Abstract: According to one embodiment, disclosed are a DC-DC converter for preventing the unnecessary consumption of a battery in a solar power-linked energy storage system, and a control method thereof. Particularly, a sensing switch is controlled according to a current mode, and thus unnecessary power consumption can be prevented. In addition, a method for operating a circuit breaker, related thereto, is disclosed.

Abstract: A semiconductor module arrangement includes a housing, a first semiconductor substrate arranged inside the housing, a second semiconductor substrate arranged inside the housing, a first plurality of controllable semiconductor elements, and a second plurality of controllable semiconductor elements. During operation of the semiconductor module arrangement, each controllable semiconductor element of the first plurality of controllable semiconductor elements generates switching losses and conduction losses, the switching losses being greater than the conduction losses. Further during operation of the semiconductor module arrangement, each controllable semiconductor element of the second plurality of controllable semiconductor elements generates switching losses and conduction losses, the conduction losses being greater than the switching losses.

Abstract: A DC bus is connected to a PV array, a battery or both, to power a grid connected inverter load on the bus. A system and method is described for controlling current flow on a DC bus regardless of the type of inverter. A converter receives a DC battery voltage. A switching module controls current flow through the converter. A current generator generates a reference current in response to a reference voltage. A comparator connected at the output of the current generator compares the reference current with a battery current and outputs a signal to a controller. The controller generates a reference value. A PWM generator modulates the switch module to control current flow and energy flow between the DC bus and the battery. The current from the DC bus to the inverter is controlled to allow proper grid-connected operation regardless of inverter type.

Abstract: In a half-bridge module for an inverter, semiconductor switches and signal and power connections are arranged on a first surface of a substrate and coated with a casting compound, and external connection contacts for the signal and power connections extend through the casting compound to the exterior. In various embodiments, the external connection contacts extend from the casting compound from four second surfaces that are orthogonal to the first surface, and have a first right angle bend outside the casting compound, such that the ends of the external connection contacts are perpendicular to the first surface. The invention also relates to a corresponding inverter.

Abstract: A switching power supply device includes a power conversion circuit that is provided at a multilayer printed board and includes a plurality of switching circuits and a controller controlling the switching circuits, windings configuring an inductor at the multilayer printed board, and a magnetic sheet on one or both of upper and lower faces of the multilayer printed board. First ends of the windings are connected to the switching circuits, and second ends of the windings are connected to a common output. The controller controls the plurality of switching circuits to periodically vary a position and a time at which magnetic flux generated by current flowing to the windings reaches the maximum magnetic flux density. Thus, the switching power supply device is thin, achieves dispersion of heat generation, handles variations in the magnitude of electric power by varying the area of the board, and effectively reduces unwanted radiation.

Abstract: A power control unit includes a power device, a heat dissipation member disposed to face the power device with an insulating resin member interposed therebetween, and a plurality of plate-shaped bus bars each of which has one end connected to the power device, in which a plurality of input bus bars connected to an input terminal of the power device are provided as the bus bar, and at least one of the plurality of input bus bars is erected so that a direction along a plate width is aligned with a direction along a normal line of a surface of the heat dissipation member facing the power device, and is disposed with respect to the heat dissipation member with the insulating resin member interposed therebetween.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes: a first circuit including semiconductor switching elements connected in parallel, each semiconductor switching element having a first electrode, a second electrode, and a third electrode and being configured to be controlled, according to a voltage between the first electrode and the third electrode, to attain conduction or non-conduction between the second electrode and the third electrode; and a control unit connected to the first electrode of each semiconductor switching element and configured to control the voltage between the first electrode and the third electrode. The semiconductor device is configured to satisfy a first condition that an impedance Zg on a first path between the first electrodes of the respective semiconductor switching elements is higher, by at least a set value, than an impedance Zs on a third path making connection between the third electrodes of the respective semiconductor switching elements.

Abstract: A high voltage power supply is disclosed. The high voltage power supply comprises a primary winding and one or more secondary windings. In one embodiment, a single secondary winding is used and the high voltage doubler circuit comprises a capacitor string and a diode string. In another embodiment, a plurality of secondary windings are used and the high voltage doubler circuit comprises a plurality of low voltage doubler circuits arranged in series. To create a more uniform distribution of voltage across the capacitors in the high voltage doubler circuit, one or more shields are disposed on the printed circuit board. In certain embodiments, a high voltage shield is disposed at the high voltage output and a low voltage shield is disposed at the low voltage end of the high voltage doubler circuit. One or more intermediate shields may be disposed in the high voltage doubler circuit.

