Abstract: The superconducting current-limiting device contains at least one coil (61), the conductive track of which is formed from at least one band-shaped superconductor (17), where a holding element (2, 41, 10 51, 62) is located between adjacent coil windings. The holding element (2, 41, 51, 62) is constructed wider than the superconductor (17) in the axial direction of the coil (61). The holding element (2, 41, 51, 62) further includes a flat strip (11) and an undulating strip (12, 42, 52). The flat strip (11) extends essentially parallel to the band-shaped superconductor (17) at an essentially constant distance (22) therefrom. The undulating strip (12, 42, 52) extends essentially parallel to the flat strip (11), and in the longitudinal direction periodically has regions (15, 43, 53) distant from and regions (13) close to the flat strip (11). The regions (13) of the undulating strip (12, 42, 52) near to the flat strip have a mechanical connection (21) to the flat strip (11).

Abstract: A persistent switches for use in a superconducting system includes a resistive element, a persistent switch connected in parallel with the resistive element and an inductive element connected to the persistent switch and the resistive element such that the inductive element limits a current in a hotspot of the persistent switch.

Abstract: There is disclosed a permanent current switch which has a high temperature margin and which is thermally stable and which securely performs a switching operation between a superconducting state and a normal conducting state. The permanent current switch of the present invention has a coiled superconducting wire and a heater wire which switches the superconducting wire between the superconducting state and the normal conducting state, the superconducting wire is a magnesium diboride superconducting wire having a high-resistance metal on an outer side and a magnesium diboride superconducting portion on an inner side and prepared by forming a superconducting metal on a layer between the high-resistance metal and the magnesium diboride superconducting portion, and the permanent current switch further comprises a superconductive connecting section superconductively connected to a lead wire guided from the superconducting wire and a superconducting wire for a wiring line.

Abstract: A system for protecting superconducting generator field coils including a controller configured to monitor for a quenching of a superconducting field coil of a generator and control a dissipation of a current flow in the superconducting field coil in an event of the quenching, and an armature coil of the generator configured to cause the dissipation of the current flow in the superconducting field coil responsive to the controller in the event of the quenching of the superconducting field coil. A method for protecting superconducting generator field coils including monitoring for a quenching of a superconducting field coil of a generator, and dissipating a current flow in the superconducting field coil via an armature coil of the generator in response to a detection of the quenching.

Abstract: A fault current limiter comprises a pancake type current limiting module, comprising at least two pancake type bifilar winding modules stacked and connected to each other in series, each of the bifilar winding modules having a bobbin, a first superconducting wire wound around the bobbin in a bifilar manner, and at least one pair of first metal blocks installed and fixed to the bobbin and attached to the first superconducting wire; and a superconducting bypass reactor that has the current limiting module disposed therein, and is connected in parallel with the current limiting module.

Abstract: A resistive current limiter with at least one tubular high temperature superconductor body is disclosed provided with a shunt of a normal conducting material wound in coil configuration around the surface of the tubular superconductor body.

Abstract: An electrical device for current conditioning has a primary spool, a secondary spool which has a quenchable superconductor exhibiting a transition from a low resistive state to a high resistive state when a critical value of the electric current is exceeded. The secondary spool is coupled through a common part of magnetic flux with the primary spool, the secondary spool further has a metallic member 6 which form a closed loop circuit, and a cryostat 5 providing a cooling of the secondary spool. The secondary spool 2,3 has at least one element 3 based on a substantial fraction of a non-quenchable conductor that exhibits a minor dependence of its resistance on current and magnetic field, and a fraction of the quenchable superconductor and at least one turn of the non-quenchable conductor 3 and the quenchable superconductor 2 is electrically jointed in series providing a closed loop circuit.

Abstract: The fault current limiter in a cryogenic liquid heat transfer medium, employs a high temperature superconductor (HTS) element which has a high thermal resistance coating material encapsulating the high temperature superconductor to form an intermediate boundary layer between the HTS element and the heat transfer medium. The coating material has a thickness which enables it to minimize the retained heat in the HTS element during recovery from a fault condition, wherein substantially all heat transfer from the encapsulated high temperature superconductor element to the liquid cryogen heat transfer medium occurs at the nucleate boiling heat transfer rate.

