Abstract: A universal hybrid solid-state switchgear for power transmission or distribution systems incorporates a fast mechanical switch and solid-state power electronics switching circuits to provide circuit breaker and fault current limiting applications.

Abstract: An electrical switching topology for a hybrid switch provides extremely low losses in both cryogenic and non-cryogenic electronic systems. In this switch having switch modules connected in parallel, switching losses in a first module are separated from conduction losses in the parallel-connected second module. The conduction losses are then further reduced by cryogenically cooling the second module. Since the switching losses of the first module can be absorbed outside a cryogenic container, the switching losses do not add to the cryogenic heat load. In other applications, the switching module operates at lower temperatures to provide higher switching speeds and reduces switching heat generation.

Abstract: A switching system is provided. The switching system includes electromechanical switching circuitry, such as a micro-electromechanical system switching circuitry. The system may further include solid state switching circuitry coupled in a parallel circuit with the electromechanical switching circuitry, and a controller coupled to the electromechanical switching circuitry and the solid state switching circuitry. The controller may be configured to perform selective switching of a load current between the electromechanical switching circuitry and the solid state switching circuitry in response to a load current condition appropriate to an operational capability of a respective one of the switching circuitries.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for the identification of arcing phenomena in a faulted electrical network. By continually updating a model for the load on an electrical branch, an estimate of the behavior of that load may be calculated. Since electrical arcing faults result in a chaotic behavior that is difficult to describe, when arcing occurs, the model will be unable to adequately describe the arcing behavior and this inability indicates a fault condition, in response to which, power may be removed in full or in part from the faulted electrical network. In some embodiments, a current shunt is used to distinguish between source side and load side arcing. Some embodiments utilize a solid state switch as both current shunt and interruption means.

Abstract: In an ion bean acceleration system, transient electrical arc suppression and ion beam accelerator biasing circuitry. Two-terminal circuitry, connectable in series, for suppressing arcs by automatically sensing arc conditions and switch from at least a first operating state providing a relatively low resistance electrical pathway for current between source and load terminals to at least a second, relatively high resistance electrical pathway. Selection of circuit component characteristics permits controlling the delay in returning from the second state to the first state after the arc has been suppressed.

Abstract: A device is provided for preventing arcing between contacts of a switching device as the contacts of the switching device are opened. The device includes a coil suppression circuit connected in parallel with the coil. The coil suppression circuit dissipates the energy stored in the coil in response to the de-energization of the coil. A first solid state switch has a gate operatively connected to the coil suppression circuit and is connected in parallel with the contacts. The first solid state switch is movable between an open position preventing the flow of current therethrough and a closed position in response to the dissipation of energy by the coil suppression circuit.

Abstract: A disconnect switch that provides a simple and economical means for preventing the possibility of stray/surge current from damaging the solid state components of an inverter drive is provided. The disconnect switch includes early break auxiliary contact(s) that open before the standard power contacts when the switch is turned off by an operator and close after the standard power contacts when the switch is turned on by an operator.

Abstract: A power switching control apparatus for acquiring pieces of making operation time information of individual phase switches more precisely according to loads and making instants. Making operation time information detecting means outputs the making operation time information of at least one of individual phase switches on the basis of the motion of the movable contact of the phase switch, and outputs the making operation time information of at least another of the individual phase switches on the basis of the phase current of the phase switch. Moreover, the making operation time information detecting means outputs the making operation time information ITA, ITB and ITC of an A-phase switch, a B-phase switch and a C-phase switch individually on the basis of either the detected output of a contact operation sensor and the detected output of a phase current sensor.

Abstract: In an electronic switch which includes a pair of terminal portions 14, 14, and self arc-suppressing elements Q21, Q22 having a one-way on and off control construction connected in inverse-series between the pair of terminal portions and which turns on and off the self arc-suppressing elements Q21, Q22 with phase control, shunt resistors R51, R52 provided between the pair of terminal portions 14, 14 and connected in series to the pair of self arc-suppressing elements Q21, Q22 and thyristors S71, S72 for extracting the gate voltages applied to gates of the self arc-suppressing elements Q21, Q22 upon driving are provided. Furthermore, thyristors S71, S72 are driven by the voltages across the shunt resistors R51, R52 generated when overcurrent larger than predetermined current flows through the shunt resistors R51, R52.

