Abstract: A memorial comprising a three dimensional monument member having a configuration and first surface conforming to said configuration, an illuminating means, coupled to a first surface of said monument member, for illuminating said monument, said illuminating means including a plurality of light sources arranged on said first surface to substantially conform to said configuration. The memorial further includes power means, electrically coupled to said illumination means, for providing said electrical power, and control means, electrically coupled to said illumination means and said power means, for responsively coupling said electrical power to said illuminating means and wherein said plurality of light sources, when illuminated, radiate outward appearing as illuminating star-like light sources.

Abstract: A fixture for portable quartz floodlights in which a plurality of clips are secured to the periphery of the housing. A portion of each clip overlies the safety guard and lens to press the guard and lens into assembled relationship with a peripheral flange which extends around the housing. A handle is attached to the housing at the top center to facilitate transportation of the fixture.

Abstract: The underwater illumination apparatus for use in nuclear facilities has a high pressure sodium arc lamp sealed to a stainless steel base with a flexible, radiation-resistant seal to provide a watertight and shock-absorbing connection. A wet-mateable base connector is attached to the base to permit connection to a lower cable. A light-transmissive, impact-resistant cover is formed around the base and the arc lamp. The cover has holes through which water can flow in and out to conduct heat away from the arc lamp. The combination of the above elements creates a modular unit which is replaced as a whole when the arc lamp burns out. The lower cable which provides power to the arc lamp is attached at its other end to a ballast power supply which is hermetically sealed in a stainless steel housing. Wet mateable connectors are attached at the inlet and outlet of the ballast power supply to attach to the lower cable and to the upper cable connection to a 120 VAC source.

Abstract: A lamp and extension cord set comprising a removable extension cord reel and lamp set mounted onto a stable base frame platform and provided with at least two handlebars for carrying. The extension cord reel connects a lamp to a distant power supply and is provided with a curved stop bar as a safety feature and a handlebar for carrying the barrel. The lamp set contains the light source within a lamp head and a lamp cover. A power switch and a separate retractile power cord are attached to the lamp set for connection to a power supply with or without the extension cord reel. The lamp may be pivoted or rotated both horizontally and vertically with respect to the base frame to adjust the direction of the light from the lamp. The lamp assembly may also be removed from the base frame to provide an overhead light source if desired.

Abstract: A light projector is presented including a wireless power coupling mechanism and infra-red communications coupling mechanism which provide a portion of the projector with the capability of complete full-circle rotation about its pan-axis. A stationary base is provided which includes a first transmitter and receiver means for transmitting control signals to and receiving information signals from a second transmitter and receiver means on the rotating portion of the projector. A pan-axis shaft includes the second transmitter and receiver means for transmitting information signals to and receiving control signals from the transmitter-receiver means on the stationary base, and is operative to rotate the rotatable portion of the projector. The infra-red coupling mechanism and wireless power coupling mechanism eliminate the need for hard-wiring between the base and rotating portion of the projector, greatly facilitating continuous and efficient motion thereof.

Abstract: A lamp assembly has a first, second and third connections which mount a reflector body on a fixed support to enable independent adjustment of the reflector body relative to the support. Each of the first and second connections includes a screw threaded rod engaged with a boss carried by the support. A ball on the rod engages in a socket. The socket is provided in a separate member having a pair oppositely directed elliptical springs through which the socket is mounted on a respective boss integral with the body. The springs permit a degree of elastic deformation in a direction which is radial with respect to the axis about which the reflector body can be tilted by rotation of the associated rod.

Abstract: A flashlight holder clamp assembly having a mounting bracket which contains an elastomeric substantially spherical gripping member having a centrally disposed cylindrical channel therein for receiving a portion of the barrel of a small flashlight. The gripping member also defines a plurality of uniformly spaced longitudinal slots which communicated along their inner ends with the central channel so as to allow the gripping member to be uniformly constricted by the mounting bracket upon clamping the flashlight holder clamp assembly to a tubular member, such as a bicycle handlebar.

Abstract: A surgical lighting system provides remote control of surgical lights. The parameters (for example, illumination levels and beam direction) of the lights are remotely controlled, thereby eliminating the need for surgical personnel to manipulate the lights. The individual light instruments that are employed with the system are enclosed in the housing that isolates the instruments from the surgical suite, thereby avoiding contamination. A sequence of lighting parameters as required for a particular surgical procedure may be pre-recorded and played back by the processor that controls the light instrument parameters.

