Abstract: This document describes techniques and systems to vary waveforms across frames in lidar systems. The described lidar system transmits signals with different waveforms for the same pixel of consecutive frames to avoid a return signal overlapping with a noise spike or a frequency component of another return signal. The different waveforms can be formed using different frequency modulations, different amplitude modulations, or a combination thereof for the same pixel of consecutive frames. The lidar system can change the waveform of the transmit signal for the same pixel of a subsequent frame automatically or in response to determining that a signal-to-noise ratio of the return signal of an initial frame is below a threshold value. In this way, the lidar system can increase the signal-to-noise ratios in return signals. These improvements allow the lidar system to increase its accuracy in determining the characteristics of objects that reflected the return signals.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system includes an optical source to emit a corresponding plurality of optical beams with synchronized chirp rates and synchronized chirp durations. The plurality of optical beams are each tuned to produce regions of constructive and destructive interference into a combined optical beam. A first optical component forms a phase-locked loop to correct nonlinearities detected in the plurality of optical beams. A second optical component transmits a combined optical beam toward a target environment and receives a target return signal. A third optical component downconverts the target return signal to a plurality of fixed frequency downconverted target return signals, each including a target range component and a target velocity component.

Abstract: An optical transmission unit (3) transmits an optical signal having a light intensity set as a Low level component of a pulse. An optical partial reflector (6) is provided on a path through which transmission light is transmitted from a circulator (5) to the atmosphere, and reflects the optical signal. A detection unit (11) performs coherent detection on reception light using, as local light, a signal in a Low level section in the optical signal reflected by the optical partial reflector (6).

Abstract: A Lidar system and method of detecting an object is disclosed. The Lidar system includes a photodetector, a spectrum analyzer and a processor. The photodetector generates an electrical signal in response to a reflected light beam received at the photodetector, the reflected light beam being a reflection of a chirp signal from the object. The electrical signal has a bandwidth the same as a bandwidth of the chirp signal. The spectrum analyzer includes a power divider that partitions the electrical signal into a plurality of channels, an analog-to-digital converter that converts the electrical signal within a selected channel from an analog signal to a digital signal, and a comb filter that provides output from the selected channel from the power divider to the analog-to-digital converter. The processor determines a parameter of the object from the digital signal in the selected channel.

Abstract: Various sensors, including particulate matter sensors, are described. One particulate matter sensor includes a self-mixing interferometry sensor and a set of one or more optical elements. The set of one or more optical elements is positioned to receive an optical emission of the self-mixing interferometry sensor, split the optical emission into multiple beams, and direct each beam of the multiple beams in a different direction. The self-mixing interferometry sensor is configured to generate particle speed information for particles passing through respective measurement regions of the multiple beams.

Abstract: A method is provided for detecting a property of a gas comprising: emitting a light, comprising a plurality of wavelengths covering a plurality of absorption lines of the gas, along a first axis, the light being scattered by particles of the gas resulting in a scattered light, generating a sensor image using a detection arrangement configured to receive the scattered light and comprising: an optical arrangement having an optical plane and being configured to direct the scattered light on to a light sensor, the light sensor having at least one pixel columns, wherein the pixel columns are aligned to an image plane and configured to output a sensor image, wherein the first axis, the optical plane, and the image plane intersect such that a Scheimpflug condition is achieved, determining, from the sensor image, properties of the gas at a plurality of positions along the first axis.

Abstract: This document describes techniques and systems to resolve return signals among pixels in lidar systems. The described lidar system transmits signals with different waveforms for consecutive pixels to associate return signals with their corresponding pixels. During a detection window, the lidar system receives a return signal and compares it in the frequency domain to at least two template signals. The template signals include the waveform of an initial pixel and a subsequent pixel of two consecutive pixels, respectively. The lidar system then determines, based on the comparison to the template signals, the pixel to which the return signal corresponds and determines a characteristic of an object that reflected the return signal. In this way, the lidar system can confidently resolve detections to reduce the time between pixels. This improvement allows the described lidar system to operate at faster scanning speeds and realize a faster reaction time for automotive applications.

