Abstract: A method for manufacturing an organic electroluminescent display device (OLED), wherein an arrangement of layers is applied to a substrate such that first conductors extend in a first direction as well as in a second direction, while between intersections of the conductors an organic electroluminescent connection has been provided which, under the influence of an electric tension, emits light. The substrate is manufactured from plastic and is provided with a surface structure which forms a boundary for at least a number of the layers to be applied. Also provided is a substrate intended for use in a method for manufacturing an organic electroluminescent display device, wherein the substrate has been manufactured from plastic and is provided with a surface structure which forms a boundary for at least a number of the layers to be applied. Further provided is an organic electroluminescent display device obtained with the method.

Abstract: A nonimaging light assembly for flashlights, including a light source and a lens symmetrical about an optical axis for receiving light from the light source and producing therefrom a light beam having concentrated and divergent components resulting in a high intensity core beam surrounded by a smoothly transitioning lower intensity surround beam. In a preferred embodiment utilizing a light emitting diode as the light source, the combined light beam produced by the light assembly has a substantially circular cross section.

Abstract: A projector includes: a light emitter; a light modulator modulating light from the light emitter; and a projector projecting the image from the light modulator. The light emitter includes a light emitting element and an optical member. The light emitting element is a super luminescent diode having an active layer constituting first and second gain regions sandwiched between first and second cladding layers. The first gain region is tilted in a clockwise direction relative a perpendicular of a first surface of the stacked structure. The second gain region is tilted in a counterclockwise direction relative to a perpendicular of the first surface. As such, the optical member refracts the light respectively emitted from the end surfaces of the first and second gain regions on the second surface side to thereby emit light beams in the same direction.

Abstract: Apparatus, for illuminating a feature on a transparent light transmitting substrate or window, including an optical arrangement secured to one of the surfaces of the substrate for directing light into the substrate at an incident angle selected for propagation of light via total internal reflection (TIR) along the substrate. The optical arrangement has a rotationally symmetrical optic for surrounding a light source, a planar output surface, and an input surface divided into at least one curved zone bounded by a surface discontinuity, and at least one coupling material, with a refractive index greater than air, to optically and physically couple the output surface to the substrate.

Abstract: The invention provides a light-extraction element, comprising a light-diffusion layer which including a resin; a first particle with a single refractive index; and a second particle with two different refractive indices, wherein the second particle is a hollow particle or a core-shell particle, wherein the refractive index of the core is different from that of the shell. The invention also provides a light-emitting device, including a pair of electrodes composed of an anode and a cathode; an organic light-emitting unit disposed between the pair of electrodes, wherein the organic light-emitting unit includes a light-emitting layer; and a light-extraction element which is disposed on a light-emitting surface of the light-emitting device.

Abstract: A lens for distribution of light from a light emitter having an emitter axis. The lens includes an inner surface defining an inner cavity and including a substantially cross-sectionally convex inner region along an open end of the inner cavity and a substantially cross-sectionally linear inner region joining the substantially cross-sectionally convex inner region and extending therefrom toward the emitter axis. The convex region is configured for refracting emitter light rays toward the emitter axis. The lens further includes an outer surface receiving the light from each of the inner regions. A lens flange surrounds the lens and has an outer flange surface extending radially outwardly from the lens outer surface at positions axially spaced from the light emitter. The convex inner region is configured to refract emitter light to the outer surface such that the outer flange surface is substantially free from receiving any emitter light.

Abstract: Disclosed is an all-angle light emitting element having high heat dissipating efficiency. The all-angle light emitting element has a transparent substrate, at least one light emitting chip, at least one heat dissipating rib and thermal glue. The transparent substrate has a chip fixing area with an area A. The heat dissipating rib is attached onto the transparent substrate, and the heat dissipating rib has a heat dissipating section and a heat source contact section, and the heat source contact section has an area B, and 3%?B/A?26%. The heat dissipating section and the heat source contact section of the heat dissipating rib can effectively conduct the heat generated by an optical chip and provide a 360-degree all-angle light emission.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a backlight device. The device includes: a light emitting element; a lens having an incident surface on which light emitted by the light emitting element is incident, and an outgoing surface which has an ability to converge the light and from which the light incident on the incident surface goes out; a light guide plate having a light incidence plane and introducing through the incidence plane the light going out from the outgoing surface, so as to perform surface light emission; and a reflective member operative to reflect a portion of the light going out from the outgoing surface of the lens, toward the incidence plane of the light guide plate.

