed through a spectral filter apparatus (216) and impinge on receptor surfaces of photo-voltaic sensor cells (232, 234, 236). The sensors (232, 234, 236) generate electrical currents having magnitudes proportional to the intensities of the sensed light rays.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus determines a predicted corrosion resistance of deep-drawable iron sheets for body parts of motor vehicles. The method is caarried out with a measuring apparatus comprising one or more light sources with which the iron sheet is irradiated. The reflected light is concentrated by lenses, filtered through filters and the filtered light rays are imaged on a plurality of photoreceivers. The ratios of two respective filter wavelengths are evaluated by a computer from the signals thus obtained. From the values of the quotients of the filter wavelengths, predictions can then be made as to the paint migration values to be expected of the deep-drawable iron sheets painted in a later operation. A simple quality control of the iron sheets supplied by manufacturers for the production of components for motor vehicles can be based on these values.

Abstract: A bioassaying device for carrying out an experiment with a subject placed under a transparent portion of a base plate. The subject is irradiated with light rays emitted from light-emitting ends of three fiber optic cables. One of the three fiber optic cables radiates light rays containing plenty of the red color-spectrum component, another cable radiates the blue component and the remaining cable radiates the green component. Each of the fiber optic cables is provided with a mechanism for adjusting its inclination angle simultaneously with vertical movement of a moving plate upon which the fiber optic cables are mounted.

Abstract: A hue compass has triplet numerical values assigned to colors so that every possible color is identified with a unique triplet color identification number which represents the percentages of each primary color component present. Triplet values 100/0/0, 0/100/0, and 0/0/100 can be assigned to additive primaries blue-violet, green, and red, respectively. Their complementary colors yellow, magenta, and cyan can be assigned triplets 0/100/100, 100/0/100, and 100/100/0. Likewise, triplet values 100/0/0, 0/100/0 and 0/0/100 can be assigned to subtractive primaries yellow, magenta, and cyan, respectively. Their complementary colors, blueviolet, green, and red can be assigned 0/100/100, 100/0/100, and 100/100/0. A color robot can be employed to assign a triplet value for a given colored test object, whose color can be matched, e.g. by blending appropriate amounts of respective primary color pigments or dyes whose triplet color identification numbers are known.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a detector for detecting light intensities of light from a light source, and a discrimination unit for obtaining the relative ratio of chroma signals of light with two or more wavelengths at the light intensities of the light source detected by the detector, to thereby discriminate life expiration of the light source. Data of the relative ratio of chroma signals of light with two or more wavelengths at a time of life expiration of the light source is obtained in advance. Thereafter, the light intensity of the light source is detected to obtain the actual relative ratio of the chroma signals of light with two or more wavelengths. Based on these data, the life expiration of the light source is discriminated.

Abstract: A color copier includes an optical sensor unit and analyzes colors of reflected light from an original to be copied by detecting spectroscopic color data of the reflected light. Amounts of toner of different colors for forming a color image are determined according to such detected spectroscopic color data.

Abstract: The color sensor system has at least three electronic light transmitters each emitting light of a determined narrow-band range of wavelengths, which under the control of a transmission control device in the course of a control cycle, illuminate successively the colored surface of the object in question for a brief period of time with light pulses of a predetermined intensity. The light reflected in each case from the colored surface upon the arrival of the light pulses is received by an electronic light receiver and converted into electrical signals. The electrical signals that are emitted successively by the light receiver in the course of a control cycle are conducted to an evaluation device for a color determination.

Abstract: The invention relates to a dosimeter wherein the substances to be detected color a chemical sensor layer. The degree of coloration of the chemical sensor layer is measured by a photometric diffusion-reflectance measuring device. This dosimeter is improved with respect to a measurement occurring during the time that the contaminant substance is effective. The foregoing is accomplished with the dosimeter of the invention in that the dosimeter has a measuring chamber which receives a diffusion element and with a light impermeable wall portion which closes off the diffusion element while at the same time being permeable to the substance to be detected. A light source and a photosensor are arranged in the measuring chamber.