Abstract: A bidirectional energy transfer system includes a supply device having a vehicle port, an inverter port, a converter, and an isolation transformer. The vehicle port is configured to electrically couple the supply device to an electrified vehicle. The inverter port is configured to electrically couple the supply device to an inverter that is separate from the supply device.

Abstract: A negative-side bus bar 41 includes a capacitor connection portion and first and second negative terminal portions 271 exposed from a resin portion 44 and connected to a DC negative-side terminals 103 of first and second power semiconductor modules 30. A partition portion 252b of a case 252 is provided with a protruding portion 281 that protrudes toward a mold bus bar 40 further than an upper surface 257 of the first and second power semiconductor modules 30 and is thermally coupled to the mold bus bar 40. The projecting portion 281 is disposed between a root portion 275 of an exposed portion where the first negative electrode terminal portion 271 is exposed from the resin portion 44 and a second root portion 275 of an exposed portion where the second negative electrode terminal portion 271 is exposed from the resin portion 44.

Abstract: A power factor correction circuit configured to increase the amount of useful power in an AC electrical system. The power factor correction circuit optionally includes one or more capacitors and one or more resistors configured to realign a phase angle between a voltage and current of an AC power source. Examples are offered illustrating the disclosed circuit in use with a single phase or multi-phase AC power source ranging in voltage from 100 volts or less to 500 volts or more.

Abstract: A method for three-phase infeed of electrical power from a DC source into a three-phase AC grid by means of an inverter includes measuring phase-specific grid voltages of the three-phase AC grid, and determining a grid frequency from the measured phase-specific grid voltages. The method also includes generating phase-specific voltage reference values from the phase-specifically measured grid voltages and the determined grid frequency, and generating phase-specific target current values using phase-specific predetermined target current amplitude values, the phase-specific voltage reference values and respective grid voltage amplitudes.

Abstract: An AC electrical system for a vehicle and methods of operating the same are provided. In one aspect, an AC electrical system includes a first electric machine mechanically coupled with a first spool of a gas turbine engine and a second electric machine mechanically coupled with a second spool of the gas turbine engine. The system also includes a first AC bus and a second AC bus. A first electrical channel electrically couples the first electric machine to the first AC bus and a second electrical channel electrically couples the second electric machine to the second AC bus. The system also includes one or more connection links and one or more power converters for selectively electrically coupling the first and second electrical channels so that electrical power generated by one electric machine can be converted and shared with the other electric machine and electrical loads of the other channel.

Abstract: A voltage controller generates an AC current command value by adding a feed-forward term to a result of a control calculation performed for reducing a difference of a detected value of an AC voltage with respect to an AC voltage command value, the feed-forward term being determined by multiplying, by a gain, a detected value of primary winding current of a transformer. A current controller generates an inverter control command value by a control calculation performed for reducing a difference of a detected value of output current of the inverter with respect to the AC current command value. A PWM circuit generates a control signal for the inverter by comparing the inverter control command value with a predetermined carrier wave. When exciting inrush current is detected in a detected value of the primary winding current, the voltage controller sets the gain smaller than the gain when the exciting inrush current is not detected.

Abstract: A dead time control method (100) comprising the steps of: converting the DC link voltage, output current and output voltage to digital values with an ADC (Analog to Digital converter) (102); calculating the hysteresis band for adaptive hysteresis current control using the values read by the ADC and updating the band value via recalculating it at each sampling time (103); calculating the IrefH and IrefL values using the hysteresis band and Iref (103a); generating the PWM signal by hysteresis current control (104), generating two auxiliary control signals as VP, VN (105); in the region where VP=1 and VN=0, applying of the drive signal of T1 without setting dead time wherein T1 is the conduction duration of an upper switch, and not applying the drive signal of T2 wherein T2 is the turn off duration of said upper switch and is the conduction duration of a lower switch (106).

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate having a first surface, a first electrode, a second electrode and a third electrode formed on the first surface, a first semiconductor element and a second semiconductor element disposed in the interior of the substrate, a first wiring group electrically connecting the first electrode to the first semiconductor element, and a fourth wiring group electrically connecting the second semiconductor element to the second electrode. The first wiring group includes a first connection part disposed in the interior of the substrate. The fourth wiring group includes a second connection part disposed in the interior of the substrate. When a voltage is applied between the first electrode and the third electrode to cause current to flow through the second electrode, a direction of current flowing through first connection part is opposite to a direction of current flowing through the second connection part.

Abstract: A rotation calculation unit calculates a rotation speed of a virtual generator on the basis of a rotor model to simulate driving of the virtual generator and calculates the rotation speed of the virtual generator. A target power determination unit determines target values of active power and reactive power of an inverter on the basis of the calculated rotation speed. A command generation unit generates a control command for the inverter on the basis of the determined target values of the active power and the reactive power.