Abstract: There is disclosed a space lighting fitting for strip lighting such as fluorescent tubes comprising an extrusion comprising an open, reflector portion which houses lamp holder means for holding a lamp therein and a containment portion housing electrical components associated with the electricity supply to the lamp holder means.

Abstract: An improved tool caddy with adjustable light boom that is readily movable on a supporting surface and includes a central support member having trays for storing a plurality of tools, a plurality of caster wheels attached to one of the trays, an extension member associated with the support member in a telescoping relationship, a light boom pivotally connected to one end of the extension member, and an adjustable strut for changing and semi-permanently fixing the position of the light boom with respect to the extension member.

Abstract: A motor vehicle headlight comprising a light source, a reflector, a housing, and a front glass, and further comprising an indicator device for indicating the elevation direction of the reflector, the indicator device being of the type comprising a spirit level mounted on the reflector in a plane which is essentially vertical and parallel to the optical axis defined by the reflector, and being in a predetermined angular relationship with the optical axis. An opening is formed through a top wall of the housing. The spirit level is mounted on the reflector via a support member extending upwards towards the opening. The spirit level is situated outside the housing, at least in part.

Abstract: A lamp assembly includes a central holder attached to and disposed under the ceiling fan and having an electric wire passage, and several circumferentially equidistant illuminating units extending radially from the central holder. Each of the illuminating units includes a tubular connecting rod attached to the central holder, a rotary member connected rotatably to the connecting rod and capable of being locked on the connecting rod, a lamp equipped with an electric plug, and a reflection lamp shield connected removably to the rotary member and positioned over the lamp. The tubular connecting rod has a radial inner end fastened to and extending radially from the central holder, a central bore formed through the connecting rod in communication with the electric wire passage, and a radial outer end. The rotary member has a radial inner end connected rotatably to the radial outer end of the connecting rod, and a radial outer end equipped with an electric socket in which the electric plug is engaged.

Abstract: A vehicular headlamp in which the zero point adjustment axis can be freely set and the zero point adjustment can be achieved with ease. An inclination member with a light reflecting surface for setting the axis of irradiation of a lamp is supported by an aiming mechanism in such a manner that the inclination member is inclinable about both horizontal and vertical axes with respect to a reference member arranged behind the inclination member.

Abstract: An integrated combination of a headlamp section and a sidelamp section for a vehicle, with the sidelamp section being oriented and rotatable at a predetermined wrap-around side facing angle with respect to the forward lighting direction of the headlamp section. This angle may be typically on the order of 90.degree. so that the sidelamp provides good continuous wrap-around side lighting and good night vision for persons riding in the vehicle or exiting therefrom. The sidelamp section may be operated in response to the turning on and off of the dimmer bulb within the headlamp section or it may be operated independently of the operation of the dimmer bulb by the use of an OR gate logic circuit in combination with an electro-mechanical relay and switch. This circuit is operable for energizing and de-energizing the relay and switch in response to power applied to any one of a plurality of parallel connected inputs of the OR gate logic circuit.

Abstract: A display device includes: a crystal ball fixed on a base formed with plural concave and convex portions on a spherical surface of the crystal ball to respectively form plural concave lens and convex lens on the ball surface when filled with water in the ball, thereby producing magnified and contracted images for a decorative article mounted in the ball as viewed through the concave and convex portions for enhancing decorative interest.

Abstract: An automobile headlamp wherein a level for measuring the tilt of the illumination angle of the headlamp in the up/down direction is attached to a horizontally extending portion of a socket fixture attached in a bulb insertion hole of a tiltable reflector or lamp body so as to extend toward the back of the lamp. The conventionally required level-mounting space on the upper portion of the headlamp is therefor not required, and hence the height of lamp in the up/down direction can be reduced and the headlamp made thin.

Abstract: A headlight for vehicles in which a reflector (1) with an attached level (7) is adjustable about a horizontal axis within a stationary housing (2) includes a window-like opening arrangement as part of either a light shield for the housing, or the housing itself, with a transparent cover (5, 10) adjacent and above the level. The window-like opening arrangement can be part of a cap covering an opening into a rear-side wall of the housing and can include a magnifying glass.