Abstract: A light measuring device wherein a correct measured value can be obtained even if incident light varies in time or a luminance or brightness of an object for measurement is insufficient. The device comprises a branched optical fiber of a random specification having therein three mutually independent light transmission paths for introducing light from a common input end to three output ends. The input end of the optical fiber is located at a slightly defocused position of an objective lens while the output ends are individually opposed to three light receiving elements having different spectral sensitivities. Three components of light are simultaneously converted into electric signals and then into digital values by circuit means each including a double integration analog to digital converter. When a luminance is insufficient at a light receiving element, the gain of the associated analog to digital converter can be adjusted so as to assure appropriate measurement of light.

Abstract: A densitometer for photography comprising a disk on which are disposed filters of three colors at predetermined circumferential spacing for measuring the transmission and reflection densities of negative and color reversal film and color print, and a visual sensitivity filter for measuring the reflection and transmission densities of monochromatic and monochromatic reversal film. Lamps and a light-receiving element are provided to enable measurment of the densities. The disks are rotatingly driven by a motor to bring seven filters into alignment with the light-receiving element. Density from the output of the light-receiving element is measured and compared to a reference density, and an exposure time correction factor is computed from the density differences and resulting color and density correction values. The correction values and factor are displayed and the data is externally output via an interface.

Abstract: A color sensor comprising a plurality of detecting units. One of the detecting units may inspect the color of an object to be examined, and the other may inspect the color of the reference object simultaneously and independently. The reflected light of the object to be examined is corrected by the reflected light of the reference object. The lights reflected from the object to be examined and the reference object are derived from the same light source.

Abstract: A process which makes possible a zonal ink control with the use of print control strips with single, double, or multizone repetition cycle of the measurement fields, and by means of which controlled variables can also be determined according to measurement strips without zonal separation for all ink zones. Substitute measurement values are formed by interpolation for each ink zone from determined measurements and from their lateral position in relation to the corresponding ink zones, and these substitute measurements are compared with setpoints, and the difference is used to determine controlled variables.

Abstract: A color detecting apparatus and process in which light from a source is directed to a surface whose color is to be measured through an aspheric lens situated so that reflected radiation is returned to the aspheric lens along a reversely directed path. The aspheric lens collimates the reflected light from the surface and directs it to two or more detectors which are tuned to receive energy in two or more preselected band widths along paths which are substantially of equal length with each detector receiving energy in substantially same cross-sectional area of the collimated beam.

Abstract: For checking the workmanship of paint coating, light is shed on the portion of the surface of an object where a paint has been applied. The intensity of light reflected by this portion of the surface gives a clue to a judgment on the acceptability of the paint coating. The judgment is passed by checking whether or not the above-mentioned intensity of light falls within a preset level. The level to be preset is variable according to the intensity of light reflected by the surface, the intensity of light in this case being measured prior to the application of the paint. The light reflected by the portion of the surface where the paint has been applied is resolved into three colors. A checkup is carried out on whether or not the sum of the intensities of light representing these three colors corresponds to a level preset for the amount of this sum. A level to be preset is selected from among data stored in a memory.

Abstract: An apparatus for rapid colorimetry on different samples which has a transmitter for irradiating or through-radiating the particular sample and a receiver for receiving the radiation reflected or transmitted by the sample, as well as a filter arrangement. Also included is a computer for evaluating the signals from the receiver. The transmitter is formed by several semiconductor radiation sources, which irradiate in different spectral ranges and whose optical radiation is combined by means of a filter unit and is deflected onto the sample by a lens arrangement. A control unit controls the semiconductor radiation sources in successive pulsewise intervals. The control unit also supplies a signal permitting an association of the receiver signals to the radiation emitted in the different spectral ranges.