Abstract: The present invention provides a current limiting module and a hybrid current limiter using different kinds of superconducting wires. The current limiting module includes a first superconducting wire that is wound in a predetermined direction, and a second superconducting wire that has quench characteristic different from the first superconducting wire and is wound to generate magnetic flux in a direction opposite to magnetic flux induced by the first superconducting wire. According to the present invention, inductance is generated due to unequal supply of fault current. Therefore, it is possible to prevent current from being suddenly increased, and to reduce the number of superconducting wires required to manufacture the current limiting module. Further, the hybrid current limiter does not need to include a separate coil for operating a fast switch.

Abstract: A resistive superconducting fault current limiter comprises: a superconducting limiter element which is in a superconductive state in the event of a normal current occurrence, and which is in a normal conductive state having a predetermined resistance when a fault current larger than a predetermined threshold current value flows; a superconducting serial coil serially connected to the superconducting limiter element so as to face each other so that a current loss can be minimized accordingly as currents flow in opposite directions thus to cancel magnetic fields, and having a threshold current value greater than the threshold current value of the superconducting limiter element by a predetermined ratio; and a normal conductor parallel coil connected to the superconducting limiter element in parallel and having a predetermined resistance smaller than the resistance of the superconducting limiter element when a fault current occurs, for preventing the superconducting limiter element from being overheated by divi

Abstract: A distributed power supply circuit supplying common power to multiple packages in an apparatus so that a primary voltage of the common power is converted into a secondary voltage in a voltage conversion part so as to be supplied to a circuit in each of the packages is disclosed. The distributed power supply circuit includes a power supply monitoring part configured to monitor the primary voltage; a reset part configured to stop the supply of the primary voltage to the voltage conversion part when the power supply monitoring part detects the abnormality of the primary voltage; and a discharge part configured to release a stored charge on the primary side of the voltage conversion part when the power supply monitoring part detects the abnormality of the primary voltage. The power supply monitoring part is separated from the reset part by multiple diodes so as to be provided in parallel with the reset part.

Abstract: A fault current limiter for limiting current faults in an electrical network comprising: a series of phase coils located adjacent a superconductive coil for fault current limiting phase faults within the network; a series of neutral coils located adjacent the superconductive coil for fault current limiting neutral earthing faults in the electrical network.

Abstract: An electric power circuit protecting apparatus using a superconductor in an electric power system needing re-closing within a predetermined time from fault current blocking, comprising a main circuit breaker; a first superconductor element connected in series to the main circuit breaker; a first auxiliary switch to switch a circuit between the first superconductor element and the main circuit breaker; a second superconductor element connected in parallel to the first superconductor element and the first auxiliary switch; a second auxiliary switch to switch a circuit between the second superconductor element and the main circuit breaker; a first monitoring unit for detecting a voltage across the first superconductor element and for supplying a first switching control signal to the first auxiliary switch to be switched to the circuit open position, and a second switching control signal to the second auxiliary switch to be switched to the circuit close position; and a second monitoring unit for detecting a volta

Abstract: Disclosed is a half-wave expulsion type superconducting fault-current limiter having an integral high speed switch module. The fault-current limiter has minimum superconducting elements and a circuit of which is formed in a hybrid type with an integral high speed switch module. The fault-current limiter supplies an electric power supplied from a power feeder to a system without loss thereof according to unique characteristics of the superconducting element when a normal current flows, and restricts an over current through a high speed switching contact point integrally inter-working with a driving coil and an arc changeover switch past a half period in a case that the over-current is generated by accidents such that electric power appliances, including circuit breakers in an electric power system, can be normally operated.

Abstract: An electrical current limiting device has a superconductive switching element. Unlike prior art superconductive current limiters whose switching mechanism is based on a quenching of the switching element, the inventive superconductive switching element is designed in such a manner that it is in the Shubnikov phase when the required short-circuit cutoff current is reached in the event current is limited. This enables the switching element to be operated in an operating state in which the generation of heat is limited to such an extent that the coolant surrounding the superconductor is able to completely dissipate the heat whereby achieving a stationary state at TS. A quenching of the superconductor, which is associated with an exceeding of TC, can thus be actively prevented so that, after an event in which current is limited, the superconductor is not required to be removed from the mains and recooled.

Abstract: A superconducting coil circuit for a superconducting magnet includes a superconducting coil and a current limiting apparatus. The current limiting apparatus is connected in series with the superconducting coil and includes a mechanical device configured to cause a quench in the superconducting coil when a current in the superconducting coil reaches a predetermined value.

