Abstract: The present disclosure provides an optical integrated device and an optical time domain reflectometer. The optical integrated device includes: a packaging outer shell, a first collimator, an optical splitting device, a circulator assembly and a second collimator. The optical splitting device is provided close to the first collimator, is used to reflect a part of the detecting light from the first pigtail and couple the part of the detecting light to the third pigtail, and allows the other part of the detecting light to pass through the optical splitting device. The circulator assembly is provided close to the optical splitting device, the circulator assembly is used to couple the detecting light passing through the optical splitting device to the second pigtail, and couple the detecting light returned from the second pigtail to the third pigtail.

Abstract: An optical device includes a plurality of first Si waveguides that split and output an optical signal received from an input unit, plurality of LN waveguides that are included in a LN modulator and that transmit the optical signals that are split and output by the first Si waveguides, and a plurality of second Si waveguides that multiplex and output the associated optical signals that are output from the plurality of respective LN waveguides. The device includes an output unit that outputs the optical signal multiplexed by the second Si waveguides, and a plurality of Mach-Zehnder interferometers disposed on each of waveguides connected by the first Si waveguides, the LN waveguides, and the second Si waveguides, respectively. When there are differences among waveguide lengths of the LN waveguides, the device is configured such that the optical path lengths of the waveguides for the respective Mach-Zehnder interferometers are equalized.

Abstract: Electro-optical conversion of an input analog signal and optical modulation of the optical signal to provide light of different intensity levels to 2n photodetection sites whose outputs can be encoded as an n-bit digital output value. The sample rate can exceed 10 GHz (rates above 100 GHz are possible) with much greater simplicity of electronic circuitry.

Abstract: Disclosed are a decoherence processing method and system, and a coherent light receiving apparatus. The coherent light receiving apparatus comprises a plurality of photoelectric conversion units. The method comprises: performing phase comparison between electric signals, obtained by means of conversion performed by at least two of a plurality of photoelectric conversion units, and a reference signal to obtain a corresponding phase difference; according to the obtained phase difference, respectively performing phase compensation on the electric signals obtained by means of conversion performed by the at least two photoelectric conversion units, so as to obtain at least two compensated electric signals of the photoelectric conversion units; and using the at least two compensated electric signals of the photoelectric conversion units to superpose and output electric signals.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a photonic device includes dividing a target photonic network, which is a photonic network configured for the photonic semiconductor device, into a plurality of sub-photonic networks, forming the plurality of sub-photonic networks on a plurality of photonic chips, and connecting the plurality of sub-photonic networks on the plurality of photonic chips through a coupler to obtain the photonic semiconductor device carrying the target photonic network, wherein the coupler is configured to couple light from one photonic chip to another photonic chip. Compared with the scale of the photonic network of the existing photonic semiconductor device, which is limited due to the footprint limitation of a single chip, the scale of the photonic network of the photonic semiconductor device is increased several times.

Abstract: An example system includes a high-side electrode layer including a number of discrete electrodes and a low-side electrode layer. The system further includes an electro-optic (EO) layer including an EO active material positioned between the high-side electrode layer and the low-side electrode layer, thereby forming a number of active cells of the EO layer. Each of the number of active cells of the EO layer includes a portion of the EO layer that is positioned between one of the discrete electrodes and the low-side electrode layer. The example system further includes an insulator operationally coupled to the active cells of the EO layer, and at least partially positioned between a first one of the active cells and a second one of the active cells.

Abstract: A pulse configurable laser unit is an environmentally stable, mechanically robust, and maintenance-free ultrafast laser source for low-energy industrial, medical and analytical applications. The key features of the laser unit are a reliable, self-starting fiber oscillator and an integrated programmable pulse shaper. The combination of these components allows taking full advantage of the laser's broad bandwidth ultrashort pulse duration and arbitrary waveform generation via spectral phase manipulation. The source can routinely deliver near-TL, sub-60 fs pulses with megawatt-level peak power. The output pulse dispersion can be tuned to pre-compensate phase distortions down the line as well as to optimize the pulse profile for a specific application.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure provide an optical modulator with linearly distributed active circuitry coupled to a signal electrode to compensate for loss or attenuation of a high frequency modulation signal in the signal electrode. In one embodiment, negative resistance cells are attached to the signal electrode at various points, and have tunable negative resistances to compensate for the loss. In another embodiment, a segmented bias electrode is provided along the length of the optical waveguide in the optical modulator. Each segmented bias electrode may have a pre-determined bias voltage that can reduce impedance mismatches along the length of the signal electrode to reduce echoes and ripples in the modulation signal.