Abstract: A lens diffusing light emitted from a light source includes a concave light-incident surface, a light guide portion, and a light-emitting surface. The light-incident surface includes a plane portion opposed to the light source and an optical function portion that is formed on the plane portion and one of scatters and diffuses the light. The light emitted from the light source enters the light-incident surface. The light that has entered the light-incident surface passes through the light guide portion. The light-emitting surface emits the light passed through the light guide portion.

Abstract: An optical lens for lighting fixture includes a body, which comprises a bottom surface and a light-exit surface at opposing bottom and top sides thereof, an elongated groove formed in the bottom surface, a light incident surface, a first intersection line and a second intersection line respectively connected between the two ends of the elongated groove and the bottom surface, a first line segment and a second line segment respectively connected between the light incident surface and the bottom surface, a first virtual line defined between the two ends of the first line segment, a first distance that is the shortest distance between the two ends of the first intersection line, and a SAGi that is the shortest distance between any point at the first line segment and the first virtual line and satisfies the equation: 0?|SAGi/first distance|×100?2.8.

Abstract: An improved flashlight is disclosed which includes an a power supply a light source and a lens projection system, wherein the lens projection system including a collecting lens, a negative lens, and a collimating lens such that the illuminance of an area illuminated by a beam projected by the improved flash light is homogeneous throughout the whole of the illuminated area.

Abstract: A LED light bulb (10, 110, 210) having at least one LED (30a-d, 230). Light output from the LED is directed toward an offset scattering optics structure (50, 150, 250) that intersects and scatters the light output. The LED may optionally be paired with a narrow beam optical piece (32a-d, 132a-d, 232) to focus and direct the light output of the LED toward the scattering optics structure. A mounting structure (40, 140, 240a, 240b) may support the scattering optics structure and offset the scattering optics structure from the LED.

Abstract: An exemplary lens for diffusing light from an LED to a diffusion plate of an LCD module, includes a light-refraction portion and a plurality of legs extending from the light-refraction portion. The light-refraction portion includes a light-incident face facing the LED and a light-emergent face opposite to the light-incident face and facing the diffusion plate. The light-incident face defines a plurality of dots therein. Each dot is a depression and has an inner face concaved from the light-incident face.

Abstract: An optical element includes a phosphor layer containing a phosphor which is excited by light of a first wavelength and radiates light of a second wavelength different from the first wavelength, a first optical member provided on a first surface of the phosphor layer and configured to concentrate light in the phosphor layer, and a second optical member provided on the first surface of the phosphor layer or the same side to which the first surface faces, or on a second surface opposite to the first surface, and configured to convert light radiated from the phosphor layer into parallel light.

Abstract: A LED lens assembly comprises a longitudinal rotationally symmetric inner surface contact to at least one LED and a longitudinal rotationally symmetric exterior surface exposure to the air. The half of the longitudinal cross section of the exterior surface constitutes at least three sections. One primary section bounds part of light by longitudinal total internal reflection, one secondary section reflects part of light by transverse total internal reflection and one tertiary section spreads light accordingly. The shape of each section includes straight or curved lines. The surface of each section includes micro structure of a smooth surface, a diffusive surface, a grating surface, a grooving surface, a surface of random gratings, an irregular grooving surface, a random scattering surface, or a surface of photonics crystal. The LED lens assembly further comprises one concave lens on top of the exterior surface.

Abstract: A lighting device, in particular in the form of a ceiling, wall, floor or outside light, having a punctiform light source, preferably in the form of an LED, and a lens assigned to the light source, which has a light entry recess in the form of a bowl or blind hole, which deflects at least part of the incident light, indirectly or directly, onto a totally reflecting and/or mirrored lateral surface, which in turn deflects the light onto a light exit surface, which forms a front side of the lens located opposite the light entry recess. The lateral surface of the lens, which deflects the light coming directly or indirectly from the light entry surface onto the light exit surface by means of total reflection and/or mirroring, is provided with a multiplicity of facets.