Abstract: A conductor element for a superconducting FCL has an elongate superconducting element 18 surrounded by bodies 26a, 26b, which form a thermal mass around the element 18. The thermal mass is in thermal connection with a cooling system, such as a cryogenic system. The bodies 26a, 26b are solid, for example copper. The thermal mass maintains even temperature along the element 18, to improve fault response and recovery. Cooling functions are provided externally of the conductor element and may be by means of conventional cryogenic cooling systems. The element is free of cryogens and robust.

Abstract: A fault current limiter comprising: an input node; an output node; a variable impedance element coupled between the input node and the output node; a closed loop cryocooler circuit, comprising a first cryocooler for cooling the variable impedance element and a second cryocooler, thermally coupled to the first cryocooler, for cooling the first coolant, wherein the variable impedance element comprises Magnesium Diboride.

Abstract: A method of connecting a superconducting fault current limiter to an alternating current generator to limit a current flowing in the generator is disclosed. A superconducting fault current limiter is connected in proximity with the generator to limit the current flowing in the generator. A system comprising a superconducting fault current limiter, a generator and a circuit is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is provided a hybrid-type superconducting fault current limiter for rapidly limiting a fault current, the fault current limiter having a first circuit and a second circuit which are connected in parallel with each other, wherein the first circuit includes a superconductor and a circuit breaker which are connected in series with each other, and wherein the second circuit includes a driver having a driving coil and an electromagnetic repeller, a short contact connected in parallel with the driver, and a current limiting unit connected in series with a third circuit including the driver and the short contact. The hybrid-type superconducting fault current limiter comprises a power semiconductor element switch connected in series with the first circuit, the power semiconductor element switch normally maintaining an ON state and being activated and changed into an OFF state by a fault sensing signal generated according to an inflow of the fault current.

Abstract: A superconducting coil quench detection method and device capable of detecting a quench detection voltage even in a superconducting coil where a plurality of element coils are connected with a plurality of current sources and operated with repetitive pulses or AC and a voltage of several kV is applied continuously as an induction voltage. A super conducting power storage unit is also provided. The quench detection device comprises a pickup coil (2) provided in a superconducting coil (1) or in the vicinity thereof, an overvoltage protection circuit (4) a voltage signal below a predetermined level by receiving the difference between a voltage induced in the superconducting coil (1) at the time of quenching of the superconducting coil (1) and a voltage induced in the pickup coil (2), and a quench detector (3) for detecting quench of the superconducting coil (1) by receiving the voltage signal.

Abstract: A quench protection circuit for a superconducting magnet, comprises at least one heater associated with a corresponding coil of the superconducting magnet. The at least one heater is arranged to be driven by an inductor which is connected in series with it and is arranged to derive a voltage from variation in a magnetic field of the superconducting magnet. The at least one heater and the inductor are arranged in a series circuit which further comprises a non-linear positive temperature coefficient resistors.

Abstract: The active shield superconducting electromagnet apparatus includes: a main switching circuit in which first and second main coils, first and second shield coils, and a first superconducting persistent current switch are connected in series; a sub switching circuit in which a bypass circuit, in which a superconducting fault current limiter and a second superconducting persistent current switch are connected in series, are connected to a series circuit of the first main coil and the second main coil in parallel; a first closed circuit in which at least one of the first main coil and the first shield coil, and a first quench protection circuit are connected in series; and a second closed circuit in which one of the second main coil and the second shield coil, and a second quench protection circuit are connected in series.

Abstract: A superconducting magnet system comprising a superconducting magnet, itself comprising a plurality of magnet coils, arranged to protect quench heaters yet provide effective quench protection.

Abstract: A cryogenic magnet control system has a number of magnet coils each formed by superconductive material wound on a former and a supply for energizing the magnet coils to generate an operational magnetic field of predetermined strength and homogeneity, wherein each former also supports control wineings of a non-superconductive material provided as over-bindings upon the magnet.

Abstract: A superconductive magnetic coil arrangement has a superconducting magnetic coil and a circuit for quench protection. The quench protection circuit includes at least one diode connected in parallel with a portion of the superconductive magnetic coil. The at least one diode is in thermal contact with the superconductive magnetic coil A magnetic resonance tomography apparatus embodies such a magnetic coil arrangement.

