Abstract: An optical pickup assembly includes a base, a bobbin having an objective lens mounted thereon, the bobbin being installed at the base so as to be movable and having a pair of first side surfaces parallel to a radial direction of a disk and a pair of second side surfaces parallel to the tangential direction of a disk track, a focus coil wound around the bobbin for driving the objective lens in a focus direction, a track coil installed at the first side surfaces for driving the objective lens in a radial direction of the disk, a driving magnet installed at the base to face the first side surfaces, a tilt coil installed at the second side surfaces for driving the objective lens in response to the relative inclination between the objective lens and the disk, a first tilt magnet installed at the base such that one polarity thereof faces the tilt coil, a second tilt magnet installed at an upper portion of the first tilt magnet such that another polarity opposite to the one polarity thereof faces the tilt coil, an i

Abstract: An optical element housing or mounting connector (4), in particular for lens elements (13) in lens systems (12) for semi-conductor-lithography projection printing machines, is provided with electro-permanent magnets (1), the electro-permanent magnets being magnetized by the magnetic field of a coil (5) connected to an activating device (8) in such a way that the housings or mountings (4) are connected to one another by magnetic forces.

Abstract: To provide an inexpensive and easily manufaturable objective lens driving apparatus. It has a configuration wherein a reinforcing rib part for reinforcing a coil restraining part of a support printed board is formed on a lens holder and ends of windings of a focusing coil and a tracking coil are wound around the support printed board and the reinforcing rib part in bundle for restraining.

Abstract: A lens barrel according to the present invention includes a first lens group; a second lens group; a third lens group; a first actuator for driving the first lens group; a second actuator for driving the second lens group; and third and fourth actuators for driving the third lens group. At least one of the first through fourth actuators is provided at a position such that magnetic flux leakage from at least one of the first through fourth actuators is canceled.

Abstract: An optical pickup apparatus includes a semiconductor laser device having a plurality of light emitting portions for emitting laser beams having different wavelengths on a substrate for emitting a laser beam from one of the plurality of light emitting portions in response to a light emitter selecting instruction in the same emitting direction. The laser beam emitted from the semiconductor laser device is converged by an objective lens and led to a recording surface of an optical disk, and the objective lens is moved to one of a plurality of different positions in a radial direction of the optical disk, corresponding to the selected light emitting portion.

Abstract: An objective lens driving apparatus having a lens holder, elastic supports, and a drive unit. The lens holds an objective lens. The elastic supports are secured at one end to the lens holder and at the other end to a fixed section, thereby allowing the lens holder to move. The drive unit drives the lens holder in a direction parallel to an optical axis of the objective lens and in a plane perpendicular to the direction parallel to the optical axis. The drive unit has at least two magnets provided on the lens holder, a coil section secured to the fixed section, and a yoke. The yoke constitutes, a closed magnetic circuit, along with the magnets. In the drive unit, said at least two magnets are arranged, opposing each other, the coil section is located in a gap between said at least two magnets, and a center of the gap is aligned with a center of the coil section.

Abstract: An optical pick-up device includes a driven portion including an optical system having an objective lens, driving member including a focus coil for driving the driven portion in a direction of an optical axis, a tracking coil for driving in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis and a magnet, wherein the tracking coil is provided on a point symmetrically with respect to a central shaft and the magnet is provided in such a position that a magnetic flux is linked to one of two coil sides for generating driving force in a tracking direction.

Abstract: A microlens switching assembly and a method for optical switching uses a microlens switching assembly. The microlens switching assembly uses a microelectromechanical system-based comb drive, or other drive mechanism, to move a microlens or microlens array in a direction perpendicular to the optical axis to switch a signal between a signal source and a signal receiver. The microlens is carried by a support member that is suspended from a substrate by a pair of folded springs. This allows the microlens to be moved rapidly to provide fast switching. The signal source and the signal receiver may be optical fibers or a laser source and one or more photodetectors. In the case of optical fibers, the switching provided by the microlens switching assembly and method may be an attenuation of the signal that is received by an output optical fiber.