Abstract: An optical system is provided for traffic signal devices. The optical system includes an illuminating source for emitting light; a prismatic reflector for receiving and reflecting the emitted light; and a lens for receiving and for redirecting the reflected emitted light. The illuminating source and the reflector are aligned along a first axis that is vertically inclined relative to a central horizontal axis of the traffic signal device in a range between approximately 2 degrees and 4 degrees. The reflector has a substantially parabolic contour and has a plurality of substantially vertical critical angle prisms formed on an outside surface of the reflector. The prism have included angles of greater than 90 degrees but less than or equal to 95 degrees, or included angles of greater than or equal to 85 degrees but less than 90 degrees.

Abstract: A lighting system for display cases wherein a tubular housing for a lamp or lamps is secured to a display case frame in an unobtrusive manner and is rotatably adjustable to optimally direct emitted light.

Abstract: An improved vehicle spotlight is mounted on the roof of a vehicle and is rotatively and pivotally adjustable by operation of a handle mounted within the vehicle passenger compartment. A slip ring connection is provided for access to the vehicle power supply in order to provide unlimited rotational freedom.

Abstract: A headlamp for a power vehicle comprises a reflector mountable in a chassis and turnable for adjusting its inclination, a water level provided on the reflector for controlling its inclination, the water level having adjusting marks and being displaceable relative to the reflector for reflector specific fine adjustment, a support insertable in the reflector and receiving the water level, the water level having an outer side and provided on the outer side with a cover glass forming a part of an outwardly curved spherical surface, the water level being turnable in the support for fine adjustment about a vertical axis.

Abstract: A motor vehicle headlamp provided with a leveling gauge for determining whether or not the angle of irradiation of the light beam emitted by the headlamp is properly oriented in upward and downward directions which permits easy adjustment of the angle of irradiation of the headlamp beam. In the case of a movable reflector type headlamp, the headlamp is provided with a leveling gauge for measuring the amount of inclination of the irradiating angle of the headlamp in the upward and downward directions having a casing mounted on the upper wall area of the reflector in the front part of the headlamp unit in such a manner as to permit observation thereof through the exterior wall of the headlamp lens.

Abstract: A lighting apparatus of the present invention comprises a lamp which is started and lighted by a ballast and a starter and which takes an illumination position controlled by remote operation, the ballast and the starter being received in a lamp casing in which the lamp is disposed. The light apparatus is therefore capable of preventing the occurrence of noise in various kinds of electronic instrument, which is caused by the high-frequency waves generated from the ballast and other devices, and rapidly returning to its original positions from any illumination positions with respect to the illumination direction, the illumination angle and so on.

Abstract: An emergency lighting system having a motor drive assembly (34) for the automatic lowering of a battery-powered emergency lamp (12), when normal power to a primary lighting system is lost, from a concealed position behind a ceiling (11), and returning the lamp (12) to its original position when normal power is restored. Included in the assembly (34) are gears including a motor driven gear (36) and a crank arm driving gear (38). The presence of a normal electric current to the primary lighting system powers the motor drive assembly (34) to return and maintain the emergency lighting system in its concealed position. Interruption of normal electric power automatically results in driving of the emergency power system from its concealed position to an extended position for use, as a result of crank driving gear (38) being rotated in a direction opposite that in which it is rotated for return of the emergency system to the normal concealed position.

Abstract: A self-balanced multiposition holder (10), particularly for a lamp (16) comprises a circular sector-like base (12) and an arm (14) attached to the base. At its end opposite to the lamp, the arm is attached to a counterweight (20), which in assembled state of the unit is hidden inside the base. The center of gravity of the entire unit is located at the center of the circle of the above-mentioned sector which forms the base, and the weight of the base, together with the counterweight is balanced by the weight of the arm with the lamp shade and lamp. Thus, when the holder is inclined at any position by rolling it on the circular bottom surface of the base, it remains at equilibrium in any position within its range of rotation.

Abstract: A desk lamp, which comprises a lamp holder having an unitary sleeve for the insertion therein of a first piece of wedge block to secure a journal therein by means of a doweled joint; a rod support having one end fastened in the journal and an opposite end fastened in a connector which is coupled with a second piece of wedge block through a doweled joint and fastened in a vertical sleeve of a lamp stand; and a control knob secured to the connector through a sleeve joint to control the positioning of the rod support on the lamp stand.