Abstract: A superconducting fault current limiter includes a first superconducting module connected to an input terminal of a power system, a second superconducting module connected to an output terminal of the power system, and a connecting member interposed between the first and second superconducting modules. The first superconducting module and the second superconducting module each include two superconducting coils. The input terminal is connected to an end of the first superconducting module, and the output terminal is connected to an end of the second superconducting module. The end of the second superconducting module is disposed geometrically opposite the end of the first superconducting module.

Abstract: A fault current limiter comprising: an input node; an output node; a variable impedance element coupled between the input node and the output node; a multi-cycle refrigeration system, comprising a first coolant cycle for cooling the variable impedance element and a second coolant cycle, thermally coupled to the first coolant cycle, for cooling the first coolant, wherein the variable impedance element comprises Magnesium Diboride.

Abstract: A modular and scaleable Matrix Fault Current Limiter (MFCL) that functions as a “variable impedance” device in an electric power network, using components made of superconducting and non-superconducting electrically conductive materials. The matrix fault current limiter comprises a fault current limiter module that includes a superconductor which is electrically coupled in parallel with a trigger coil, wherein the trigger coil is magnetically coupled to the superconductor. The current surge doing a fault within the electrical power network will cause the superconductor to transition to its resistive state and also generate a uniform magnetic field in the trigger coil and simultaneously limit the voltage developed across the superconductor. This results in fast and uniform quenching of the superconductors, significantly reduces the burnout risk associated with non-uniformity often existing within the volume of superconductor materials.

Abstract: An assembly comprising a number of superconductive coils, at least one quench heater arranged to heat the superconductive coil(s) in the event that at least part of at least one of the coils enters a quenched state; means for transferring energy from the coil(s) to the heater(s) in the event that at least part of at least one of the coils enters a quenched state; wherein the means for transferring energy from the coil(s) to the heater(s) includes a series capacitance, through which the energy transferred must pass.

Abstract: A superconducting transformer system is configured to be included within a utility power grid having a known fault current level. The superconducting transformer system includes a non-superconducting transformer interconnected between a first node and a second node of the utility power grid. A superconducting transformer is interconnected between the first node and the second node of the utility power grid. The superconducting transformer and the non-superconducting transformer are electrically connected in parallel. The superconducting transformer has a lower series impedance than the non-superconducting transformer when the superconducting transformer is operated below a critical current level and a critical temperature. The superconducting transformer is configured to have a series impedance that is at least N times the series impedance of the non-superconducting transformer when the superconducting transformer is operated at or above one or more of the critical current level and the critical temperature.

Abstract: A magnet configuration comprising a superconducting magnet coil system (M) and a current path (P) which comprises parts of the magnet coil system (M), wherein at least two electric connecting points (A1, A2, A3, A4) are disposed on the current path (P), which define a section (PA1-A2, PA2-A3, PA3-A4) within the current path (P), wherein the section (PA1-A2, PA2-A3, PA3-A4) does not comprise all parts of the magnet coil system (M) contained in the current path (P), and comprising a resistive element (WA1-A2, WA2-A3, WA3-A4) having an electric resistance value ?0, and at least two contacts (K1, K2, K3, K4), wherein the contacts (K1, K2, K3, K4) are disposed between the resistive element (WA1-A2, WA2-A3, WA3-A4) and one connecting point (A1, A2, A3, A4), is characterized in that in the superconducting state of the magnet coil system (M), an electric contact (K1, K2, K3, K4) between an electric connecting point (A1, A2, A3, A4) and a resistive element (WA1-A2, WA2-A3, WA3-A4) can be closed and opened.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a resistive type high temperature superconductor based fault current limiter with improved heat exchange capability composed of a thermally conductive matrix material 8 with a plurality of superconductor components 5 embedded in the thermally conductive matrix material 8 wherein the plurality of superconductor components 5 is connected electrically in parallel.