Abstract: In an optical pickup actuator recording or reproducing information onto an optical disc, the optical pickup actuator includes a lens holder installed an object lens focusing an optical beam onto an information recording surface of an optical disc and having a hole at the center portion, focusing/tilt operating means installed inside the hole of the lens holder and generating magnetic force so as to operate the lens holder in a focusing or tilt direction and tracking operating means respectively installed at the right and the left sides of the lens holder and generating magnetic force in order to operate the lens holder in a tracking direction, accordingly it is possible to perform a radial tilt movement with a focusing and a tracking movements and obtain a thinner optical pickup apparatus.

Abstract: An actuator for optical pick-up using the concentrated magnetization method that is capable of moving an objective lens converging a laser light beam onto an optical disc. In the actuator, a lens holder is attached to the objective lens. Coils are wound around the lens holder to receive a current. A permanent magnet constructs a magnetic circuit along with the coils to generate a driving force for the objective lens and is magnetized to concentrate a magnetic flux toward the coils. The actuator can improve a driving sensitivity in a wide frequency band with the aid of the permanent magnet in which a magnetic flux density concentrates on the effective surfaces of the coils.

Abstract: The present invention is a two position optical element actuator device utilizing a powered means to hold an actuation arm, to which an optical element is attached, in a first position. A non-powered means drives the actuation arm to a second position, when the powered means ceases to receive power. The optical element may be a electromagnetic (EM) radiation or particle source, an instrument, or EM radiation or particle transmissive, reflective or absorptive elements. A bearing is used to transfer motion and smoothly transition the actuation arm from the first to second position.

Abstract: The present invention is a bistable optical element actuator device utilizing a powered means to move an actuation arm, to which an optical element is attached, between two stable positions. A non-powered means holds the actuation arm in either of the two stable positions. The optical element may be a electromagnetic (EM) radiation or particle source, an instrument, or EM radiation or particle transmissive reflective or absorptive elements. A bearing is used to transfer motion and smoothly transition the actuation arm between the two stable positions.

Abstract: An optical scanning device having an improved response characteristic, for use in an apparatus for optically reading or writing information in one or more tracks on a recording medium. The object of the invention is to provide an optical scanning device which, without any electronic compensation means, very largely avoids resonance peaks and has an improved response characteristic. According to the invention, this object is achieved by a retaining plate which supports the objective lens of the scanning device via bearing elements and has at least one cutout, which separates the mounting points, in the surface which holds the bearing elements for the objective lens holder. The field of application of the invention is optical scanning devices having an improved response characteristic for use in equipment for reading or writing information on an optical recording medium, such as a CD, DVD, a CD or DVD which can be written to, or else a magneto-optical recording medium, for example.

Abstract: In an optical pickup (1) in which an objective lens (6) is moved in a focusing direction by the use of a focusing coil (7) and first and second magnetic circuits (8,9) coupled to the focusing coil, the first and the second magnetic circuits have a first and a second magnetic flux density, respectively. The objective lens is held by a lens holder (5) which is elastically coupled to a damper base (2) through a suspension member (3,4) to be movable in the focusing direction. The lens holder has a first part and a second part which are spaced from each other. In cooperation with the focusing coil, the first and the second magnetic circuit generate first and second force urging a first and a second part of the lens holder in the focusing direction, respectively.

Abstract: A microscope system has an objective unit including an objective lens, an objective holding device for holding the objective lens so that the objective lens can be spatially moved, at least one actuator for driving the objective lens, and an outer frame member for integrally supporting the objective lens, the objective holding device, and the actuator. Thus, an optical apparatus which is small in size, low in cost, and high in resolution can be obtained.

Abstract: An objective lens driving apparatus is improved in a tracking drive sensitivity, and is capable of suppressing the occurrence of a tilt when a moving member is driven for tracking and focusing motions. To achieve this, the objective lens driving apparatus comprises: a substantially rectangularly shaped focusing coil and a substantially rectangularly shaped tracking coil, both arranged in the same plane, and fixed to a lens holder to drive the lens holder on which an objective lens is held; and a magnet having mutually opposite magnetic poles arranged at positions opposite winding portions of the focusing coil which lie on two sides thereof extending perpendicularly to a focusing direction, and also having mutually opposite magnetic poles arranged at positions opposite winding portions of the tracking coil which lie on two sides thereof extending perpendicularly to a tracking direction.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention a pickup device for optical disks includes spring wires supporting displaceably in focusing and tracking directions a lens holder holding an objective lens. One set of more than two spring wires is provided for each side of the lens holder and a total of two such sets of spring wires are arranged parallel to each other. Of more than two spring wires of each set, at least one spring wire has a cross section allowing a spring constant in the focusing direction and that in the tracking direction to vary from each other and is also positioned farther or closer than the remaining spring wires away or to a centerline of the objective lens. As such the pickup device can ensure a sufficient displacement in the focusing and tracking directions and also control an inclination of the lens holder.