Abstract: A laser interferometer includes a light source that emits first laser light, an optical modulator that includes a vibrator and modulates the first laser light by using the vibrator to generate second laser light including a modulated signal, a photodetector that receives interference light between third laser light including a sample signal generated by reflecting the first laser light on an object and the second laser light to output a light reception signal, a demodulation circuit that demodulates the sample signal from the light reception signal based on a reference signal, and a signal generator that outputs the reference signal input to the demodulation circuit and outputs a drive signal input to the optical modulator, in which Vd/Vr<10, where Vr is a voltage of the reference signal and Vd is a voltage of the drive signal.

Abstract: Electrically tunable metasurfaces including an array of subwavelength metasurface unit elements are presented. The unit elements include a stacked metal-insulator-metal structure within which an active phase change layer is included. A purely insulator, metal, or coexisting metal-insulator phase of the active layer can be electrically controlled to tune an amplitude and phase response of the metasurfaces. In combination with the subwavelengths dimensions of the unit elements, the phase and amplitude response can be controlled in a range from optical wavelengths to millimeter wavelength of incident light. Electrical control of the unit elements can be provided via resistive heating produced by flow of current though a top metal layer of the unit elements. Alternatively, electrical control of the unit elements can be provided via electrical field effect produced by applying a voltage differential between the top and bottom metal layers of the unit elements.

Abstract: An optical device for illuminating one or more portions of a spatial light modulator includes a waveguide, an array of tunable retarders, and a polarization selective optical element. A respective tunable retarder is optically coupled to receive light from the waveguide. The respective tunable retarder has a first state, which causes the respective tunable retarder to direct light having a first polarization in a first direction, and a second state, which causes the respective tunable retarder to direct light having a second polarization distinct from the first polarization in the first direction. The polarization selective optical element is located adjacent to the array of tunable retarders so that the light having the first polarization propagates from the polarization selective optical element in a second direction and the light having the second polarization propagates from the polarization selective optical element in a third direction distinct from the second direction.

Abstract: A photonic, integrated circuit chip can have a frequency comb laser configured to generate a plurality of wavelengths, a plurality of modulators, one respective modulator for each wavelength of the plurality of wavelengths, the plurality of modulators being aligned in series with each of the plurality of modulators being tuned to a respective one of the wavelengths of the plurality of wavelengths, a connector configured to convey a drive signal for each modulator of the plurality of modulators, a semiconductor optical amplifier configured to receive light exiting from the plurality of modulators, and a chip having present thereon the frequency comb laser, the plurality of modulators, and the semiconductor optical amplifier. The plurality of modulators can be configured to produce a single beam of time-interleaved, multiple-wavelength output laser light. A mobile system, such as a satellite, can also have the photonic, integrated circuit chip as a component thereof.

Abstract: An optical full-field transmitter for an optical communications network includes a primary laser source configured to provide a narrow spectral linewidth for a primary laser signal, and a first intensity modulator in communication with a first amplitude data source. The first intensity modulator is configured to output a first amplitude-modulated optical signal from the laser signal. The transmitter further includes a first phase modulator in communication with a first phase data source and the first amplitude-modulated optical signal. The first phase modulator is configured to output a first two-stage full-field optical signal. The primary laser source has a structure based on a III-V compound semiconductor.

Abstract: A bonding and indexing apparatus has a first index head to move a substrate in an indexing direction from a first position to a second position and a second index head to move the substrate in an indexing direction from the second position to a third position. The first and/or second index head has a bonding element to effect a bonding process between the substrate and an element disposed against the substrate so that bonding and movement in the indexing direction is implemented simultaneously by the first index head and/or bonding and movement in the indexing direction is implemented simultaneously by the second index head.

Abstract: A multi-level semiconductor device, the device including: a first level including integrated circuits; a second level including a structure designed to conduct electromagnetic waves, where the second level is disposed above the first level, where the first level includes crystalline silicon; an oxide layer disposed between the first level and the second level; and a plurality of electromagnetic modulators, where the second level is bonded to the oxide layer, and where the bonded includes oxide to oxide bonds.