Abstract: An apparatus for regulation of electrical power has a superconducting member exhibiting a capability of quenching at the electrical current exceeding a threshold value, a metallic member coupled to the superconducting member, a thermally insulated and tight internal container filled with a portion of a liquid fraction of a cooling agent and a portion of a gas fraction of the cooling agent. The internal container being capable to provide a cooling of the superconducting member and the metallic member by their direct contact with the liquid fraction of the cooling agent in and to provide a mass exchange of the cooling agent between the internal container and an external container. The mass exchange of the cooling agent has a mass flow controller for the cooling agent which is output from the inner container; a controller of an instantaneous pressure in the internal container, and a delay circuit providing a pre-determined time-delay for mass flow controller operation.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, modular corona shields are employed in a HTS device to reduce the electric field surrounding the HTS device. In a exemplary embodiment a fault current limiter module in the insulation region of a cryogenic cooling system has at least one fault current limiter set which employs a first corona shield disposed along the top portion of the fault current limiter set and is electrically coupled to the fault current limiter set. A second corona shield is disposed along the bottom portion of the fault current limiter set and is electrically coupled to the fault current limiter set. An insulation barrier is disposed within the insulation region along at least one side of the fault current limiter set. The first corona shield and the second corona shield act together to reduce the electric field surrounding the fault limiter set when voltage is applied to the fault limiter set.

Abstract: Switching losses and conduction losses are isolated by networks which are partially cryogenic and partially at room temperature. Switching losses are independent of temperature. Advantageously the switching losses are taken in a snubber network at room temperature and conduction losses are incurred at cryogenic temperatures, where majority carrier devices like MOSFETs operate with ultra low on-state resistance and corresponding low conduction losses. Low loss leads carry current efficiently from the cryogenic environment to room temperature without adversely affecting refrigeration. Switch and snubber network may both operate cryogenically.

Abstract: Disclosed is a half-wave expulsion type superconducting fault-current limiter having an integral high speed switch module. The fault-current limiter has minimum superconducting elements and a circuit of which is formed in a hybrid type with an integral high speed switch module. The fault-current limiter supplies an electric power supplied from a power feeder to a system without loss thereof according to unique characteristics of the superconducting element when a normal current flows, and restricts an over current through a high speed switching contact point integrally inter-working with a driving coil and an arc changeover switch past a half period in a case that the over-current is generated by accidents such as thunder-stroke, earth fault and short circuit, such that electric power appliances such as circuit breakers in an electric power system can be normally operated.

Abstract: A superconducting current limiting element has a parallel circuit including a first superconductor and a normal conductor connected in parallel, and a second superconductor connected in series to the parallel circuit and having a critical current value higher than that of the first superconductor. Further, at least one of the normal conductor and the first superconductor, and the second superconductor are disposed on the same insulating substrate.

Abstract: A modular and scalable Matrix-type Fault Current Limiter (MFCL) that functions as a “variable impedance” device in an electric power network, using components made of superconducting and non-superconducting electrically conductive materials. An inductor is connected in series with the trigger superconductor in the trigger matrix and physically surrounds the superconductor. The current surge during a fault will generate a trigger magnetic field in the series inductor to cause fast and uniform quenching of the trigger superconductor to significantly reduce burnout risk due to superconductor material non-uniformity.

Abstract: Disclosed is a resistive superconducting fault current limiter capable of enhancing a current of a superconducting device thereof, capable of preventing heat generated at a linear coil, capable of removing a magnetic field generated through the linear coil when a normal current is applied to a circuit of a power system, and capable of using not only a BISCCO based superconducting device but also a YBCO based superconducting device with using a magnet generating device separated from the circuit of the power system so that a current of the power system can not flow to the linear coil of the resistive superconducting fault current limiter when a normal current flows to the power system.

Abstract: A coil system for inductively heating a superconducting magnet in order to provide an internal energy dump by uniformly quenching a high performance superconducting magnet. The quench-inducing system uses AC magnetic fields that require negligible reactive power. The system is especially suited for inducing a relatively uniform quench in dry superconducting magnets.

Abstract: A system and method for protecting a superconductor from a quench condition. A quench protection system is provided to protect the superconductor from damage due to a quench condition. The quench protection system comprises a voltage detector operable to detect voltage across the superconductor. The system also comprises a frequency filter coupled to the voltage detector. The frequency filter is operable to couple voltage signals to a control circuit that are representative of a rise in superconductor voltage caused by a quench condition and to block voltage signals that are not. The system is operable to detect whether a quench condition exists in the superconductor based on the voltage signal received via the frequency filter and to initiate a protective action in response.