Abstract: An objective lens driving apparatus having a focusing coil and a tracking coil arranged in a parallel relationship with a thin, flat shape so that both the focusing coil and the tracking coil can be moved by a single flat magnet. An objective lens supporting member supports the objective lens, and is movably supported on a stationary member. A drive motor is provided at least one side of the objective lens supporting member. A yoke is fixed to the stationary member, and a drive magnet is mounted to the yoke. The drive magnet has a flat surface parallel to both the focusing direction and the tracking direction, the flat surface having four single-pole areas each of which is magnetized in a direction perpendicular to the flat surface. A drive coil assembly including the focusing coil and the tracking coil is mounted on the objective lens supporting member.

Abstract: An optical pickup apparatus suited for reducing the size and thickness and capable of performing a tilt control of an objective lens with ease, and an optical disk apparatus.

Abstract: A method used during the manufacturing of a device of an optical pickup device for bonding and fixing drive coils to a lens holder or other parts of a drive device. The optical pickup device has a lens holder and a magnetic drive device for driving the lens holder in a tracking direction and a focusing direction, the magnetic drive device having a permanent magnet and drive coils fixed to the lens holder. The method includes providing a fuse wire having a wire and a fuse coating covering the wire, pressing the fuse wire on the lens holder at a predetermined position, energizing the fuse wire in the pressed position to melt the fuse coating, and curing the melt fuse coating to bond and fix the fuse wire to the lens holder to form the drive coils. Alternatively, the fuse wire may be melt first and then pressed to the desired position of the lens holder.

Abstract: A resilient support member 5 is provided between a lens holder 2 and a base member 4 to resiliently support the lens retainer 2 with respect to the base member 4. A pair of auxiliary damping members 10a and 10b extend along the length of the resilient support member 5, and a viscoelastic material piece 11 is provided between the two auxiliary damping members so as to connect them to each other. Various modes of connection can be achieved, and the freedom in the tuning of the damping effect is increased for reducing spurious resonant vibrations so that an adequate damping effect can be achieved. Because the part to which the viscoelastic material is to be applied is placed in a wide space remote from the lens retainer and the base member, the work of applying the viscoelastic material is simplified.

Abstract: An optical pickup device with a compact actuator has a holder that includes an objective lens and a hole formed therein. The holder is supported flexibly by a base. A focusing coil and a tracking coil are attached to at least a portion of the hole. A magnetic circuit that imparts magnetic flux to the focusing and the tracking coils is placed in the hole. The focusing and the tracking coils have magnetically fluxed and unfluxed portions. The magnetically unfluxed portions are positioned on the opposite side of the lens as that of the fluxed portions.

Abstract: An optical element housing or mounting connector (4), in particular for lens elements (13) in lens systems (12) for semiconductor-lithography projection printing machines, is provided with electro-permanent magnets (1), the electro-permanent magnets being magnetized by the magnetic field of a coil (5) connected to an activating device (8) in such a way that the housings or mountings (4) are connected to one another by magnetic forces.

Abstract: A two-group lens is comprised of a first lens and a second lens. The first lens is driven in an optical-axis direction by a magnetic circuit including a variable-distance use coil. As the first lens is driven, the second lens is also driven in an opposite direction to the first lens by a magnetic circuit including a mass-body driving coil, where the center-of-gravity position of movable part of an objective lens driver is kept at a generally constant position. The variable-distance use coil is disposed with the same gap as the mass-body driving coil. Thus, the distance between the first lens and the second lens can be held constant with a simple structure, without involving any complex structure, so that an accurate tracking can be achieved.