Abstract: A light redirecting film (100) includes a first major surface (110) that includes first microstructures (150) that extend along a first direction and a second major surface (120), which may form part of a matte layer, the second major surface being opposite to the first major surface and including second microstructures (160). The second major surface has an optical haze that is not greater than about 3% and an optical clarity that is not greater than about 85%. The light redirecting film has an average effective transmission that is not less than about 1.75. The light redirecting film (100) may comprise particles. The second microstructures may have a slope distribution.

Abstract: A light modifier for an LED producing light about a central axis can reduce the appearance of a bright spot created by the LED. The light modifier comprises a lens defining an indentation at its outer surface, with the indentation having an angled side wall and an outer edge joining the side wall to the outer surface. The side wall is spaced from the LED and angled relative to the central axis such that light produced by the LED and striking the side wall is at least substantially internally reflected to pass through a light transmitting portion of the outer surface directly bordering the outer edge, forming a line of light around the indentation.

Abstract: Disclosed are an optical member and a display device including the same. The optical member includes a receiving member; a host in the receiving member; and a plurality of wavelength conversion particles distributed in the host. The receiving member includes a light incident part having a first refractive index; and a light exit part having a second refractive index different from the first refractive index. The optical member improves the optical characteristics by adjusting the refractive indexes of the light incident part and the light exit part.

Abstract: A multi-functional illuminator comprising a directional illuminator and a removably attachable optic. The directional illuminator is typified by a flashlight projecting light forward to illuminate an object in front of the flashlight. The present invention discloses an optic removably attached to the directional illuminator intersecting and redistributing the light emitted by the directional illuminator to provide illumination satisfactory for tasks not achievable with the directional light beam. The optic employs reflection, refracting and/or diffusing optics to efficiently redirect the light. The optic can be designed so that the redirected light is distributed throughout the hemisphere, concentrated about a plane perpendicular to the axis of the directed light beam or to effect any one of a plurality of possible illumination patterns. If the directional illuminator comprises a covert design minimizing its lateral visibility, the optic can change this characteristic making it highly laterally visible.

Abstract: A handheld power tool includes a housing, a display device mounted on the housing, at least one light source mounted in the housing, and an integral, light transmissive lens member. The lens member includes a cover portion covering the display device to protect the display device from the environment, and a light pipe portion positioned and configured to transmit light emitted from the at least one light source to a location on the handheld power tool visible exteriorly of the housing.

Abstract: Light flux controlling member (100) includes emission surface (110) that includes emission concave portion (111) formed so as to intersect with optical axis (LA) of light emitting element (210), incidence surface (120) that constitutes an inner surface of incidence concave portion (121) formed on the opposite side of emission concave portion (111), and back surface (130) that extends in a direction perpendicular to optical axis (LA) from an opening edge portion of incidence concave portion (121). A cross section of at least one of emission surface (110) and incidence surface (120) which is perpendicular to optical axis (LA) has an elliptical shape.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention generally provide an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactor having a substrate RF bias that is capable of control of the RF phase difference between the ICP source (a first RF source) and the substrate bias (a second RF source) for plasma processing reactors used in the semiconductor industry. Control of the RF phase difference provides a powerful knob for fine process tuning. For example, control of the RF phase difference may be used to control one or more of average etch rate, etch rate uniformity, etch rate skew, critical dimension (CD) uniformity, and CD skew, CD range, self DC bias control, and chamber matching.

Abstract: A lighting device includes a base, a light emitting component operable to generate light, and a light control component cooperating with the base to enclose the light emitting component. The light control component includes a light transmissive body that has a datum point, a main axis passing through the datum point, a light incident surface that is axis symmetrical relative to the main axis, and a light exit surface that is axis symmetrical relative to the main axis. The light incident surface includes a plurality of annular incident surface portions that form a Fresnel lens configuration and that are concentric with respect to the main axis.

Abstract: In a light beam controlling member, a projecting section has a third surface between a first surface (incident surface) and a second surface (total reflection surface). The third surface is formed into an angled surface that is angled in relation to an optical axis, of which one end section joined with the first surface is positioned further to a light source side than another end section joined with the second surface. The overall light that has entered the third surface of each of a plurality of projecting sections is refracted by the third surface towards an exit surface side with positive power.