Abstract: Described examples include a beam spreader having a first beam splitter arranged to receive light from a light source, the first beam splitter arranged to pass a first portion of the light in a first direction and reflect a second portion of the light; a second beam splitter arranged to receive the second portion of the light and reflect a third portion of the light in a second direction parallel to the first direction and arranged to pass a fourth portion of the light; and a mirror arranged to receive the fourth portion of the light and reflect the fourth portion of the light in a third direction parallel to the first direction, wherein the third portion and the fourth portion of the light reflected from the mirror is separated from the first portion of the light in the spreading direction.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a real-time micro/nano optical field generation and manipulation system and method. The system comprises a light source, a spatial filtering unit, an optical 4F system and a light wave manipulation unit, and the optical 4F system comprises a first lens (set) and a second lens (set) sequentially arranged along a light path. The present disclosure achieves real-time modulation on an incident wavefront through a phase element or a phase element assemble. By dynamically manipulating an incident light sub-wavefront, or the light wave modulation optical element, or different areas of the optical element, or different parts of the optical field in an imaging plane and/or the like by the spatial filtering unit, real time light fields with different parameters are generated in the image plane of the system.

Abstract: An optical modulator uses an optoelectronic phase comparator configured to provide, in the form of an electrical signal, a measure of a phase difference between two optical waves. The phase comparator includes an optical directional coupler having two coupled channels respectively defining two optical inputs for receiving the two optical waves to be compared. Two photodiodes are configured to respectively receive the optical output powers of the two channels of the directional coupler. An electrical circuit is configured to supply, as a measure of the optical phase shift, an electrical signal proportional to the difference between the electrical signals produced by the two photodiodes.

Abstract: A method for generating a control signal, having at least one frequency component, for an acousto-optical element, from one frequency spectrum having the at least one frequency, or from multiple frequency spectra which together have the at least one frequency, includes the step of obtaining, from the one frequency spectrum or from the multiple frequency spectra, one transmit signal in the time domain in each case via an inverse Fourier transform. The one or the multiple transmit signals are modulated via a single-sideband modulation onto a carrier signal having a carrier frequency in order to obtain one modulated signal in each case. The control signal is obtained as a real part of the one modulated signal or as a consolidation of the real parts of the multiple modulated signals.

Abstract: In this disclosure, an optical component which comprises an array of metalenses is provided. Each metalens comprises a plurality of nanostructures and a dielectric layer and the nanostructures are disposed on the dielectric layer, and the nanostructures comprises an array of first phase compensation structures, and an array of second phase compensation structures. The array of the first phase compensation structures are disposed to surround the array of the second phase compensation structures so as to define a single metalens. The first and second phase compensation structures are complementary to each other and substantially satisfy the Babinet's principle.

Abstract: A modulator. In some embodiments, the modulator includes a portion of an optical waveguide, the waveguide including a rib extending upwards from a surrounding slab. The rib may have a first sidewall, and a second sidewall parallel to the first sidewall. The rib may include a first region of a first conductivity type, and a second region of a second conductivity type different from the first conductivity type. The second region may have a first portion parallel to and extending to the first sidewall, and a second portion parallel to the second sidewall. The first region may extend between the first portion of the second region and the second portion of the second region.

Abstract: A head-mounted display (HMD) includes a multifocal block having one or more possible focal distances and includes a multifocal structure. The multifocal structure has a first focal distance and a second focal distance of the one or more possible focal distances. The multifocal structure includes one or more optical components positioned in series such that light from an electronic display is received and passes through each of the one or more optical components at least once before being output from the multifocal structure. The one or more optical components includes a switchable half waveplate (SHWP). The SHWP has a first state that causes the multifocal structure to output image light at the first focal distance, and a second state that causes the multifocal structure to output the image light at the first focal distance.

Abstract: An optical modulating device may include a plurality of quantum dot (QD)-containing layers having QDs and a plurality of refractive index change layers. The QD-containing layers may be disposed between the refractive index change layers, respectively. The optical modulating device may be configured to modulate light-emission characteristics of the plurality of QD-containing layers. At least two of the QD-containing layers may have different central emission wavelengths. At least two of the plurality of refractive index change layers may include different materials or have different carrier densities.

Abstract: An optical modulator includes an optical modulation element (102) including a plurality of signal electrodes (112a and the like), a plurality of lead pins (116a and the like) for inputting high frequency signals, and a relay substrate (118) in which conductor patterns (202a and the like) that electrically connect the lead pins and the signal electrodes are formed, and at least one of the conductor patterns in the optical modulator is constituted so that at least one resonant frequency of the at least one of the conductor patterns is different from at least one resonant frequency of at least one of the other conductor patterns.