Abstract: A color sensor makes a color distinction based on outputs from three primary optical sensing devices for receiving light having three primary colors under a fluorescent lamp by calculating a relative composition ratio of the three primary colors in an integrator. The operation of the integrator is controlled by a pulse generated by detecting a peak value of the light based on an output from a complementary optical sensing device sensitive to visible light.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for classifying color originals into at least color photographs and other colored articles such as color printed articles, letters, handwriting, art graphics or the like by detecting the reflection densities of divisions into which the color original is spatially divided, using light sensors having peak sensitivities at different wavelengths for at least one of the three primary colors. The reflection densities are compared to obtain a difference or a ratio thereof and based on the result of the comparison, the color originals are classified as color photographs or as other colored articles.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for measuring the spatial characteristics of color CRTs includes the scanning of an image of a white vertical line with a knife edge aperture and integrating the intensity values at each position of the knife edge. The centroids of the beams of the CRT are found by determining the X coordinants of the 50% points of the Y axis of the integral data, and the spatial line profiles are determined by differentiating the integral data. The integral data may be fitted to a Gaussian curve prior to analysis.

Abstract: The light reflectance of metallic flake finishes can be successfully separated into a flake component and a diffuse component. An empirical model accurately represents the statistical distribution of flake orientation in extreme cases and in areas of transition between the extreme cases. Colorimetric measurements at three angles of observation are both necessary and sufficient to characterize a flake finish to the precision required in normal quality control applications. Filter colorimetry or spectrophotometry can be used to obtain the data from which the model parameters are calculated. The model parameters provide objective qualitative data describing the optical and physical characteristics of flake finishes.

Abstract: Adjustment of color density of a color picture to be recorded on a photosensitive material is performed in a color picture output device in such a manner that a test pattern print is outputted from the device and the density of the test pattern print is then compared with a standard pattern plate preliminarily prepared. After the actual output picture color density is measured by the standard pattern plate, the gain and offset for obtaining the standard density can be automatically calculated so as to thereby perform in smooth and high speed color picture outputting operation.

Abstract: A process for preparing discrimination criteria for color identification comprises reading values representing a plurality of color components delivered from a color sensor for each of a plurality of given reference colors, calculating relative values of the color components, calculating relative values of the color components, calculating the deviation of the relative value of each color component from a specified value, extracting pairs of deviations each having a discrimination distance of at least specified times relative to any other reference color, determining a discrimination criterion between the extracted pair of deviation, and repeating the extracting and determining steps by calculating deviations of higher order with use of the deviations until discrimination criteria are determined for all the given reference colors.

Abstract: There is provided a color image data processing method for reproducing a color image by use of micro color points of a plurality of colors. The processings for every region to obtain the areas of the color points are performed in parallel irrespective of which region in a plurality of regions on the chromaticity chart the color which should be reproduced belongs to, and among the respective processing results, the color points whose areas were determined to be positive values are used, thereby reproducing a color image.

Abstract: Apparatus for detecting the coloring of moving tiles for the purpose of dividing their flow into a plurality of flows as a function of the quality of their color. The apparatus detects the color of successive portions of the moving tile and breaks down the detected light spectrum into the three primary colors according to the trichromatic theory. The intensity of each primary color is converted into an electric function by a bank of photoelectric sensors, and this function is processed and compared in a microprocessor with coded signals corresponding to the ideal or optimum coloring that the detected tile should present. The microprocessor emits the signals for automating the division of the flow of scanned tiles into a plurality of flows differing in the quality of the coloring of said tiles.