Abstract: An optical pick-up actuator includes a lens holder suspended in a magnetic field by a suspension wire and having tracking and focusing coils and objective lens, a magnet for generating a magnetic field crossing other magnetic field generated by a electric current along tracking and focusing coils so as to drive the objective lens in focusing and tracking directions in suspended state, a frame for supporting the lens holder by the suspension wire, a yoke for securing the frame by a shaft, pairs of tilting coils mounted at both end portion of the frame for driving the lens holder in suspended state by suspension wires by rotating the frame in a predetermined direction on the axis of the shaft, and pairs of tilting magnets arranged so as to correspondingly face the tilting coils.

Abstract: A hole portion of a supporting frame is formed so as to permit a positional deviation of a suspension wire deviated from a normal position in at least one of tracking and focusing directions.

Abstract: A lens driving apparatus of a disc player which can avoid the rolling of a movable portion without increasing a weight of a movable portion of an actuator and printed circuit board coils for the lens driving apparatus are provided. A center of gravity of a focusing coil is located on a lower side in the focusing direction than a plane including a distribution center line of a drive force which is generated from a pair of tracking coils.

Abstract: A magnetic piece 23 is provided in the almost central portion of a magnet 18 in a tracking direction. Therefore, the magnetic piece 23 is attracted to the almost central portion of the magnet 18 by the magnetic attraction of the magnet 18 and is held therein. In addition, when a lens holder 15 is set in a neutral position in a focusing direction, the magnetic pieces 23 are provided in the vicinity of both edge portions in the focusing direction of the magnet 18, respectively. Consequently, the lens holder 15 is held in the balance position of the magnetic attractions for both magnetic pieces 23.

Abstract: An objective lens driver in which a movable portion 1 with an objective lens 11 is supported on a fixed portion by two groups of elastic supporting members each being horizontally bent which are disposed on both sides of the objective lens 11 such that each group of elastic supporting members are vertically arranged on each side of the objective lens, and the upper elastic supporting members of the groups of elastic supporting members are spaced from each other horizontally, is improved such that each group of elastic supporting members vertically arranged on each side of the objective lens are not parallel to each other. Further, damping material are fixedly disposed between both ends of the elastic supporting members and stuck onto the elastic supporting members, and the amount of the damping material on one side of the objective lens is different from that of the damping material on the other side of the objective lens, and a method of manufacturing the objective lens driver.

Abstract: In order to provide an optical pickup apparatus having a structure suitable for making thin, compact and light, there is provided a yoke member having two standing plates for forming magnetic poles and a horizontal yoke plate for connecting the standing plates to each other and having a U-shaped cross section, magnets provided on surfaces in the mutually opposing sides of two standing plates, a focus coil formed by being wound in an annular shape and arranged around the standing plate in a movable manner in a height direction and two track coils formed by being wound in an annular shape, in which a size in the direction of the horizontal width of the magnet is set to be equal to or greater than a height in the standing direction of the magnet, and a size in the direction of the horizontal width of the yoke is set to be equal to or greater than a height in the standing direction of the yoke.

Abstract: An optical pickup comprises a light source section for emitting a parallel light beam, an optical head for converging the light beam onto a recording medium, and a deflecting device for deflecting the beam from the light source section toward the optical head. The deflecting device is capable of adjusting the direction of the deflected beam, so that the beam converged by the optical head onto the recording medium is moved for tracking control. The optical pickup further comprises partially directing means for partially directing the beam incident on the deflecting device in a direction different from the direction of the beam deflected toward the optical head so as to generate a partial light beam, and a sensor for optically sensing the direction of the beam deflected by the deflecting device on the basis of the partial light beam from the partially directing means.

Abstract: An objective lens driving system in an optical pick-up comprises a lens holder which has a shaft hole and holds an objective lens, a fixed member which has a journal inserted into the shaft hole, a magnet and a driving coil which are arranged opposite each other so as to generate a magnetic force for driving the lens holder along the journal and a magnetic piece which is arranged opposite the magnet to hold the lens holder at a predetermined neutral position using the magnetic force generated between the magnet and the driving coil while the driving coil is not excited and is magnetized until it is saturated by emf from the magnetic field generated by the magnet. Each of the magnet and magnetic piece has an associated magnetic flux density; the magnetic flux density generated by the magnet is larger than the saturation flux density around the magnetic piece.

Abstract: A correction element assembly for correcting misalignment of a beam of radiation with respect to a location on a target includes a correction element housing, and first and second piezo elements. The correction element is fixedly mounted in the housing and moveable therewith. The piezo elements are supported by a member having a first portion and a second portion. The first piezo element is mounted to the first portion of the member and to said housing, and moves the housing in a first direction. The second piezo element is mounted to the second portion of the member and to a base, and moves the housing in a second direction substantially perpendicular to the first direction.