Abstract: The provided relay system includes a load having a first terminal and a second terminal, a relay coupled to a common ground and the first terminal of the load and a relay protection circuit eliminating an arc generated by the relay. The relay protection circuit has an energy storage element with a first terminal coupled to the first terminal of the load and a second terminal and electrically connected to the relay in parallel for storing and releasing an electrical power, and a high-impedance element coupled to the second terminal of the load to cause the energy storage element to have a relatively speedy charge and a relatively slow discharge.

Abstract: A low arc AC contactor comprises an on/off mechanism electromagnetic-controlled contact, a pulse power source generating circuit, a low arc trigger generating circuit, and a multifunctional fault-detecting circuit. The contactor converts an instantaneous strong current into strong pulse magnetic field energy to actuate contacts of mechanical portion of the contactor, so that the power source load is on or off. Each of the actuating process will be controlled by the electric circuit to perform at the lowest potential of AC voltage for reducing arc's destructive power. Moreover, the contactor uses photoelectric coupling circuits, in which it can be controlled by external low voltage signal commands, as well as providing protection from overload, phase loss, short circuit, and leakage current.

Abstract: Power switches are provided with measures for preventing a recommendation of the arc from the secondary current path to the main current path and/or measures for returning the current limiter during the recommutation of the light art. A corresponding arrangement for carrying out the method is provided with means in the power switch and/or current limiter for preventing a switch failure of the current limiter disposed in the secondary current path of the power switch. The current limiter can be especially a PTC current limiter.

Abstract: An active arc suppression circuit and systems and methods of use to suppress arcing in an electro-mechanical apparatus. The preferred circuit includes an electro-mechanical switch and a solid state shunt switch for temporarily shunting current around the electro-mechanical switch for a predetermined period of time. The preferred circuit also includes an electro-mechanical switch controller for delaying the activation of the electro-mechanical switch until after the predetermined period of time for shunting current through the solid state shunt switch has commenced. The preferred circuit may be used with power control equipment and systems, including in remotely controllable systems for telecommunications, computing, and other networks. In a particularly preferred embodiment, multiple such circuits may be disposed in a power controller housing to provide independent active arc suppression control of multiple power outputs also disposed in the power controller housing.

Abstract: An arc fault detection circuit collects samples of sensed current, determines a peak current value from the samples for each line cycle, determines a hysteresis value for a compressor load as a function of differences between the peak current values, and generates a trip signal responsive to the sensed current and the hysteresis value. The circuit determines a difference value for each line cycle from the present peak current value less the previous peak current value, low pass filters the difference value to provide a low pass filtered value, determines a peak value from the low pass filtered value, determines that the absolute value of the low pass filtered value is less than a portion of the peak value and responsively saves the peak value, and determines the hysteresis value as a function of the saved peak value. An operating mechanism opens separable contacts responsive to the trip signal.

Abstract: An encapsulated medium voltage vacuum circuit interrupter includes a line terminal, a load terminal, a vacuum interrupter, an operating mechanism and an elongated, insulated, generally cylindrical encapsulating housing. The vacuum interrupter includes a vacuum envelope containing a fixed contact assembly and a movable contact assembly movable between a closed circuit position in electrical communication with the fixed contact assembly and an open circuit position spaced apart from the fixed contact assembly. The fixed contact assembly is electrically interconnected with the line terminal. A flexible conductor electrically connects the movable contact assembly with the load terminal. The operating mechanism moves the movable contact assembly between the closed circuit position and the open circuit position. The housing includes a first end supporting the line terminal and an opposite second end supporting the load terminal.

Abstract: A system is presented. The system includes a micro-electromechanical system switch. Further, the system includes a balanced diode bridge configured to suppress arc formation between contacts of the micro-electromechanical system switch. A pulse circuit is coupled to the balanced diode bridge to form a pulse signal in response to a fault condition. An energy-absorbing circuitry is coupled in a parallel circuit with the pulse circuit and is adapted to absorb electrical energy resulting from the fault condition without affecting a pulse signal formation by the pulse circuit.