Abstract: Techniques for adaptive scanning with a laser scanner include obtaining range measurements at a coarse angular resolution and determining a range gate subset and a characteristic range. A fine angular resolution is based on the characteristic range and a target spatial resolution. If the fine angular resolution is finer than the coarse angular resolution, then a minimum vertical angle and maximum vertical angle is determined for a horizontal slice of the subset of angular width based on the first angular resolution. The scanning laser ranging system is then operated to obtain second range measurements at the second angular resolution in the slice between the minimum vertical angle and the maximum vertical angle. In some embodiments, the scanning is repeated for each horizontal slice in the range gate subset using a minimum vertical angle and maximum vertical angle for that slice.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus that includes a laser apparatus outputting a frequency-modulated laser beam, a branching part branching the frequency-modulated laser beam into a reference light and a measurement light, a beat signal generation part generating a beat signal by mixing the reference light and a reflected light that is reflected by radiating the measurement light onto an object to be measured, an extraction part extracting a signal component corresponding to a resonator frequency of the frequency-modulated laser beam, a clock signal generation part generating a first clock signal on the basis of the signal component, a conversion part converting the beat signal into a first digital signal using the first clock signal, and a calculation part calculating a difference in a propagation distance between the reference light and the measurement light on the basis of the first digital signal.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system to transmit optical beams including at least up-chirp frequency and at least one down-chirp frequency toward targets in a field of view of the LIDAR system and receive returned signals of the up-chirp and the down-chirp as reflected from the targets. The LIDAR system may perform IQ processing on one or more returned signals to generate baseband signals in the frequency domain of the returned signals during the at least one up-chirp and the at least one down-chirp. The baseband signal includes a first set of peaks associated with the at least one up-chirp frequency and a second set of peaks associated with the at least one down-chirp frequency. The LIDAR system determines the target location using the first set of peaks and the second set of peaks.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system that includes a first beam splitter to multiplex a first optical beam and a second optical beam into a combined beam having orthogonal linear polarizations. The system also includes lensing optics to emit the combined beam towards a target and collect light returned from the target in a return optical beam to be received by the first beam splitter. The first beam splitter demultiplexes the return optical beam into a first return beam and a second return beam having orthogonal linear polarizations. The system also includes an optical element to generate a first beat frequency from the first return beam and to generate a second beat frequency from the second return beam. The system also includes a signal processing system to determine a range and velocity of the target from the first beat frequency and the second beat frequency.

Abstract: Systems and methods described herein are directed to computationally fast and accurate processing of data acquired by a remote imaging system, such as a Light Detection and Ranging system (LIDAR). Example embodiments describe processing of scanned target data based on performing a low-resolution Fourier Transform (FT) of a beat signal that may be a function of distance and/or velocity of objects associated with the scanned target. Various methods described herein can effectively convert the low-resolution FT data into high-resolution frequency domain data that can be used to accurately estimate a frequency of the beat signal. The system may use the beat signal frequency to determine the distance and/or velocity of the corresponding object and generate point-cloud information associated with a three-dimensional image construction of the scanned target.

Abstract: A laser range finder system to determine the range of a target including a laser pulse generating device and a laser amplifier for amplifying laser pulses to produce amplified laser pulses. Amplified laser pulses are transmitted toward a target and a laser pulse echoes reflected by a target are received by a receiver. The receiver includes a laser light detector and dual signal conditioning channels to condition and amplify signals derived from detected laser light and output conditioned signals. A high-gain channel amplifies laser pulse echoes having relatively lower signal power and a low-gain channel amplifies laser pulse echoes having relatively higher signal power. A digitizer produce samples of laser pulses and converts the samples to digital signals. A processing element processes the digital signals to determine an echo signature, a time of flight to the target and a range to the target.