Abstract: Side emitting glass elements are provided that include a plurality of light guiding elements, which are inseparably connected to one another at their outer circumferential surfaces, and at least one scattering element. The scattering element is inseparably connected to the outer circumferential surface of at least one light guiding element. The light guiding elements have at least one glass with a refractive index n1, wherein the individual light guiding elements are not enclosed by a cladding. A phase boundary is present between the light guiding elements through which the guided light can pass and to reach the scattering element.

Abstract: An illuminating optical lens article of manufacture for use with a light emitting diode (LED) mounted on a circuit board has (a) a base portion defining a rim on a plane having a bottom surface around a longitudinal axis for mounting over the LED; (b) an integral refractive outer surface of the lens extending towards the longitudinal axis from the base; (c) an integral refractive inner surface of the lens extending from the base forming a cavity shaped and sized to receive an LED; and optionally (d) a plurality of grooved sections for receiving an adhesive formed on the bottom surface of the base portion. The base is adapted to be mounted on the circuit board onto which the LED is mounted. The integral refractive outer and inner surfaces each define a predetermined geometry adapted to direct and focus light emitting from the LED to a predetermined path.

Abstract: Provided is a substrate for an organic light emitting diode including a base substrate, a high refractive scattering layer formed on the base substrate, and having a scattering particle scattering light in a high refractive material, and an adhesive layer formed between the base substrate and the high refractive scattering layer to laminate the base substrate with the high refractive scattering layer, wherein the high refractive scattering layer has a structure in which the scattering particle is immersed in the high refractive material, an average thickness of the high refractive scattering layer is smaller than an average diameter of the scattering particle, a surface of the high refractive scattering layer laminated with the base substrate by the adhesive layer has unevenness formed by the scattering particle, the opposite surface of the high refractive scattering layer laminated with the base substrate by the adhesive layer has a planarized surface, and a method for manufacturing the same.

Abstract: A single piece light guide is disclosed herein. The single piece light guide may include a light rod and a lens. The single piece light guide may be formed using injection molding. The light guide may have one or more regions between the light rod and the lens. A housing may be provided for the light guide. The housing may have an opening that physically supports the light rod. Therefore, the light rod may be secured into place, which may prevent misalignment during use. The one or more regions between the light rod and the lens may assist in assembling and holding the light guide in the housing.

Abstract: A mounting assembly for a lighting fixture includes a fixture shield and an optic housing coupled at least in part to the fixture shield and having a light-emitting surface. The assembly further includes a heat sink movably coupled to the fixture shield in an initial low position, the heat sink being self-adjusting to one or more high positions relative to the fixture shield in direct response to displacement caused by one or more objects contained within the optic housing.

Abstract: Optical component for illumination purposes, wherein the optical component comprises a monolithic body of transparent material, the monolithic body including a first light entry face, a first optically operative light exit face, a second optically operative light entry, and a second optically operative light exit face.

Abstract: A modular troffer-style lighting fixture. The fixture is particularly well-suited for use with solid state light sources, such as LEDs. Embodiments comprise a pan structure designed to house one or more modular light engine units within a central opening. Each light engine unit includes a reflective cup that can house several light sources on an interior mount surface. The cup is positioned proximate to a back reflector such that its open end faces a portion of the back reflector. The back reflector is shaped to define an interior chamber where light can be mixed and redirected. At least one elongated leg extends away from the reflective cup toward an edge of said back reflector. The leg(s) are used to mount the reflective cup relative to the back reflector and may also be used as a heat sink and/or an additional mount surface for light sources.

Abstract: A projector includes: a light emitter; a light modulator modulating light from the light emitter; and a projector projecting the image from the light modulator. The light emitter includes a light emitting element and an optical member. The light emitting element is a super luminescent diode having an active layer constituting first and second gain regions sandwiched between first and second cladding layers. The first gain region is tilted in a clockwise direction relative a perpendicular of a first surface of the stacked structure. The second gain region is tilted in a counterclockwise direction relative to a perpendicular of the first surface. As such, the optical member refracts the light respectively emitted from the end surfaces of the first and second gain regions on the second surface side to thereby emit light beams in the same direction.

Abstract: A cone-shaped lens is integrally formed with a lateral member using a common material. The cone-shaped lens has a light-output surface having a corresponding area while the aforementioned member has an exterior same-side surface area that extends beyond the light-output surface by an amount that is at least four times the corresponding area of the cone-shaped lens's light-output surface.