Abstract: For detecting a leaking in a transparent or semi-transparent vessel by the dye bath method, the light passing through the vessel is divided into three wavelength regions, that is light having the characteristic wavelength of the dye bath liquid, the light having a wavelength shorter than said light as much as prescribed wavelength and the light having a wavelength longer than said light as much as prescribed wavelength, the curvature of transmittance curve based upon difference value of transmittance among three light having different wavelength is obtained for comparing with a preestablished value to judge the vessel to be inferior or normal with the compared output.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a specific color, which comprises color difference detectors each of which takes the difference between an electric signal representing a specific color and an electric signal representing a different color component for increasing the amplitude of the different color electric signal. The signal from the color difference detectors is indicative of whether or not there is a pattern of the specific color. The apparatus further comprises a circuit for discriminating the specific color. The signals from this discriminating circuit are added by an adder to amplify their amplitudes. The signal from the adder and the signal from the color difference detector are ANDed to obtain a specific color signal.

Abstract: A color analyser measuring the light intensities of at least three different colors within the spectrum of the incident light, and relating these measurements to values programmmed before. Those color components of the incident light that have to be influenced in order to conform to the preprogrammed relations are indicated by means of a color star, consisting of three rows of light sources (23, 24, 25) of appropriate colors. While influencing the color of the light with correction filters the operator views the change simultaneously at the color star. It is indicated in such a way that the light sources of the color star are extinguished as soon as the preprogrammed relations between the colors are satisfied, notwithstanding the absolute value of light intensity. An automatic exposure time meter is built in, also controlling an electronic timer (32).

Abstract: On a measuring table (1), a bridge (2) extends over a printed sheet (5) to be measured. A measuring carriage (3) carrying a three color-simultaneous measuring head is arranged on the bridge (2) for linear movement in a back-and-forth manner along a desired path on the printed sheet. For control of the movement of the measuring head during measuring runs and for the evaluation of the measured data, a computer (7) with an integrated image display terminal and a processor system (6) controlled by the computer, is provided with the necessary interfaces. The analysis of a color measuring strip (MS) located along the desired path on the printed sheet is effected in two phases. In a first, so-called recognition run the measuring strip is scanned stepwise with high resolution in all three color channels, for the purpose of an analysis of its configuration. By means of flat locations in the density variations, effective positions (e.g.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for grading articles, particularly lemons, according to their surface color. The apparatus measures each lemon's reflectance in infrared, red and green wavelength bands, and computes the ratio of the red and infrared measurements and the ratio of the red and green measurements. If the red/infrared ratio is less than a prescribed crossover threshold, the apparatus compares the red/infrared ratio to a first set of thresholds, to grade the lemon into either a very dark green, dark green or light green color grade. Conversely, if the red/infrared color ratio is greater than the crossover threshold, the apparatus compares the red/green ratio to a second set of thresholds, to grade the lemon into either a silver, tree-ripe or bronzy color grade.

Abstract: In an equivalent tone region detecting device, a position on a color picture is specified, so that video signals are provided separately according to the tricolor hues for the specified position through a scanning operation with a television camera, and similarly video signals are provided for another position through the succeeding scanning operation. The former and latter video signals are compared with one another, respectively, to determine whether or not the tone of the second position is equivalent to that of the specified position, whereby a region which is equal in tone to the specified position is detected.

Abstract: In a colorimetry system, the test surface, the color of which is to be measured, is illuminated by a fiber optic cable. Light transmitting ends of the optic fibers of the fiber optic cable are uniformly distributed into an annulus with the transmitting ends of the optic fibers pointed inwardly at 45 degrees toward the axis of the annulus. A light pipe, or a second fiber optic cable, is positioned to have one end on the axis of the annulus to receive diffusely reflected light from the test surface and transmit the reflected light to photodetectors through different color filters. The output signals of the photodetectors are applied to the colorimetry console which converts the photodetector signals to standard color index values.

Abstract: Methods and systems for measuring the temperature and spectral factors of a number of specimens (or radiators). The radiant flux from the specimens are spectrally analyzed with respect to effective wavelengths from M different channels (M being greater than or equal to 3). A relation among the spectral radiant flux intensity, approximated spectral factor (depending only on wavelength) and the temperature is determined for each channel by using Planck's radiation law with the condition that a relation N+K=M is kept among M of the number of channels, N of the number of specimens with unknown temperature values and K of the number of unknown terms of the approximated spectral factor of the specimens. Strict algebraic development of such relation is employed to cancel out all of the unknown terms of the spectral factor to obtain a one-dimensional equation concerning the sole temperature.