Abstract: A laser apparatus, a measurement apparatus, and a measurement method are provided in which the laser apparatus outputs a frequency-modulated laser beam with a plurality of modes and includes: an optical cavity that has a gain medium for amplifying a light to be input, and an optical SSB modulator for shifting a frequency of the light amplified by the gain medium: and a control part that controls the optical SSB modulator to shift a frequency of a light to be input to the optical SSB modulator.

Abstract: A receiver module for a lidar system includes a collection lens for collecting light from a scene to form an image of the light. The receiver module also includes a mask for spatially filtering the light imaged by the collection lens to at least partly transmit a light pulse backscattered from an object in the scene. The mask is opaque apart from at least one non-circular light-transmissive region. Each non-circular light-transmissive region has orthogonal length and width. The length exceeds the width and is sufficient to transmit light incident on the collection lens at a range of incidence angles in a first angular dimension. The receiver module also includes a photodetector for detecting the light pulse collected by the lens and transmitted by the mask.

Abstract: In some implementations, a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system includes a transmitter configured to transmit an optical signal that is output from a laser and modulated based on a modulating signal, a receiver configured to receive a returned optical signal in response to transmitting the optical signal, and a processor. The processor is configured to produce a first optical signal based on the returned optical signal and a first version of the modulating signal, produce a second optical signal based on the returned optical signal and a second version of the modulating signal, generate a digital signal based on the first optical signal and the second optical signal, determine a Doppler frequency shift of the returned optical signal based, at least in part, on the digital signal, and provide data indicative of the Doppler frequency shift to a vehicle.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) apparatus includes an optical circuit including a laser source configured to emit a laser beam, a beam separator operatively coupled to the laser source, the beam separator configured to separate the laser beam propagated towards a target, a first optical amplifier coupled to the beam separator, the first optical amplifier configured to receive a return laser beam reflected from the target in a return path and amplify the return laser beam to output an amplified return laser beam, and an optical component operatively coupled to the first optical amplifier, the optical component configured to output a current based on the amplified return laser beam.

Abstract: A return signal associated with a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) optical beam is received. A correction for Doppler scanning artifacts in the return signal is made. A determination as to whether the return signal is caused by an obstruction on or proximate to a LIDAR window is made. A field of view (FOV) reflectivity map is generated based on the determination. The FOV reflectivity map is analyzed by identifying an obstructed FOV of the LIDAR system and determining a reflected energy from the obstructed FOV.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system includes optical sources to emit optical beams with synchronized chirp rates and chirp durations. The optical beams provide a comb of coherent optical beams with a fixed frequency separation between frequency adjacent optical beams. A first set of first optical components amplifies and combines the optical beams into a combined optical beam. A second set of optical components transmits the combined optical beam toward a target environment and receives a target return signal. A third set of optical components downconverts the target return signal to downconverted target return signals corresponding to the optical beams, and coherently combines the downconverted target return signals.

Abstract: A time-of-flight imaging system may output light with a modulation frequency in the gigahertz band, to illuminate a range target. This high-frequency illumination may enable extremely precise—e.g., micron-scale—depth measurements. The system may modulate reflected light from the range target, to create a beat tone that has a frequency in the hertz band. In some cases, the modulated light in the gigahertz band is created by a first modulator and the beat tone in the hertz band is created by a second modulator. In some cases, the modulated light in the gigahertz band is created by an upshift cascade of modulators and the beat tone in the hertz band is created by a downshift cascade of modulators. A photodetector may measure the low-frequency beat tone. From this beat tone, phase of the signal and depth of the range target may be extracted.

Abstract: First voltage data (V11 to V1n) and second voltage data (V21 to V2n) each correspond to ranges of the same transmitted signals (T1 to Tn) that have different modulation center frequencies. A speed calculating unit (50) calculates a moving speed of a radio-wave-reflecting object by calculating a reference speed (Sref) which is based on a difference value between the modulation center frequency (Fc_1) of the range of the transmitted signals (T1 to Tn) corresponding to the first voltage data (V11 to V1n) and the modulation center frequency (Fc_2) of the range of the transmitted signals (T1 to Tn) corresponding to the second voltage data (V21 to V2n), and comparing a plurality of speed candidates (Scand[m]) with the reference speed (Sref).