Abstract: A lens driving actuator comprises a lens barrel formed of piezoelectric material, an electrode pair comprising a pair of venetian blind-like electrodes opposed to the interior surface of the lens barrel in the axial direction, and a high frequency wave power source for exciting the electrodes of the electrode pair which are arranged so as to form a waveguide between the electrode pair on the interior surface of the lens barrel such that elastic surface waves travel this waveguide in the axial direction via the excitation of the electrodes of the electrode pair and a lens pressing against the waveguide.

Abstract: An objective lens driver in which a movable portion 1 with an objective lens 11 is supported on a fixed portion by two groups of elastic supporting members each being horizontally bent which are disposed on both sides of the objective lens 11 such that each group of elastic supporting members are vertically arranged on each side of the objective lens, and the upper elastic supporting members of the groups of elastic supporting members are spaced from each other horizontally, is improved such that each group of elastic supporting members vertically arranged on each side of the objective lens are not parallel to each other. Further, damping material are fixedly disposed between both ends of the elastic supporting members and stuck onto the elastic supporting members, and the amount of the damping material on one side of the objective lens is different from that of the damping material on the other side of the objective lens, and a method of manufacturing the objective lens driver.

Abstract: A two-dimensional driving apparatus including: a plurality of support wires for elastically supporting a movable mount; a first driving device connected to the movable mount by a first driving wire capable of being elastically deformed for linearly moving the movable mount in a first direction; and a second driving device connected to the movable mount by a second driving wire capable of being elastically deformed, and installed at the same height of the first driving device for linearly moving the movable mount in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction.

Abstract: The present invention is a bi-stable optical actuator device that is depowered in both stable positions. A bearing is used to transfer motion and smoothly transition from one state to another. The optical actuator device may be maintained in a stable position either by gravity or a restraining device.

Abstract: An object lens driving device of the present invention includes a movable section, supporting sections for supporting the movable section and a base for holding the supporting sections. The movable section includes an object lens for recording and/or reproducing optical information to and/or from a disk-shaped recording medium, a lens holder for holding the object lens and at least four permanent magnets adhered to the lens holder. The supporting sections include at least four metal wires substantially parallel to each other, each wire having a first end fixed to the lens holder and a second end connected to the base, and elastic deformable elements connected to the base and having connecting sections thereof connected to the second end of each respective metal wire.

Abstract: An optical pick-up comprising a supporting shaft and a lens holder having a bearing part which fits on the supporting shaft rotatably. At least one of the supporting shaft and the bearing part is formed of ceramics containing zirconia. The optical pick-up allows a lens to be supported at high dimensional accuracy for a high-density recording medium and suppresses resonance for a high-speed access to a disc.

Abstract: An actuator device for providing a focusing mechanism in an optical printer or optical recording device. The focusing optics are housed in a lens barrel which is maintained in position within a cylindrical winding of electrical wire by means of two diaphragm springs at the ends of the barrel. Movement of the barrel and the optics is affected by passing a current through the cylindrical winding to produce a longitudinal force on a permanent magnet secured to the lens barrel.

Abstract: A device, employing a piezoelectric element, drives an object such as a lens in a camera, in which it is possible to increase a speed of a moving part to drive the object without increasing a maximum value of pulse voltage inputted to the element. The device has the element one end of which is fixed to a base seat; a rod one end of which is fixed to the other end of the element; a moving part which is frictionally mounted on the rod; and a resonant induction part which is connected to the other end of the rod. The resonant induction part has a spring part one end of which is connected to the rod, and a weight part which is connected to the other end of the spring part. The rod resonates under an effect of the resonant induction part so as to increase the amplitude of the vibrating rod when the pulse voltage applies to the element; thus increasing the speed of the moving part relative to the base seat.

Abstract: An optical pickup for supporting lens holder tube for holding the objective lens converging a laser beam on an optical disc through linear elastic members supports the lens holder tube a plurality of linear elastic members bulged outwardly and arranged so that the bulged sections are opposite to each other around the objective lens.