Abstract: Embodiments of silicon-based thermal energy transfer apparatus for gain medium crystal of a laser system are provided. For a disk-shaped crystal, the apparatus includes a silicon-based manifold and a silicon-based cover element. For a rectangular cuboid-shaped gain medium crystal, the apparatus includes a first silicon-based manifold, a second silicon-based manifold, and first and second conduit elements coupled between the first and second manifolds. For a right circular cylinder-shaped gain medium crystal, the apparatus includes a first silicon-based manifold, a second silicon-based manifold, and first and second conduit elements coupled between the first and second manifolds.

Abstract: The present invention relates light forming means for modifying a light beam. The light forming means comprises a number of annular gobo segments arranged partially around the center of the light forming means and each of the annular gobo segments has an angular extent allowing the light beam to be enclosed by the annular gobo segment. The light forming means comprises also an annular animation segment forming an annular segment of the light forming means, wherein the angular extent of the animation segment is at least twice as big as the annular extent of at least one of the annular gobo segments. The present invention relates also to a light effect system and illumination device comprising such light forming means.

Abstract: The light-emitting apparatus includes: a first light-emitting source which emits light of a first chromaticity from a first light-emitting surface; a second light-emitting source which has a second light-emitting surface provided adjacently to the first light-emitting surface and which emits light of a second chromaticity different from the first chromaticity, from the second light-emitting surface; and a lens member having a light-entering surface which is arranged facing the first light-emitting surface and the second light-emitting surface and on which depressions and projections that mix light entering from the first light-emitting source and the second light-emitting source are formed, and a light-exiting surface which radiates light from the first light-emitting source and the second light-emitting source that has entered from the light-entering surface.

Abstract: A light emitting device, method and lens, the device comprising an LED emitting a beam of light and a transparent light conditioning lens concentric with the beam of light and through which the beam of light travels. The lens comprises a light concentrating part and a light diffusing part. The concentrating part concentrates a first portion of the light to form a first beam of light having a narrow angle of dispersion, preferably of less than about 10 degrees and the light diffusing part diffuses a second portion of the light to form a second beam of light concentric with the first beam and having a wide angle of dispersion greater than the narrow angle of dispersion, preferably greater than about 70 degrees. An intensity of the first beam is greater than an intensity of the second beam.

Abstract: A transparent sheet usable in the state where one of surfaces thereof is adjacent to a light emitting body, wherein the other surface of the sheet is divided into a plurality of tiny areas ? having such a size that a maximum circle among circles inscribed thereto has a diameter of 0.5 ?m or greater and 3 ?m or less with no gap; the tiny areas ? include a plurality of tiny areas ?1 randomly selected from the plurality of tiny areas ?, and the remaining plurality of tiny areas ?2; the tiny areas ?1 each include an area ?1a along a border with the corresponding tiny area ?2, and the remaining area ?1b; the tiny areas ?2 each include an area ?2a along a border with the corresponding tiny area ?1, and the remaining area ?2b; the height of the tiny areas ?1b is d/2; the height of the tiny areas ?1a is between zero to d/2; the depth of the tiny areas ?2a is d/2; the depth of the tiny areas ?2b is between zero to d/2; and d is in the range of 0.2 ?m or greater and 3.0 ?m or less.

Abstract: A solid state light having a solid state light source such as LEDs, an optical guide, and a thermal guide. The optical guide is coupled to the light source for receiving and distributing light from the light source, and the thermal guide is integrated with the optical guide for providing thermal conduction from the solid state light source and dissipating heat through convection and radiation for cooling the light. The optical guide can be tapered to enhance the efficiency of light distribution. The thermal guide can have an external shell connected with internal fins, and the external shell can have a reflective coating to provide for a back reflector behind the optical guide.

Abstract: A light source using a wavelength conversion member is increased in brightness. A wavelength conversion element 11 includes a plurality of wavelength conversion members 12 bundled together, each containing a dispersion medium and phosphor powder dispersed in the dispersion medium.

Abstract: A lens member includes at least one of the annular prisms including a facet at an edge between an inner annular surface and an outer surface of the at least one of the annular prisms. The prisms with facets may be provided at a central portion of the lens member and the facets are configured to refract light toward a light-exit side of the lens member.