Abstract: A LIDAR sensing system includes a light source that is controlled to project a collimated beam at various wavelengths. An interferometer receives the collimated beam and projects an object beam corresponding to the collimated beam at a diffraction grating. The object beam is diffracted from the diffraction grating at different angles corresponding to the wavelength of the collimated beam. As a result, the LIDAR sensing system generates a vertical scan (e.g., a two-dimensional scan) of the external environment. Various components of the LIDAR sensing system are then configured to rotate to produce multiple vertical scans, thus generating a three-dimensional scan.

Abstract: Doppler correction of broadband LIDAR includes mixing, during a first time interval, a returned optical signal with an in-phase version of the transmitted signal to produce a first mixed optical signal that is detected during the first time interval to produce a first electrical signal. During a non-overlapping second time interval the returned optical signal is mixed with a quadrature version of the transmitted signal to produce a second mixed optical signal that is detected during the second time interval to produce a second electrical signal. A complex digital signal uses one of the digitized electrical signals as a real part and a different one as the imaginary part. A signed Doppler frequency shift of the returned optical signal is determined based, at least in part, on a Fourier transform of the complex digital signal. A device is operated based on the Doppler frequency shift.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging system includes optical sources configured to emit respectively first and second optical beams that have opposite polarizations. Taps split the first and second optical beams into first and second high-power path and low-power path optical beams. A first polarization beam splitter combines the first and second high-power path optical beams into a single spatial mode optical beam, which lensing optics launches toward the target, and collects light incident upon the target into a return path. A second polarization beam splitter splits the return optical beam into first and second spatial mode optical beams. Mixers mix the first and second spatial mode optical beams with respectively the first and second low-power path optical beams to produce optical beams first and second beat frequencies, which optical detectors detect and from which range and velocity of the target are determinable.

Abstract: An optical device provided by the present invention can comprise: a light transmitting unit for generating a first beam for photographing a certain area; a light receiving unit for sensing a second beam returning from the certain area; a light separating unit for distinguishing and transmitting the first beam from the second beam; and a detection unit including a micro electro-mechanical system mirror (MEMS mirror) for transmitting the first beam by changing an optical axis up to a first steering angle, and for receiving the second beam.

Abstract: A frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW)-based system includes an emitter to transmit at least one linearly modulated wave of radiation to a scene and a receiver to receive a reflection of the transmitted wave from one or multiple objects located at different locations in the scene. The system interferes a copy of the wave outputted by the emitter with the reflection of the transmitted wave received by the receiver to produce a beat signal with spectrum peaks corresponding to reflections from the different locations at the scene. The beat signal is distorted due to the non-linearity of the modulation.

Abstract: Methods and systems for generating a high bandwidth linear FM chirp for a laser detection and ranging (LADAR) transceiver is described herein. The LADAR transceiver includes an array of laser sources configured to generate a series of pulses with each pulse offset in frequency by a respective frequency offset from a previous pulse and a subsequent pulse in the series of pulses. A ladder signal can be generated from the series of pulses and modulated with a modulation signal having a modulation bandwidth corresponding to the frequency offset between each pulse to generate the linear chirp signal. The linear chirp signal can have a chirp bandwidth corresponding to the number of laser sources in an array and a modulation bandwidth of the modulation signal.

Abstract: A light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system includes an optical source to emit an optical beam, and free-space optics coupled with the optical source to focus the optical beam at a first focal plane, where a local oscillator (LO) signal is generated from a partial reflection of the optical beam from a partially-reflecting surface proximate to the first focal plane, and where a transmitted portion of the optical beam is directed toward a scanned target environment. The free-space optics configured to focus the LO signal and a target return signal at a second focal plane comprising a conjugate focal plane to the first focal plane. The system also includes a photodetector with a photosensitive surface proximate to the conjugate focal plane to mix the LO signal with the target return signal to generate target information.