Abstract: An objective lens driving system comprises a lens holder retaining an objective lens, a holder supporting member for movably supporting the lens holder in focusing and tracking directions, a magnetic driving circuit for moving the lens holder in the focusing and tracking directions, in which a flat driving coil made by winding a self-welding wire coated with a heat welding layer is face-bonded on either the lens holder or holder supporting member. The driving coil is configured such that the self-welding wire is united via the heat welding layer thereof and a surface thereof is coated with a reinforcing adhesive thinly. The reinforcing adhesive has a higher thermal stability than the heat welding layer.

Abstract: A self-orienting optical component advantageous for assembling sub-optical assemblies in which the components must be precisely aligned comprises a component having a magnetic film deposited on a portion of its outer surface so that a magnetic field applied adjacent the optical component will induce the optical component to move to a pre-determined orientation. Advantageously, the optical component also has further layers deposited on portions of its outer surface for aiding in adhesion, soldering, or light transmission. An improved method of assembling an optical subassembly comprises depositing a film of magnetic material over a portion of the outer surface of the optical component and applying a magnetic field to the optical component to induce it to move to a pre-determined orientation to aid in positioning it on a submount.

Abstract: A drive device for driving an optical element suitable to be attached to a camera shake correction device. The drive device employs items molded from a synthetic resin in which the elastic deformation of the synthetic resin allows the oscillation of a piezoelectric element to be adequately converted to drive power. The drive device includes an electromechanical conversion element, a baseplate equipped with a securing area secured to one end of the electromechanical conversion element, and a drive member that is securely linked to the other end of the electromechanical conversion element and displaced together with the electromechanical conversion element. The device further includes a transport member constructed from a rigid synthetic resin material with a Rockwell hardness of about 120 or more and which is frictionally linked to the drive member.

Abstract: An objective lens holder that holds an objective lens that directs a laser beam onto a disk is formed of a permanent magnet. Yokes are arranged at the periphery of the objective lens holder, with a focus coil and tracking coil fixed to them. One end of a wire-shaped flexible body is connected to one side face of the objective lens holder, the objective lens holder being thereby suspended and supported. Since the objective lens holder has applied to it displacement components with five degrees of freedom, excluding the axial direction of the flexible body, tilting of the optical axis of the objective lens can be generated. Consequently, coma aberration of the objective lens is reduced and high density recording and reproducing can be achieved.

Abstract: An improved actuator for an optical pickup apparatus which is capable of increasing the efficiency of a focusing coil and tracking coil by arranging the focusing coil and tracking coil in the same plane and disposing more than at least one permanent magnet in order for a plurality of poles to be alternately generated thereby, for thus improving an operation efficiency of an optical pickup apparatus for a high density optical disc which has been made to be operated at a high speed. The actuator includes a bobbin including an objective lens, back yokes disposed at both sides of the bobbin, a plurality of permanent magnets arranged in one side of each back yoke in order for the poles thereof to be differently and alternately formed, and a plurality of tracking coils and focusing coils arranged in a portion of the permanent magnets of the bobbin.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus includes an image pickup unit in the form of a hollow ball having an image sensor inside thereof and a lens for focusing an optical image onto the image sensor, a first magnetic member fixedly attached to the image pickup unit, a holder for rotatably holding the image pickup unit, a second magnetic member for magnetically attracting the first magnetic member, and a mover for moving the second magnetic member to thereby rotate the image pickup unit so that the lens orients in a desired direction.

Abstract: A driving apparatus includes a permanent magnet magnetized so as to have a plurality of poles, a coil for making a magnetic field by the application of a voltage thereto, and creating a force between itself and the permanent magnet, the force created between the coil and the permanent magnet driving an object to be driven, a position detecting means for detecting the position of the object to be driven by using a magnetic flux of the permanent magnet, and a feedback circuit for feeding back information corresponding to the voltage applied to the coil to the position information of the object to be driven obtained by the position detector. The driving apparatus may be used in an optical apparatus.

Abstract: Disclosed is an objective lens driving apparatus having a holder 9 holding an objective lens 1 and connected to a base 17 through at least four linear members 13, such that the holder 9 can be moved both in the focussing direction and in the tracking direction orthogonal to the focussing direction through the flexing of the linear members 13. Undesirable local resonance can be suppressed due to the use of the linear members 13 in support of the holder 9.