Abstract: Control of an induction motor is carried out to limit damaging arcing stress and mechanical stresses placed on the control contactor assembly and the induction motor resulting from the simultaneous or synchronous breaking and making of contactors employed to connect the windings of the motor to a power supply. Asynchronously connecting the windings to the power supply via the asynchronous or non-simultaneous closing of the contactors of a modular contactor assembly reduces the potentially damaging transient current, the associated torque oscillations, and mechanical stresses. The present invention is particularly applicable to delta motors that are started with its windings in a star or wye configuration followed by the reconnection of the windings in a delta configuration when the motor is at normal running speed.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method detect arc faults in an electrical power distribution system of a vehicle. In one implementation, the apparatus (320) includes: a load current input (340) arranged to obtain a measurement of current being supplied to a load (140) via a solid state power switching device (310) of the electrical power distribution system; and an arc fault detector (330) arranged to compare the measured load current with a load signature, the load signature being a function of characteristics of the load (140) being supplied current via the solid state power switching device (310) and operating conditions of the solid state power switching device (310). The arc fault detector (330) outputs an arc fault indication signal when the measured current is outside an allowable range of the load signature to provide protection against arc faults.

Abstract: A circuit to suppress arc across contacts of a relay is provided, in which the relay is electrically coupled to a power supply and a load. The circuit includes an arc suppression circuit electrically coupled between the first and second contacts of the relay, and the arc suppression circuit includes a capacitor and a switch, both of which are electrically coupled to the first and second contacts of the relay, in which the switch is configured to turn on when the first and second contacts of the relay change state, thereby providing an alternate path for a current flow through the load.

Abstract: A shorting system, which eliminates persistent arcing faults in power distribution equipment, includes a first shorting switch having separable contacts, an actuation input and a fuse electrically connected in series with those contacts. A second shorting switch includes an actuation input and separable contacts, which are electrically connected in parallel with the series combination of the fuse and the first shorting switch contacts. A detection circuit includes one or more arcing light sensors and an actuation circuit. The light sensors detect arcing fault light and the actuation circuit responsively outputs a first trigger signal to the first shorting switch actuation input to close its contacts. For a persistent arcing fault, which is not eliminated by the first shorting switch, a predetermined time after the first trigger signal, the actuation circuit responsively outputs a second trigger signal to the second shorting switch actuation input to close its contacts.

Abstract: A protection circuit for an HID dimming circuit is provided. A resistive component limits the initial current after a relay closes and current flows from a charged capacitor to a second capacitor. An inductive component limits the rate of change of current through the circuit. A voltage limited device limits voltage across the contacts of a solid state relay. The circuit is preferably formed in a small module that is adapted to be plugged into an HID lighting device.

Abstract: A vacuum arc interrupter that includes a vacuum chamber assembly and a pressure chamber assembly. The vacuum chamber assembly includes a vacuum chamber and a first conductor which is structured to be coupled to a circuit. The first conductor is disposed within the vacuum chamber. The pressure chamber assembly has a second conductor structured to be coupled to a ground, a pressure chamber, a gas generation device and a bullet assembly. The pressure chamber assembly disposed adjacent to the vacuum chamber assembly. The gas generation device coupled to, and in fluid communication with the pressure chamber. The bullet assembly is disposed in the pressure chamber and structured to move between a first position, where the bullet assembly is spaced from the first and second conductors, and a second position, where the bullet assembly contacts, and is in electrical communication with, the first and second conductors.

Abstract: The invention intends to provide a direct current load breaking contact point constitution that can make and break an electrical circuit under both direct current loads of direct current resistance load and direct current inductance load over a long period of time without causing problems such as {circle around (1)} the conduction defect due to the consumption of the contact point, {circle around (2)} the locking due to material transfer from one contact point to the other contact point, {circle around (3)} the welding between the contact points, and {circle around (4)} the abnormal arc continuation, and a direct current load breaking switching mechanism such as a relay, a switch and so on that has the contact point constitution.

Abstract: The hybrid relay may include a plurality of input and output terminals, and a voltage supply terminal. The hybrid relay may also include an electromagnetic coil connected to the input terminals and a latching mechanism that may include first and second contacts movable between open and closed latched positions based upon the electromagnetic coil. The first contact may be connected to the voltage supply terminal so that the second contact provides a switched voltage supply. The hybrid relay may also include an output transistor having a control terminal and having conduction terminals connected to the output terminals of the hybrid relay. A transistor driver may be connected between the switched voltage supply and the control terminal of the output transistor.