Abstract: A system and method for enhanced velocity resolution and signal to noise ratio in optical phase-encoded range detection includes receiving an electrical signal generated by mixing a first optical signal and a second optical signal, wherein the first optical signal is generated by modulating an optical signal, wherein and the second optical signal is received in response to transmitting the first optical signal toward an object, and determining a Doppler frequency shift of the second optical signal, and generating a corrected electrical signal by adjusting the electrical signal based on the Doppler frequency shift, and determining a range to the object based on a cross correlation of the corrected electrical signal with a radio frequency (RF) signal that is associated with the first optical signal.

Abstract: A calibration method includes: (S1) generating an external light path via a laser automatic power control circuit through a high frequency modulation signal, sending the external light path to a measured target, reflecting the external light path back through the measured target and receiving the reflected external light path by a photoelectric receiving circuit; (S2) generating an internal light path via the laser automatic power control circuit through the high frequency modulation signal, directly sending the internal light path to the photoelectric receiving circuit, and receiving the internal light path through the photoelectric receiving circuit; and (S3) performing phase comparison between two paths of light waves respectively corresponding to the external light path and the internal light path received firstly and secondly by the photoelectric receiving circuit, and a reference phase signal through the photoelectric receiving circuit, calculating a distance phase, and outputting a signal whose base is

Abstract: The system and method for accurately determining range-to-go for a time-delayed command detonation of a projectile. Using dual laser and/or radio frequency detectors on the tail and on the nose of a spinning projectile to determine the range-to-go, time-to-go, and/or lateral offset from the projectile to the target. A time to detonation clock is used to determine when a projectile transitions from an exterior to an interior of a structure such that the projectile can more accurately detonate within a fixed structure.

Abstract: A measuring method and a distance measuring device for determining an absolute distance to a target moving at a radial movement velocity with respect to the distance measuring device, wherein a modulated transmission radiation is emitted to the target and a measurement signal is detected, such that information regarding the absolute distance to the target is attached to the measurement signal by means of at least one reference point of a frequency-dependent signal profile of the measurement signal, on the basis of a modulation phase of the reception radiation with respect to a set fundamental modulation, wherein for a set fundamental modulation frequency the deviation of said frequency value with respect to a reference point, in particular a minimum point, of the signal profile of the measurement signal is derived, namely the frequency offset and the offset direction with respect to the reference point.

Abstract: A phase controller for rapid, accurate, stable phase shifting of a continuous wave (cw) laser output combines and adjusts reference paths from before and after an EOPM to obtain maximum constructive interference when the EOPM control voltage is zero. A control voltage V for maximum destructive interference is then determined and regulated to produce and maintain a 180 degree phase shift. The output phase can then be shifted by switching the control voltage to the output of a voltage shifter that shifts V by a specified percentage. The phase shifter can divide the control voltage in half to provide a 90 degree phase shift. The cw laser can function as a seed to a pulsed laser, thereby controlling the pulse phases. Quadrature phase laser pulse pairs can be used for quadrature LiDAR detection. Embodiments include a plurality of voltage shifters for 4-phase quadrature shifting and/or shifting between arbitrary phase values.

Abstract: This disclosure presents a non-contact, frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) coherent optical distance measuring system and method for determining a measured distance over a wide distance range and simultaneously with fine range resolution. The approach and apparatus presented within eliminates the need for expensive, high frequency post-detection electronics to perform the necessary signal processing to accurately determine distance.

Abstract: An apparatus is provided for using a square wave digital chirp signal for optical chirp range detection. A laser source emits an optical signal and a RF waveform generator generates an input digital chirp signal based on the square wave digital chirp signal. A frequency of the optical signal is modulated based on the input digital chirp signal. A splitter divides the optical signal into a transmit optical signal and a reference optical signal. A detector combines the reference optical signal and a return optical signal from an object. The detector generates an electrical output signal based on the combined reference optical signal and the return optical signal. A processor determines a range to the object based on a characteristic of a Fourier transform the electrical output signal. A method is also provided for using the square wave digital chirp signal for optical chirp range detection.