Abstract: The invention provides an illumination device (1) comprising a lighting unit (2). The lighting unit (2) comprises a light source (100) and a substantially flat collimator (200), arranged to collimate light source light (111). The collimator (200) has an entrance window (210), an edge window (220), a top collimator surface (201), a bottom collimator surface (202), a first collimating side edge (230) and a second collimating side edge (240). The lighting unit has an optical axis (O). One or more of the top collimator surface (201), the bottom collimator surface (202), the first collimating side edge (230) and the second collimating side edge (240) comprise n*½ grooves (300), wherein n is a positive integer number, and wherein the grooves (300) independently have a longitudinal axis (301) having a groove direction angle (?) with the optical axis (O) ?0° and & and <90°.

Abstract: A beam shaper according to an embodiment of the present invention for a light source arrangement for generating a radiation profile includes a multitude of adjacently arranged optical beam-shaping elements, each belonging to one type of a plurality of different types with different optical characteristics. When illuminated together, the beam-shaping elements effect the radiation profile of the beam shaper and each include an intensity-modulating element and a refractive element.

Abstract: A lens structure for mobile phone flashlight is provided, to improve luminance of edge area and overall luminance. The lens structure includes a lens body. The lens body includes an incident surface and a light-emitting surface, and the incident surface is a Fresnel lens. Edge area of the light-emitting surface is partially disposed symmetrically with at least a pair of second surfaces, and remaining area forms a first surface. The edges of the second surfaces tilt towards direction of the incident surface so that the first surface forms an angle with the second surfaces. As such, the lens structure is able to refract light to project in near rectangular area onto a target object when taking picture.

Abstract: The present invention provides a light extraction film including a micro-lens array film and at least one optical film. The micro-lens array film has a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other, and has a plurality of micro-lenses disposed on the first surface. The optical film covers the first surface, and the optical film includes a plurality of optical particles and a thin film layer. The optical particles are disposed in the thin film layer.

Abstract: A luminaire includes an LED based illumination device with a light emitting area and an optical element that is configured to produce a hybrid emission pattern with a spot beam emitted within a predetermined far field angle and a background level spherical emission pattern. The optical element, for example, may be configured with an input port and an output port, and a perimeter that increases in size from the input port to a maximum perimeter and decreases from the maximum perimeter to the output port. The optical element receives an amount of light from the LED based illumination device at the input port, emits a first portion of the light from a curved, semitransparent sidewall, and emits a second portion of the light at the output port, wherein the emission area of the output port is less than a maximum perimeter of the optical element.

Abstract: A light guide lens includes a front light-exit surface, a rear end surface formed with a recess, and an outer surrounding surface. The front light-exit surface is a convex surface disposed at an optical axis (Z). The rear end surface includes a curved surface portion that defines an innermost end of the recess, and that is a convex surface. The rear end surface further includes an inner surrounding surface portion that extends rearward from a periphery of the curved surface portion. The outer surrounding surface diverges forwardly along the optical axis (Z), and includes a first curved surface part and a second curved surface part. The first and second curved surface parts are disposed on opposite sides of an imaginary plane on which the optical axis (Z) is disposed, and are asymmetrical relative to each other with respect to the imaginary plane.

Abstract: A light assembly for a hand-held medical diagnostic instrument. The light assembly includes a substrate having a top surface and a bottom surface, a light source mounted to the top surface, and the bottom surface having first and second electrical terminals. The light assembly further includes a circuit board disposed inclined to the substrate, the circuit board having first and second electrical terminals, a first connector mounting and electrically connecting the first electrical terminal of the substrate to the first electrical terminal of the circuit board, a second connector mounting and electrically connecting the second electrical terminal of the substrate to the second electrical terminal of the circuit board, a heat sink, and a thermal conductor thermally connecting at least one of the first and second electrical terminals of the substrate to the heat sink.

Abstract: A vehicle light assembly includes an array of light sources mounted in a generally planar base. An optical element includes a first surface having a first optical design and a second surface having second optical design. The second optical design includes a wedge having a first wedge wall and a second wedge wall that converges with the first wedge wall. The second wedge wall extends at an angle to the first wedge wall. A bezel surrounds the base and the optical element, and an outer lens is positioned adjacent the outside surface of the optical element. The optical element is between the base and the outer lens, and the outer lens has an inner surface including an optical design.