Abstract: An electrical system includes a solid state relay (1) and an electrical connector (2) that connects solid state relay (1) to a load (4). The solid state relay (1) includes a power MOSFET (Q1) for switching power to the load (4). A PNP transistor (Q2) monitors the voltage drop across the power MOSFET (Q1), and shuts the power MOSFET off when the voltage drop exceeds a reference level. The solid state relay circuitry floats when the power MOSFET is commanded OFF so there is no leakage to ground. The relay (1) can be used with an electrical connector that includes a short pin (34) or shunt (16) that is disconnected before male and female terminals (12, 22) are unmated. Disconnection of the shunt (16) or the short pin (34) causes the power MOSFET to be commanded OFF so that there is no current flowing through the male and female terminals (12, 22) when they reach an arc susceptible position. The solid state relay (1) and the connector (2) are suitable for use in a 42 Volt automotive electrical system.

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling heating of a liquid or liquid stream including electrical equipment operated in conjunction with such heating; a device or devices for monitoring the voltage level of electrical power supplied to such equipment; and a control or controls for controlling such electrical power supplied to that equipment, to decrease power delivery in response to a predetermined decrease in voltage level of power supply to the equipment.

Abstract: An integrated solenoid system including a single housing containing a solenoid, a controller and one or more electrical connections. The controller includes temperature compensating means and/or voltage compensating means thereby providing predetermined, substantially constant currents to said solenoid. The housing includes an integral two-part end cover.

Abstract: A vacuum arc interrupter that includes a vacuum chamber assembly having a first conductor and a pressure chamber assembly having a second metal conductor, with an opening, and a bullet assembly. The first conductor is coupled to a power line and the second conductor is coupled to a ground. The bullet assembly has a metal lance structured to engage the opening. The lance is shaped to create an arc when engaging the opening so that the second conductor and the lance are welded together.

Abstract: A shorting switch eliminates arcing faults in power distribution equipment. The shorting switch includes an insulating tubular housing; a first contact; a second contact; and an insulator between the first and second contacts in the insulating housing. The insulator prevents electrical connection of the first and second contacts. First and second terminals are respectively electrically connected to the first and second contacts. A wave spring mechanism moves the first and second contacts toward closure. A slug and an activated charge mechanism drive the insulator from between the first and second contacts, in order to electrically connect the first and second contacts.

Abstract: A fireguard circuit for a power cable, which comprises a power line, a neutral line and a metal sheath surrounding the power line and the neutral line, includes a switch located in one of the lines. A solenoid sets the switch in either an open position or a closed position. A first silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) causes the solenoid to open the switch upon detecting the presence of an arcing condition between the power line and the metal sheath. A second silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) causes the solenoid to open the switch upon detecting the presence of an arcing condition between the neutral line and the metal sheath. The second SCR is connected in parallel with the first SCR, the anode of the first SCR being connected to the cathode of the second SCR and the cathode of the first SCR being connected to the anode of the second SCR.

Abstract: The forming of an integrated circuit including at least one element of electronic protection of the circuit formed of at least one switch for short-circuiting supply conductors arranged in a rail, the switch being integrated in the rail, under said conductors.

Abstract: An active arc suppression circuit and systems and methods of use to suppress arcing in an electro-mechanical apparatus. The preferred circuit includes an electro-mechanical switch and a solid state shunt switch for temporarily shunting current around the electro-mechanical switch for a predetermined period of time. The preferred circuit also includes an electro-mechanical switch controller for delaying the activation of the electro-mechanical switch until after the predetermined period of time for shunting current through the solid state shunt switch has commenced. The preferred circuit may be used with power control equipment and systems, including in remotely controllable systems for telecommunications, computing, and other networks. In a particularly preferred embodiment, multiple such circuits may be disposed in a power controller housing to provide independent active arc suppression control of multiple power outputs also disposed in the power controller housing.

Abstract: A relay arcing protection arrangement for a relay of a type including an electromagnetic coil adapted to be connected to a control circuit and effect an opening or closing of at least two electrically conducting contactors in response to a transition signal from the control circuit, including electronic circuit means to detect arcing across the contactors, and to effect activation of a solid state current connection means providing a parallel current pathway to the electrical connectors when arcing is detected during such a selected period of time after activation.