Abstract: Described herein is a system, a method and a processor-readable medium for spatial profiling.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a mobile machine including a laser diode based lighting system having an integrated package holding at least a gallium and nitrogen containing laser diode and a wavelength conversion member. The gallium and nitrogen containing laser diode is configured to emit a first laser beam with a first peak wavelength. The wavelength conversion member is configured to receive at least partially the first laser beam with the first peak wavelength to excite an emission with a second peak wavelength that is longer than the first peak wavelength and to generate the white light mixed with the second peak wavelength and the first peak wavelength. The mobile machine further includes a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system configured to generate a second laser beam and manipulate the second laser beam to sense a spatial map of target objects in a remote distance.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a mobile machine including a laser diode based lighting system having an integrated package holding at least a gallium and nitrogen containing laser diode and a wavelength conversion member. The gallium and nitrogen containing laser diode is configured to emit a first laser beam with a first peak wavelength. The wavelength conversion member is configured to receive at least partially the first laser beam with the first peak wavelength to excite an emission with a second peak wavelength that is longer than the first peak wavelength and to generate the white light mixed with the second peak wavelength and the first peak wavelength. The mobile machine further includes a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system configured to generate a second laser beam and manipulate the second laser beam to sense a spatial map of target objects in a remote distance.

Abstract: Methods and systems for performing three dimensional LIDAR measurements with multiple illumination beams scanned over a three dimensional environment by one or more optical phase modulation devices are described herein. In one aspect, illumination light from each LIDAR measurement channel is emitted to the surrounding environment in a different direction by an optical phase modulation device. The optical phase modulation device also directs each amount of return measurement light onto a corresponding photodetector. The illumination pulse output of each LIDAR measurement channel is synchronized with commanded changes of state of each corresponding optical phase modulation device. In some embodiments, each optical phase modulation device is associated with a single LIDAR measurement channel. In some embodiments, multiple LIDAR measurement channels are associated with a single modulation device. In some embodiments, a one dimensional optical phase modulation device is employed.

Abstract: A module for measuring an object located in a position finding zone; the module being configured for generating a primary beam; the module having a scanning mirror structure; the scanning mirror structure being controllable to allow the primary beam to execute a scanning movement within the position finding zone; the module being configured to allow a secondary signal to be detected when the secondary signal is produced in response to the interaction of the primary beam with the object in a deflection position of the scanning mirror structure; the module being configured to generate position finding information as a function of the deflection position of the scanning mirror structure; the module featuring a semiconductor laser component; the semiconductor laser component being configured for producing the primary beam and for detecting the secondary signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor device capable of current detection accurately is provided. The semiconductor device includes an error amplifier, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a counter, a first circuit, and a terminal. The terminal is electrically connected to a non-inverting input terminal of the error amplifier. An inverting input terminal of the error amplifier is supplied with first voltage. An output terminal of the error amplifier is electrically connected to the VCO. An output terminal of the VCO is electrically connected to the counter. The first circuit is electrically connected to the output terminal of the VCO and the terminal. The circuit supplies current in accordance with the frequency of a signal output from the VCO.

Abstract: A method of performing ranging and detection with an array lidar system and the array lidar system include a first illuminator to transmit a first pseudorandom binary sequence of pulses, the first pseudorandom sequence of pulses resulting in first reflections, and a second illuminator to transmit a second pseudorandom sequence of pulses, the second pseudorandom sequence of pulses being transmitted at least partly concurrently with transmission of the first pseudorandom sequence of pulses, the second pseudorandom sequence of pulses resulting in second reflections. A receiver receives the first reflections and the second reflections and associates the first reflections with the first illuminator based on a result of correlating the first reflections with the first pseudorandom sequence of pulses and a result of correlating the first reflections with the second pseudorandom sequence of pulses, the receiver includes an optical detector array and a processor.