Abstract: A desk lamp, which comprises of a rod support connected to a stand through a spring, a toothed block and a swivel member to hold a lamp. The swivel member has a bottom projection set in an interrupted circular grooved on the top of the stand and confined to rotate within the range defined by the two stop edges of the two ends of the interrupted circular groove such that the lamp is confined to rotate horizontally within an angle less than 360.degree.. The engaged position of the toothed block with the swivel member can be changed so as to simultaneously adjust the angular position of the lamp and the rod support relative to the stand.

Abstract: A luminaire for fitting in a ceiling has a carrier frame with a rectangular slot in it which receives a reflector unit. The reflector unit carries lamps and is pivotably mounted to swing from its operatively longitudinal position, to a dependant position in which the lamps are accessable.

Abstract: A lighting equipment for an eyeglasses includes a fin attached to one side of a main frame of the eyeglasses. A clamping frame has a pair of retaining plates formed at one side and a pair of clamping plates formed at an other side. The fin is force-fitted within the retaining plates of the clamping frame. A housing has an open lateral end enclosable by the clamping frame. A bulb is force-fitted and laterally rotatable within the housing. The light beam emitted from the bulb is adjustable both in a vertical direction and in a lateral direction.

Abstract: This invention relates to a glass desk lamp having a lamp, a support and a base, the lamp including a plurality of rings and glass discs joined together by screws so as to form a transparent hood, two caps disposed on two ends of the transparent hood for receiving a bulb and a fixing stand. The support is a C-shaped member having an L-shaped connector at both of its ends for fixing the bulb, the base plates and glass discs and three connecting rods. The base plate has three notches formed for the passage of therethrogh of the connecting rods which are separated by with a distance therebetween, both ends of the connecting rods being provided with threads for engaging with bolts or nuts. The support extends between the upper connecting rods and the lower connecting rod and is disposed between the base plates to engage with nuts, thereby forcing the base plates to clamp the support tightly.

Abstract: A vehicular visor emergency lighting apparatus includes a pivotally mounted visor including a visor member pivotally mounted to an elongate axle wherein a visor frame work slidably receives colored panels corresponding to emergency vehicle colorations within opposed planar sides of the visor framework. Positioned between the colored panels are a series of strobe lights and a sequencing member to effect sequencing of the lights to flash between respective pairs of the colored panels defining the exterior surfaces of the visor. A covering is slidably received over the visor to protect the panels during periods of non-use.

Abstract: A flashlight holder and a mounted flashlight. The holder includes a support member having a pair of tracks and a pair of bases. The bases join and support the tracks. First and second followers are mounted on the respective tracks. The followers are selectively movable along the tracks. The flashlight holder includes a strap which has a first strap end and a second strap end. The first strap end is joined to the first follower. The strap is joined to the second follower between the strap ends. The strap, between the second follower and the second strap end, extends into the vicinity of the first follower. The strap is extendible between a first position, in which the strap loosely enwraps and defines an in which a flashlight can be loosely positioned and a second position, in which the strap tightly enwraps the body of the flashlight holding the flashlight in a desired position between the tracks and followers.

Abstract: A set of tire change lights for illuminating the tires of an automotive vehicle during a tire-changing operation comprises four lights, each of which is mounted near the wheel well above a different one of the vehicle's tires. Each light includes a light source, such as a light bulb, which may be mounted inside a reciprocable lamp housing or on the inner surface of a pivotable door, either of which enables the light to be moved from a concealed position within the body of the car to an external position suitable for illuminating a tire. The light source is electrically connected in series to the battery of the vehicle by means of a normally open control switch which closes to activate the light source when the light is in its external position and opens to deactivate the light source when the light is in its concealed position.

Abstract: A lamp fixture housing is mounted recessed in a ceiling. A slide member is positioned within the housing and slides within two vertical slots located in the housing wall. A lamp assembly is connected to the slide member. A lever arm is pivotally connected to the housing and passes through a central slot in the slide member. The lever arm holds the slide member and lamp assembly in the desired position.