Abstract: The invention is a high electrical energy storage system consisting of arrays of high energy capacitors and their charging and discharging protocols. An array of capacitors are conductively connected together and connected to an energy source. A computer and software control the charging and discharging of the capacitor banks.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a complex superconducting fault current limiter which adds a current limiting reactor to a superconductor to protect the power line from a fault current, and more particularly, to a complex superconducting fault current limiter using a minimum number of superconducting fault current limiters, while avoiding series and parallel connections of a plurality of superconductors and coils, in order to economically manufacture the fault current limiter in a small size. A superconductor, a high speed switch, and a circuit breaker are connected in series to each other, and a first reactor with a low impedance and a second reactor with a high impedance are connected in parallel to the power line so as to provide a branch circuit for the current to the series circuit. A semiconductor switch is connected in parallel to the second reactor with a high impedance in accordance with the opening high speed switch.

Abstract: A superconducting fault current limiter array with a plurality of superconductor elements arranged in a meanding array having an even number of supconductors parallel to each other and arranged in a plane that is parallel to an odd number of the plurality of superconductors, where the odd number of supconductors are parallel to each other and arranged in a plane that is parallel to the even number of the plurality of superconductors, when viewed from a top view. The even number of superconductors are coupled at the upper end to the upper end of the odd number of superconductors. A plurality of lower shunt coils each coupled to the lower end of each of the even number of superconductors and a plurality of upper shunt coils each coupled to the upper end of each of the odd number of superconductors so as to generate a generally orthoganal uniform magnetic field during quenching using only the magenetic field generated by the superconductors.

Abstract: A superconducting magnet coil system comprising a main field coil which is formed from series-connected sections, wherein the conductors of the radially inner sections contain a first superconducting material and have first electric voltage insulation, the conductors of the radially outer sections comprise a second superconducting material and are provided with second electric voltage insulation, wherein the first superconducting material has a higher critical magnetic field than the second superconducting material, and the first voltage insulation has a smaller dielectric strength than the second voltage insulation, and a shielding coil which is connected in series with the main field coil, radially surrounds the main field coil, and comprises conductors of the second superconducting material having the second electric voltage insulation, wherein the main field coil and the shielding coil are superconductingly short-circuited during operation and are protected through several ohmic resistances and/or diodes

Abstract: Some recent experimental work (Pod,2001) implies that an electron cloud with external pulse from a superconductor(SC) can be generated at above approximately 500 kV. Also U.S. Pat. Nos. 593,138 and 4,661,747 imply that this can happen for nonSCs with rotating clouds of electrons above 500 kV. This can be done with a disk (?=90) conducting rapid rotator ? (can be mechanical rotation or superconductor electron rotation) for pulse though V=512 kV (giving charge polar angle oscillation d?/dt) which will experience a pulse according to: Impulse/m=k[?[V?(d?/dto)r sin2 ?/(1?V/512 kV)]]. The device thus contains a w rotating (r large) disk so ?=90° in sin2?, VHF oscillator for electron d?/dto, Voltage V near 512 kV in V.

Abstract: A method and system for providing protection for a superconducting electrical cable located in a utility power network includes detecting a fault current on the superconducting electric cable, determining the cumulative total energy dissipated in the superconducting electrical cable from the fault current and at least one prior fault current over a predetermined time period, and determining whether to disconnect the superconducting electrical cable from the utility power network on the basis of the cumulative total energy dissipated.

Abstract: A single trigger/shunt coil is utilized for combined induced magnetic field triggering and shunt impedance. The single coil connected in parallel with the high temperature superconducting element, is designed to generate a circulating current in the parallel circuit during normal operation to aid triggering the high temperature superconducting element to quench in the event of a fault. The circulating current is generated by an induced voltage in the coil, when the system current flows through the high temperature superconducting element.

Abstract: A fault current limiter is disclosed. The fault current limiter of the present invention includes a current limiting module and a superconducting bypass reactor. The current limiting module includes at least two pancake type bifilar winding modules, which are stacked and connected to each other in series. Each bifilar winding module has a bobbin, a first superconducting wire wound around the bobbin in a bifilar manner, and at least one pair of first metal blocks, which are installed and fixed to the bobbin and attached to the first superconducting wire. The superconducting bypass reactor is formed into a hollow shape so that the current limiting module can be disposed therein. A second superconducting wire is wound around the bypass reactor such that the superconducting bypass reactor is connected in parallel with the current limiting module.