Abstract: A relay control circuit is connected between a power source supplying an alternate current and a load to which the alternate current is supplied. The relay control circuit includes contacts for conducting/cutting off the alternate current supplied from the power source to the load. A first zero-crossing detection circuit is connected to the power source and generating a first zero-crossing signal to a control unit having a memory unit storing a time delay parameter. The control unit issues a control signal to energize a coil for actuating the contacts at a time point that leads the zero crossing point of the alternate current a time period equal to the time delay parameter whereby the contacts are actually actuated at a time point corresponding to the zero-crossing point. A second zero-crossing detection circuit is coupled to the load and generates a second zero-crossing signal.

Abstract: A method and arrangement for reducing stress in an electrical network. In the method and arrangement, an inrush current caused by a network component or part connected to the live electrical network is minimized, the network component or part being disconnected from and connected to the live electrical network by opening and closing a circuit breaker (3). The current of at least one phase (A, B, C) of the network component or part is measured, the breaking-off moment of the current is determined after the circuit breaker (3) is opened, the optimum closing moment (TOPTIMUM) of the circuit breaker (3) is determined on the basis of the breaking-off moment of the current, and the circuit breaker (3) is closed in such a manner that it closes at the optimum closing moment (TOPTIMUM).

Abstract: An electrical coil module of planar type manufactured by printed circuit techniques on a generally flat substrate (21) has a first layout (20) of conducing material constituting a first electrical conductor having an input terminal (23), arranged on one side of the substrate (21). A second layout (20′) of conducting material constituting a second electrical conductor having an output terminal (24), is arranged on the opposite side of the substrate. The first and second conductors are connected by an electrical connection (22) through the substrate (21), so that an electrical voltage connected between the input and output terminals of the coil module will drive a current from one terminal through the conductor on one side of the substrate via connection (22) through the substrate and the conductor on the other side of the substrate to the other terminal.

Abstract: This is a solid state electronic device for retrieving bits of data from the future to the present. It uses a circular chain of conductor arcs to cause the magnetic flux of current pulses to travel faster than light and thus in negative time. The negative time flux fields are next picked up by antennae of conductor which are connected to driver circuits to introduce a current pulse to the next arc.

Abstract: A DC arc-suppressor for network appliance power managers comprises an electromechanical relay that controls the flow of battery power to a network appliance by remote control. The relay includes electrical contacts that open to interrupt the flow of current in response to an off-command signal. A transistor is connected in shunt across the relay contacts to temporarily divert such flow of current. A timing circuit is connected to respond to the off-command signal by first turning on the shunt transistor, then open the relay contacts, then turn off the shunt transistor. Such shunt transistor is sized to carry the full rated power of the relay contacts, but only for the few milliseconds that are needed to allow the relay contacts to fully separate.

Abstract: An apparatus for a controlling an electric switching device (1) for alternating current arranged in a current path for opening the switching device and for breaking the current in the current path after occurrence of a fault current comprises members (15) adapted to detect the current in the current path and a unit (20) adapted to control the electric switching device to break the current in the current path directly after a half wave of the alternating current having a peak value below a predetermined current limit value, so that the breaking is completed through a zero-crossing of the alternating current terminating a said half wave.

Abstract: An apparatus (14) for detecting a zero crossing of an alternating current after occurrence of a fault in a current path (2) for determining a suitable time for opening an electric switching device (2) arranged in the current path for breaking the current in the current path comprises members (15) adapted to detect the current in the current path. An arrangement (19) is adapted to calculate the dc-level of the current and the decay of the dc-level with time on the basis of values of the alternating current detected and also predict the time for a future zero-crossing of the alternating current on the basis of at least current values obtained through said current detection, the dc-level calculated, the dc-decay calculated and information about the period time of the alternating current.

Abstract: An arc preventing circuit 12 is disposed between a DC/DC converter 6 and a battery (of 36 volts or 12 volts). In the arc preventing circuit 12, when the DC/DC converter 6 and the battery are to be connected to each other, the connection is performed via a circuit having a resistor R1, and then switched to that in which the connection is performed via a circuit not having the resistor R1. When the DC/DC converter 6 and the battery are to be disconnected from each other, the charging voltage of a capacitor C1 of the DC/DC converter 6 is discharged. According to the configuration, arc generation can be prevented from occurring during works of mounting and dismounting the DC/DC converter.