Abstract: A liquid crystal light valve projection type image display apparatus comprises an electro-optic element and a Schlieren optical system. The electro-optic element has a liquid crystal layer having a dielectric and optical anisotropy. An electric field having a spatial intensity distribution according to an image signal is applied to said liquid crystal at a spatial period, so that a spatially phase-modulated phase diffraction grating is formed in the liquid crystal layer. Thus, a projected image in enlarged form is obtained. The fact that the electric field with a spatial period is applied to the liquid crystal leads to a constant light diffraction angle, and the modulation of the diffraction light intensity in the applied electric field enables an image corresponding to the input image signal to be projected at high light utilization.

Abstract: A color meter for measuring the respective intensity of the blue, green and red regions of an illuminating light source to provide the photographic information according to the measured value. The present invention provides an appliance, which directly provides, as the final output, the light balancing factor or the color compensating factor according to the necessary one from among the measured informations of the light intensity of each region of blue, green, red and an information determined according to using film, video image pickup tube, solid image pickup element, etc. and of which the operation is simple and the correcting filter can be simply and quickly determined.

Abstract: A method for the color evaluation of pattern models of fabric, decoration or packaging printing which, in particular, exhibit bleeding color areas, i.e. color areas of differing color saturation and/or brightness, and a color evaluation device with a color monitor is provided for carrying out the method. Color recognition signals characteristic for the individual pattern colors and a run signal, dependent on the respective color saturation, are derived from the color measured value signals obtained through opto-electric scanning of the pattern models. A freely-selectable color signal triad corresponding to the color to be displayed on the color monitor is assigned in a coloration unit to each pattern color and a further color signal triad is prescribed for the background color of the later printing medium. For displaying the pattern models on the color monitor, the color recognition signals in the coloration unit call in the color signal triads.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for expressing as a number the relative brightness of artificial illumination as it is perceived by the average observer. There is extracted (i.e., detected) from the illumination to be measured, a blue-appearing narrow band, a green-appearing narrow band, a yellow-appearing narrow band and a red-orange-appearing narrow band. From these extracted bands are generated six different signals: a signal expressed as (aB) where (a) is about 0.23 and (B) is the watts of energy in the blue band, a signal expressed as (bG) where (b) is about 0.97 and (G) is the watts of energy in the green band, a signal expressed as (cR) where (c) is about 0.33 and (R) is the watts of energy in the red-orange band, a signal expressed as (dY) where (d) is about 0.19 and (Y) is the watts of energy in the yellow band, a signal expressed as (eG) where (e) is about 0.25 and (G) is the watts of energy in the green band, and a signal expressed as (fR) where (f) is about 0.

Abstract: The present invention is a color displaying apparatus for display and comparison of the chromaticity and brightness of colors. The chromaticity chart and brightness scale positions of colors having known x-y-Y values set into the apparatus are automatically displayed. In conjunction with a color meter, the chromaticity chart and brightness scale positions of an unknown sample color are automatically displayed. Using graphic memory means and numerical display devices, the chromaticity chart and brightness scale positions and the x-y-Y values of two or more colors can be compared.

Abstract: A skin diagnosis system includes a scanning and optical arrangement whereby light reflected from each incremental area (pixel) of the skin is directed simultaneously to three separate light filters, e.g., IR, red, and green. As a result the three devices simultaneously produce three signals which are directly related to the reflectance of light of different wavelengths from the corresponding pixel. These three signals for each pixel after processing are used as inputs to one or more output devices to produce a visual color display and/or a hard copy color print, for one useable as a diagnostic aid by a physician.