Abstract: A spectroscopic device and the like that are capable of fast spectral dispersion are provided. The spectroscopic device includes: a modulation unit for converting wavefront shapes of light according to wavelengths; and a demodulation unit for changing a phase of light of a selected wavelength within the light whose wavefront shapes have been converted, in such a way that the light changes into a predetermined state.

Abstract: In Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based modulators (MZM) input laser light comes in from one side, gets split into two MZI arms, then recombined at an opposite side. Each MZI arm may be phase or intensity modulated depending on the set phase offset, whereby coherent or intensity modulation may be performed which can later be de-coded by a receiver. Ring resonator type modulators (RRM) are compact; however, their phase response is nonlinear, normally limiting their application in coherent phase modulation. However, a combined MZI RRM overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art by providing a novel structure and driving scheme for use with semiconductor photonics that takes advantage of the compactness of ring modulators and the linearity of MZI by setting the ring resonators to resonate at the input laser light wavelength.

Abstract: A semiconductor-based Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) is configured for push-pull bias dithering to control the MZM bias at a desired set point. When two such MZM modulators are connected in parallel to form an IQ modulator, bias settings for both MZMs and the IQ bias may be controlled from an output of the IQ modulator to minimize both the IQ offset and the quadrature error of the output signal constellation even for non-ideal MZMs with low extinction ratios.

Abstract: An optical device comprises first, second and third elements fabricated on a common substrate. The first element comprises an active waveguide structure supporting a first optical mode, the second element comprises a passive waveguide structure, characterized by a planar top surface, supporting a second optical mode, and the third element, at least partly butt-coupled to the first element, comprises an intermediate waveguide structure. If the first optical mode differs from the second optical mode by more than a predetermined amount, a tapered waveguide structure in at least one of the second and third elements facilitates efficient adiabatic transformation between the first optical mode and the second optical mode. Mutual alignments of the first, second and third elements are defined using lithographic alignment marks that facilitate precise alignment between layers formed during processing steps of fabricating the first, second and third elements.

Abstract: In an apparatus for modulating light, a spatial light modulator includes a plurality of pixels and configured to modulate input light in response to a drive voltage for each of the pixels. An input value setting unit is configured to set an input value for the each of pixels. The input value is a digital value, an entire gray level of the digital value is “N”, and “N” is a natural number. A converting unit is configured to convert the input value to a control value. A control value is a digital value, an entire gray level of the control value is “M”, and “M” is a natural number greater than “N”. A driving unit is configured to convert the control value to a voltage value and drive the each of the pixels in response to the drive voltage corresponding to the voltage value.

Abstract: Techniques to improve image quality in holography utilizing lenses made from materials with non-quantized anisotropic electromagnetic properties, such as birefringent materials, to advantageously split an incoming beam of light into two coincident beams with different focal lengths that interfere with one another and thus create holograms free of electro-optical or pixelated devices are disclosed for microscopy and other applications. The use of thin birefringent lenses and single crystal alpha-BBO lenses are introduced. Corresponding systems, methods and apparatuses are described.

Abstract: A vehicular radar system includes an optical source designed to output an optical signal. The vehicular radar system further includes a first optical splitter coupled to the optical source and designed to split the optical signal into a first duplicate signal and a second duplicate signal. The vehicular radar system further includes at least one converter coupled to the first optical splitter and designed to convert the first duplicate signal and the second duplicate signal into a first radar signal and a second radar signal, respectively. The vehicular radar system further includes a first antenna coupled to the at least one converter and designed to transmit the first radar signal, and a second antenna coupled to the at least one converter and designed to transmit the second radar signal.

Abstract: A head-mounted display (HMD) includes a multifocal block having one or more possible focal distances and includes a multifocal structure. The multifocal structure has a first focal distance and a second focal distance of the one or more possible focal distances. The multifocal structure includes one or more optical components positioned in series such that light from an electronic display is received and passes through each of the one or more optical components at least once before being output from the multifocal structure. The one or more optical components includes a switchable half waveplate (SHWP). The SHWP has a first state that causes the multifocal structure to output image light at the first focal distance, and a second state that causes the multifocal structure to output the image light at the first focal distance.

Abstract: Coupling modulation of an optical resonator employs a variable modal index to provide modulation of optical signal coupling. A coupling-modulated optical resonator includes an optical resonator having a coupled portion and a bus waveguide having a modulation section adjacent to and coextensive with and separated by a gap from the coupled portion. The modulation section is to modulate coupling of an optical signal between the optical resonator and the bus waveguide according to a variable difference between a modal index of the bus waveguide modulation section and a modal index of the optical resonator coupled portion.