Abstract: This circuit-breaker has at least one arcing chamber which is filled with isolating gas, extends along a longitudinal axis (1), is designed to be essentially radially symmetrical, contains an arc area and has at least two power contact pieces. At least one of the power contact pieces is in the form of a moving or stationery tubular hollow contact (2), which is provided for dissipating hot gases from the arc area into a concentrically arranged exhaust body (10). A deflection device (4), which interacts with at least one opening (6) in the hollow contact (2), is arranged on the side of the hollow contact (2) facing away from the arc area, for the radial deflection of the hot gases into the exhaust volume (10), which is connected through at least one second opening (13) to an arcing chamber volume (14). The aim is to increase the disconnection rating of this circuit-breaker. This is achieved by providing at least one intermediate body (7) between the hollow contact (2) and the exhaust body (10).

Abstract: A circuit to suppress arc across contacts of a relay is provided, in which the relay is electrically coupled to a power supply and a load. The circuit includes an arc suppression circuit electrically coupled between the first and second contacts of the relay, and the arc suppression circuit includes a capacitor and a switch, both of which are electrically coupled to the first and second contacts of the relay, in which the switch is configured to turn on when the first and second contacts of the relay change state, thereby providing an alternate path for a current flow through the load.

Abstract: An arc suppression system is provided which includes a waveguide run for carrying microwave energy, a sensing device, such as a photodetector, for sensing an arc within the waveguide run, and a blowing device for blowing a gas, such as compressed air, into the waveguide run, in response to a sensed arc, to suppress the sensed arc.

Abstract: An embodiment of the invention is a DC power disconnect having a first mechanical switch for coupling a DC power module to a first rail of a DC bus and a second mechanical switch for coupling the DC power module to a second rail of the DC bus. A first solid-state switch couples the DC power module to the first rail of the DC bus and is positioned in parallel with the first mechanical switch. A second solid-state switch couples the DC power module to the second rail of the DC bus and is positioned in parallel with the second mechanical switch. A controller initiates closing the first solid-state switch and the second solid-state switch prior to changing state of the first mechanical switch and the second mechanical switch.

Abstract: The invention discloses an arc extinguishing aid with an externally powered magnetic blowout coil 3 for switching low currents in which the current direction in the externally powered magnetic blowout coil 3 is switched based on the detection of the current direction in the primary circuit of a DC power switch.

Abstract: Electrical receptacles configured to eliminate arc faults rather than merely detect such faults with attendant circuit disconnection, the invention contemplates low-cost, child-safe electrical receptacles useful in residential situations and which can be fitted within the confines of single gang enclosures. The safety receptacles of the invention can be used in all use situations including both residential and industrial applications to increase safe use of electrical receptacles in residential applications in particular and to decrease industrial liabilities. In essence, the safety receptacles of the invention prevent arcing during insertion of a plug into the receptacle, during residence of the plug in the receptacle and during removal of the plug from the receptacle with a substantial load to the receptacle.

Abstract: A relay is designed to be used in a circuit where the voltage levels are high in comparison to the spacing between the contacts when open. Contact closure arcing is suppressed by actuating a MOSFET that shorts the contacts together while they open. The same MOSFET can momentarily short the contacts together just before they first begin to close, allowing a test current to be passed through the MOSFET and through the terminals connecting to both relay contacts, to insure that arc suppression will be successful; and if this test fails, then the relay can be disabled by a switch in series with the relay coil to prevent arcing and a possible fire hazard. Relay deactuation can be sensed to trigger arc suppression, and relay actuation can be sensed to initiate fail-safe testing by a circuit that responds no matter which way the relay coil is connected into the external circuit that drives it.

Abstract: A relay control circuit is connected between a power source supplying an alternate current and a load to which the alternate current is supplied. The relay control circuit includes contacts for conducting/cutting off the alternate current supplied from the power source to the load. A first zero-crossing detection circuit is connected to the power source and generating a first zero-crossing signal to a control unit having a memory unit storing a time delay parameter. The control unit issues a control signal to energize a coil for actuating the contacts at a time point that leads the zero crossing point of the alternate current a time period equal to the time delay parameter whereby the contacts are actually actuated at a time point corresponding to the zero-crossing point. A second zero-crossing detection circuit is coupled to the load and generates a second zero-crossing signal.

Abstract: A vacuum arc interrupter bullet assembly that includes a piston body having a first side and a second side and a lance made from a conductive material having an elongated body with a first end and a second end. The lance first end is tapered to a point and the lance second end is coupled to the piston body second side. The piston body first side has a surface that is either concave or convex.