Abstract: A servicepole assembly, particularly for a pole such as a lightpole which carries a light or display which needs periodic servicing or replacement of lights, for mounting on a stable foundation pad. The assembly includes a hinged pair of support members, one adjustably connected to the support pad and one connected to the lightpole; and the support members are releasably connected together, to provide either a stable support of the pole in erect condition or to permit the pole to be swung downwardly to provide convenient access for service or other maintenance.Other features include a 2-portion pole, splined for rotatability of the light unit's support arm, hollowness of the pole with the accommodation of wiring to be interior of the pole, a hinged door on the pole to accommodate access to the terminal block and the light's ballast unit, etc.

Abstract: A taillight assembly for use in a vehicle is provided with a movably mounted housing having a brake light and a viewing light. The housing is movably mounted so as to provide multiple orientations for the viewing light so that different areas may alternatively be illuminated. Also, a light module having a pair of light bulbs is releasably attached to the housing in such a way that either or both of the light bulbs may be replaced in a quick and easy manner without the use of tools.

Abstract: A headlight device for use in an automobile and of the type including a lamp body having a recess opening in the front direction, a lens covering the front end of the lamp body, a reflective mirror being formed of a synthetic resin material and tiltably supported between the lamp body and the lens, and a lamp supported on the reflective mirror. The reflective mirror is supported on the lamp body through one rotatable portion and two space adjusting portions. Each space adjusting portion consists of a nut member supported on the mirror and an adjusting rod rotatably supported on the lamp body and having a screw-thread portion for engaging screw-threadingly with the nut member. A bracket is formed on the reflective mirror integrally for supporting the nut member and has a recess in the front side thereof. And the front surface of a wall defining the front end of the recess acts as a part of the reflective mirror.

Abstract: A mount for photographic lighting equipment. The mount includes a mounting bracket and a support ring having a first axis that extends perpendicular to any given diameter of the ring. The support ring is carried by the mounting bracket, and the lighting equipment is connected to the support ring in such a way that not only is the lighting equipment rotatable relative to the mounting bracket about a second axis that extends essentially perpendicular to the first axis, but is also rotatable about the first axis.

Abstract: A light fixture mounts on a pair of support bars which are disposed directly below a shelf and extend transversely thereof so that the bar ends are supported on edge channels associated with the shelf. The light fixture has, on the ends of the fixture housing, mounting brackets for engaging the support bars. The mounting brackets are adjustable relative to the housing to vary the angular position of the light fixture.

Abstract: Fluorescent lighting apparatus utilizing a single elongated tubular light source replaces the multiple fluorescent tubular light sources of heretofore conventional or prior art fluorescent lighting apparatus. A very substantial part of the light output of the fluorescent tubular light source is reflected by improved silver reflectors having multiple elongated strip-like mirror surfaces. A compact, lightweight, simplified, less expensive and more efficient apparatus is disclosed wherein the improved reflector forms the principal part of the apparatus and is provided with a compact raceway longitudinally thereof functioning as a structural element and as a raceway for current carrying conductors in the apparatus. The ballast is relocated in the apparatus to contribute to the compact, economical, lightweight structure which is easily and efficiently positioned in suspended spaced relation to a ceiling for selective improved illumination of a desired area.

Abstract: A headlamp assembly having a spring plate member fastened through a pivot connection to the lamp body and formed with a pair of clip members and a pair of spring members for allowing the lamp body to be readily secured to a support panel of a motor vehicle and allow selective adjustment of the lamp body about a horizontal aim axis and a vertical aim axis.

Abstract: The reflector of the spotlight has two assembly lugs directly fitted thereto and connected to an intermediate assembly part which includes means for fixing to a support. Said intermediate assembly part and said lugs are shaped to ensure that two mutually perpendicular planes defined relative to said reflector coincide with corresponding ones of two mutually perpendicular planes defined relative to said intermediate assembly part, regardless of relative thermal expansions which may take place in the reflector and the intermediate part under normal conditions of use. Relative to the reflector said planes comprise a first plane including the optical axis and a second plane perpendicular to said first plane and parallel to the optical axis. Such an assembly reduces the effect of thermal expansion on the adjustment of the direction in which the optical axis points.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a support and adjustment mechanism for a headlamp mounted in a carrier panel of the body of a vehicle, there also being a fixed pivot point support also connecting the headlamp with the panel. The mechanism comprises a support bracket adapted to be secured to the carrier panel, the bracket having an angle lever pivotably mounted on it. The lever has one end threadedly coupled to a generally vertical shaft, and its other end pivotably coupled to a generally horizontal shaft, the pivotable connection to the bracket being between the two ends of the lever. The vertical shaft is connected to the support bracket such that it may be rotated but is restrained against axial movement, whereby rotation of the vertical shaft results in pivotal movement of the lever and horizontal movement of the horizontal shaft. A guide is mounted on the bracket and resiliently engages the horizontal shaft for reducing vibrations.