Abstract: A light irradiation device is an apparatus for irradiating an irradiation object, and includes a light source outputting readout light L1, a spatial light modulator modulating the readout light L1 in phase to output modulated light L2, and a both-sided telecentric optical system including a first lens optically coupled to a phase modulation plane of the spatial light modulator and a second lens optically coupled between the first lens and the irradiation object, and optically coupling the phase modulation plane and the irradiation object. An optical distance between the phase modulation plane and the first lens is substantially equal to a focal length of the first lens. The spatial light modulator displays a Fresnel type kinoform on the phase modulation plane.

Abstract: An optical transmitter includes an optical modulator that includes a first phase shifter for a most significant bit, a second phase shifter for a least significant bit, and a third phase shifter for fine adjustment, the first phase shifter, the second phase shifter, and the third phase shifter are disposed along an optical waveguide, and a drive circuit that includes a first driver that drives the first phase shifter, a second driver that drives the second phase shifter, and a third driver that drives the third phase shifter, wherein a drive polarity of the third driver is adjustable in a positive direction and a negative direction, and the third phase shifter adjusts an amount of phase change of the optical modulator in a positive direction or a negative direction based on a drive voltage inputted from the third driver.

Abstract: A gate-all-around field effect transistor (GAA FET) includes an InAs nano-wire as a channel layer, a gate dielectric layer wrapping the InAs nano-wire, and a gate electrode metal layer formed on the gate dielectric layer. The InAs nano-wire has first to fourth major surfaces three convex-rounded corner surfaces and one concave-rounded corner surface.

Abstract: Devices, systems and techniques are provided for adaptive transformation of wavefronts of optical waves or other electromagnetic waves to either correct the undesirable aberration or provide desirable wavefronts or aberrations for various applications, including imaging, sensing, signaling and other applications.

Abstract: Described are various configurations of reduced crosstalk optical switches. Various embodiments can reduce or entirely eliminate crosstalk using a coupler that has a power-splitting ratio that compensates for amplitude imbalance caused by phase modulator attenuation. Some embodiments implement a plurality of phase modulators and couplers as part of a dilated switch network to increase overall bandwidth and further reduce potential for crosstalk.

Abstract: Provided is a microscope system including: a galvanometer scanner that scans laser light on a sample; an observation optical system that acquires an image of the sample on which the laser light is scanned by the galvanometer scanner; an ROI setting portion that sets a region-of-note, which is an area of note in the sample, so as to serve as an observation ROI in the image acquired by the observation optical system; an amount-of-rotation calculating portion that calculates an amount by which the observation ROI is rotated about the Z-axis in the image in association with rotation of the region-of-note about the Z-axis; and a control portion that controls the galvanometer scanner so that the direction in which the laser light is scanned in the region-of-note is made steady on the basis of the amount by which the observation ROI is rotated about the Z-axis.

Abstract: An optoelectronic device and method of making the same. In some embodiments, the optoelectronic device includes a substrate, a Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator, and an epitaxial crystalline cladding layer. The Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator includes a left arm including a left SiGe optical waveguide, and a right arm including a right SiGe optical waveguide, each of the left and right optical waveguides including a junction region and a plurality of electrodes for providing a bias across the junction to enable control of the phase of light travelling through the junction regions via dispersion. The epitaxial crystalline cladding layer is on top of the substrate and beneath the junction region of the left optical waveguide and/or the junction region of the right optical waveguide, and has a refractive index which is less than a refractive index of the respective junction region(s), such that optical power is confined to the respective junction region(s).

Abstract: A transmitter comprising a plurality of modulator and multiplexer (Mod-MUX) units, each Mod-MUX unit operating at an optical wavelength different from the other Mod-MUX units. The transmitter can additional include in each Mod-MUX unit two optical taps and three photodetectors that are configured to allow the respective Mod-MUX unit to be tuned to achieve thermal stabilization and achieve effective modulation and WDM operation across a range of temperatures. The Mod-MUX transmitter avoids the use of a frequency comb. The Mod-MUX transmitter avoids cross-modulation between different modulators for different laser signals.

Abstract: Object To provide an optical waveguide device capable of suppressing an excess optical loss at a low level. Means An optical waveguide device including a substrate having an electro-optic effect, an optical waveguide 1 formed on the substrate, and a control electrode having a signal electrode 2 and ground electrodes 3 and 4 for controlling light waves that propagate through the optical waveguide, in which the signal electrode 2 has, in an intersection portion in which the signal electrode 2 is disposed on the optical waveguide 1, a narrow portion at which a width of the signal electrode 2 is narrower than those of portions before and after the intersection portion.