Abstract: A method for removing Doppler ambiguity in a ladar system. The time of each pulse of a sequence of transmitted pulses is offset from that of a uniform sequence of pulses. Each received pulse is represented by a complex number corresponding to its amplitude and phase, and each complex number of the resulting array of complex numbers is multiplied by a complex correction factor having a phase proportional to (i) the time offset of the corresponding pulse, and to (ii) a test frequency of an array of test frequencies, to form a second array of complex numbers. A Fourier transform of the second array is taken, and the value at the test frequency is copied into a corrected spectrum array. The process is repeated for each test frequency in the array of test frequencies, to generate a complete corrected spectrum array.

Abstract: Various implementations of the invention compensate for “phase wandering” in tunable laser sources. Phase wandering may negatively impact a performance of a lidar system that employ such laser sources, typically by reducing a coherence length/range of the lidar system, an effective bandwidth of the lidar system, a sensitivity of the lidar system, etc. Some implementations of the invention compensate for phase wandering near the laser source and before the output of the laser is directed toward a target. Some implementations of the invention compensate for phase wandering in the target signal (i.e., the output of the laser that is incident on and reflected back from the target). Some implementations of the invention compensate for phase wandering at the laser source and in the target signal.

Abstract: A light source identification system, the system comprising a light source imaging device and a processing device, the light source imaging device comprising a light sensor operable to image at least a portion of an environment in which the light source imaging device is present, wherein the environment comprises one or more light sources, and a transmitter operable to transmit image data, and the processing device comprising a processor that is operable, in a calibration mode, to identify light sources from received image data and locate them within the environment.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus for contactlessly measuring vibration or displacement of a measurement target includes a light source configured to emit a continuous wave of light frequency-modulated to arrange a measurement site of the measurement target within a correlation peak, a divider configured to divide the continuous wave of light into first and second divided-waves of light, a light receiver configured to receive interfering light of the first divided-wave of light reflected by the measurement target and the second divided-wave of light, and a calculator configured to calculate the vibration or displacement of the measurement target using an electric signal output from the light receiver.

Abstract: A transceiver may include a reception (Rx) radio frequency (RF) part configured to process a received signal, a transmission (Tx) RF part configured to process a transmitted signal, and a phase lock loop (PLL) configured to provide a reception frequency to the reception RF part and provide a transmission frequency to the transmission RF part. The PLL may be controlled according to whether the reception RF part or the transmission RF part is on. In addition, a transceiver may include quenching waveform generator (QWGs) to control quenching waveforms of the RF parts corresponding to a plurality of antennas. The quenching waveforms may be generated respectively by VCOs operating at a same frequency. The QWGs may control the VCOs such that the quenching waveforms do not overlap.

Abstract: Various embodiments are directed to a location detection system. The location detection system may utilize one or more light sources in a fixed and known position capable of emitting modulated light. The location detection system may utilize one or more light receivers in a fixed and known position operative to detect light emitted by the light sources that has been reflected back off an object. The location detection system may utilize a processor circuit that may be communicatively coupled with the light receiver and the light sources. The processor circuit may be operative to receive signals indicative of the detected reflected emitted light from the light receiver. The processor circuit may also be operative to process the signals to determine a location of the object that reflected the emitted light.

Abstract: Length metrology apparatuses and methods are disclosed for measuring both specular and non-specular surfaces with high accuracy and precision, and with suppressed phase induced distance errors. In one embodiment, a system includes a laser source exhibiting a first and second laser outputs with optical frequencies that are modulated linearly over large frequency ranges. The system further includes calibration and signal processing portions configured to determine a calibrated distance to at least one sample.

Abstract: A projection exposure apparatus (10) for microlithography has a plurality of optical components (M1-M6) forming an exposure beam path, as well as a distance measurement system (30, 130, 230) configured to measure a distance between at least one of the optical components and a reference element (40, 140, 240). The distance measurement system comprises a frequency comb generator (32, 132, 232), which is configured to generate electromagnetic radiation (36, 236) having a comb-shaped frequency spectrum.