Abstract: An adjustable fixture for holding a lamp of the type having a generally annular rim, such as a sealed-beam lamp, includes a lampholder having front and rear generally parallel, spaced generally U-shaped members. The lampholder includes a base section adapted to engage the lamp proximate the rim and a pair of generally straight sections. Spring clips are preferably positioned on the straight sections of at least one of the U-shaped members for biasing the lamp toward the base sections of the U-shaped member. An elongated bridging member extends between the straight sections of the U-shaped members for interconnecting the straight sections. At least one end of the bridging member having a generally flat surface. A support arm member having a surface adapted for engagement with the generally flat surface of the bridging member is removably secured to the bridging arm member. The support arm member is also adapted to be secured to a fixed structure utilizing a fixture mount.

Abstract: A line projector (10) embodying the concepts of the present invention is employed to project a vane of light onto a work surface (16). The line projector is contained within a housing (12) that is mounted, as on the truss arrangement (13), in spaced relation from the work surface (16). The structure by which the housing (12) is supported may include a fixed connector assembly (52) or an adjustably movable carriage connector (70) by which to effect in gross movement of the line projector (10) along the supporting truss (13). A lamp (100) having a linear filament (122) is mounted within the housing (12), and it is the image of the filament (122) that is projected as the vane of light onto the work surface (16). A particularly unique pedestal arrangement (140) is employed demountably to support the lamp (100) as well as selectively to translate and/or skew the lamp relative to the housing (12).

Abstract: A spotlight is described which is equipped with a power supply circuit wherein the power supply circuit is constructed as a group of components arranged in a ring-like housing which surrounds the jacket which accommodates the reflector. The ring-like housing is clampingly held by, and spaced apart from, the central part which is made of metal. Moreover, the overall arrangement is pivotable about the carrier tube through the which the feedlines pass.

Abstract: A motor vehicle lighting assembly capable of functioning as one-half of the total forward lighting system for a motor vehicle. The assembly includes a common holder member designed for being aligned within the motor vehicle and a plurality (e.g., four or five) of replaceable, sealed lighting modules to provide the necessary illumination. Each module includes a plastic reflector, a low wattage tungsten halogen capsule, and a glass or plastic lens for providing a seal for the module. Each module is readily aligned within a respective compartment of the common holder member and is retained by at least one wireform.

Abstract: A resilient mounting mechanism for suspending vehicle tail lights from a vehicle comprises a transverse mounting bracket in which the vehicle tail lights are mounted and a resilient suspension mechanism for suspending the mounting bracket from the vehicle for deflection in a forward, backward, or either sideways direction when the mounting bracket encounters an obstruction. The mounting bracket preferably comprises a mounting plate having raised edges around the periphery thereof that protect the vehicle tail lights from striking an obstruction. The resilient suspension mechanism comprises one or more spring members attaching the mounting plate to the vehicle. The spring member holds the mounting bracket in a substantially stable position during normal conditions but permits deflection when the mounting plate strikes an obstruction. In one embodiment, an elastic damper covers the spring member to further restrict vibration of the mounting bracket and enhances the stability of the tail light assembly.

Abstract: A hand-held illumination device includes a body adapted to contain a battery and a head portion containing a light bulb and being rotatable relative to the body about two orthogonal axes. A connector member is mounted on the body for rotation relative thereto about a first axis, and has hook members slidingly engaging slots on a spherical portion of the head portion to permit rotation of the head portion about a second axis orthogonal to the first axis.

Abstract: A luminaire especially adapted for outdoor use wherein the cover member is pivotally connected to the housing to permit ready access to the luminaire's internal parts (e.g., lamp and ballast components). Located within the cover is a lens which is held in position by a compressible gasket. The gasket is compressed against an internally located mounting plate to provide a seal as well as assist in retaining the lens in position. The preferred light source is a high intensity discharge (HID) lamp (e.g., high pressure sodium).