Abstract: A microscope (10) is described, having an aperture limiter (12), arranged in the beam path (22), for generating at least one optical channel (16; 18; 20). The aperture limiter (12) is embodied to set the aperture of the at least one optical channel (16; 18; 20). The aperture limiter (12) is furthermore embodied in such a way that in a first operating mode a first optical channel, and in a second operating mode at least one second optical channel, is selectively generable. The aperture limiter is also arranged in the pupil plane of the beam path.

Abstract: In one example embodiment, a method includes determining a first set of first lines and a second set of second lines in a system, obtaining input signals to be transmitted over the first set of first lines and the second set of second lines, determining a vectoring matrix, processing, within the first set, the incoming signals for the first lines in parallel based on the vectoring matrix, processing, within the second set, the input signals for the second lines in parallel based on the vectoring matrix and processing the first set and the second set sequentially based on the vectoring matrix, the processing the second set being based on at least a portion of the processing the incoming signals for the first lines.

Abstract: A driver configuration for driving a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) includes a first driver supplied by a first voltage and a second voltage and configured to provide a first two complimentary outputs respectively to a first N-electrode of a first branch of the MZM and a second N-electrode of a second branch of the MZM. Additionally, the driver configuration includes a second driver supplied by a third voltage and a fourth voltage and configured to provide a second two complimentary outputs respectively to a first P-electrode of the first branch and a second P-electrode of the second branch. The driver configuration sets a difference between the third voltage and the fourth voltage equal to a difference between the first voltage and the second voltage to provide a same peak-to-peak differential swing for modulating light wave through each transmission line and output a modulated light with twice of the peak-to-peak differential swing.

Abstract: Described are various embodiments of a dual optical modulator, system and method. In one embodiment, an optical modulator modulates an input optical signal having a designated optical frequency. The modulator comprises first and second tunable modulators operable around the optical frequency and operatively disposed between a bus waveguide path and an opposed waveguide path. The modulator further comprises a relative optical phase-shifter optically coupled between the tunable modulators so to impart a relative optical phase shift between the bus waveguide path and the opposed waveguide path. The tunable modulators are respectively driveable to modulate a respective resonance thereof in complimentary directions relative to the optical frequency and thereby resonantly redirect a selectable portion of the input optical signal along the opposed waveguide path such that the relative optical phase shift is imparted thereto for output.

Abstract: In a method for optically measuring the properties of at least one measurement path (I1, I2) between a transmitter (H) and a receiver (D), the receiver (D) receives an optical signal from a compensation transmitter (K) in addition to an optical signal from the transmitter (H). The signal of the transmitter (H) is reflected by an object (O) or is transmitted to the receiver (D) by means of said object in a different manner. The output signal (SO) of the receiver (D) is fed to a controller (CT), which changes the transmitter feed signal (S5) and/or compensation feed signal (S3) in accordance with a control algorithm. In the process, the controller (CT) determines two signals or values, which represent control parameters (S4a, S4?) for magnitude and phase or magnitude and delay.

Abstract: A driver configuration for driving a Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) includes a first driver supplied by a first voltage and a second voltage and configured to provide a first two complimentary outputs respectively to a first N-electrode of a first branch of the MZM and a second N-electrode of a second branch of the MZM. Additionally, the driver configuration includes a second driver supplied by a third voltage and a fourth voltage and configured to provide a second two complimentary outputs respectively to a first P-electrode of the first branch and a second P-electrode of the second branch. The driver configuration sets a difference between the third voltage and the fourth voltage equal to a difference between the first voltage and the second voltage to provide a same peak-to-peak differential swing for modulating light wave through each transmission line and output a modulated light with twice of the peak-to-peak differential swing.

Abstract: A transmitter comprising a plurality of modulator and multiplexer (Mod-MUX) units, each Mod-MUX unit operating at an optical wavelength different from the other Mod-MUX units. The transmitter can additional include in each Mod-MUX unit two optical taps and three photodetectors that are configured to allow the respective Mod-MUX unit to be tuned to achieve thermal stabilization and achieve effective modulation and WDM operation across a range of temperatures. The Mod-MUX transmitter avoids the use of a frequency comb. The Mod-MUX transmitter avoids cross-modulation between different modulators for different laser signals.

Abstract: Laser lit flat panel displays are disclosed including edge-lit and direct lit backlights. In certain embodiments, laser assemblies are selected to obtain bandwidth distributions to reduce speckle.