Abstract: A method of controlling a matrix converter system is provided. The method includes receiving an operating condition and consulting a trained Q-data structure for reward values associated with respective switching states of the switching matrix for an operating state that corresponds to the operating condition. The Q-data structure is trained using Q-learning to map a reward value predicted for respective switching states to respective discrete operating states. The method further includes sorting the reward values predicted for the respective switching states mapped to the operating state that corresponds to the operating condition, selecting a subset of the set of the mappings as a function of a result of sorting the reward values associated with the switching states of the operating state, evaluating each switching state included in the subset, and selecting an optimal switching state for the operating condition based on a result of evaluating the switching states of the subset.

Abstract: The present subject matter refers a discharge circuit for a smoothing capacitor within a power-distribution-unit. The discharge circuit comprises a first sub-circuit connected in parallel to a DC-Link capacitor, said first sub-circuit in turn comprises a series connection of a first switching element (SE) and a first discharge resistor, wherein the DC-link capacitor is connected in parallel to a power supply. A second sub-circuit is connected in parallel to the DC-Link capacitor and comprises a series connection of a second switching element (SE) and a second discharge resistor. A control device is configured to control the plurality of SEs within the sub-circuits by scheduling switching of the plurality of SEs. Such scheduling comprises switching ON of the second SE after a switching ON of the first SE for enabling a discharging of the DC link capacitor within a predetermined duration.

Abstract: A semiconductor device of embodiments includes an insulating substrate, a first main terminal, a second main terminal, an output terminal, a first metal layer connected to the first main terminal, a second metal layer connected to the second main terminal, a third metal layer disposed between the first metal layer and the second metal layer and connected to the output terminal, a first semiconductor chip and a second semiconductor chip provided on the first metal layer, a third semiconductor chip and a fourth semiconductor chip provided on the third metal layer, and a conductive member on the second metal layer. Then, the second metal layer includes a slit. The conductive member is provided between the end portion of the second metal layer and the slit.

Abstract: A motor control device includes a controller to control a three-phase current by feeding back a control current value obtained based on the three-phase current. The controller is configured or programmed to execute first feedback control of feeding back any one of a first control current value calculated based on a second phase current and the third phase current, a second control current value calculated based on the third phase current and a first phase current, and a third control current value calculated based on the first phase current and the second phase current as a control current value and second feedback control in which the first control current value, the second control current value, and the third control current value are switched and fed back as the control current value.

Abstract: Various examples of power converters including Integrated Capacitor Blocked Transistor (ICBT) cells and methods of control of power converters having ICBT cells are described. In one example, a power converter includes an upper arm including a plurality of upper ICBT cells connected in series to form a series connection path and a lower arm including a plurality of lower ICBT cells connected in series in the series connection path. A controller can be configured to provide a control signal pair to each of the upper ICBT cells and a complementary control signal pair to each of the lower ICBT cells to control the converter output. A capacitor voltage controller can be configured to balance a voltage potential among ICBT capacitors in at least one of the upper arm and the lower arm.

Abstract: A photovoltaic inverter, a photovoltaic system, and a method for controlling discharging are provided. The photovoltaic inverter includes a first DCDC converter, an inverter circuit, a first discharging circuit, and a controller. A port capacitor is connected between a positive input end and a negative input end of the first DCDC converter. The port capacitor includes an X capacitor and a first group of Y capacitors. The first discharging circuit is connected between a common terminal of the first group of Y capacitors and a direct current bus, where the common terminal of the first group of Y capacitors is grounded. The controller is configured to control, when receiving a rapid shutdown instruction, the first discharging circuit to operate. The first discharging circuit is configured to discharge electrical energy of the port capacitor.

Abstract: An inverter is provided for driving a motor. A first capacitor, and a second capacitor including capacitors connected in series, are connected in parallel to a DC power supply. A switch circuit having switching elements is connected between the inverter and the second capacitor. A control circuit is provided for controlling the inverter and the switch circuit. The control circuit performs control to switch the switch circuit so as to supply current from the second capacitor to the inverter during 3-level operation, and supply current from both of the first capacitor and the second capacitor to the inverter during 2-level operation.

Abstract: Techniques to send digital information from the secondary side to the primary side of a power converter, such as a flyback power converter, without the need for a separate, isolated communication channel. The power converter of this disclosure may send digital information from secondary side to the primary side through a power transformer while the power converter operates in a mixed mode scenario, e.g. critical conduction mode (CRCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). In CRCM, a controller circuit for the power converter may encode digital information by modulating the diode conduction time in a switching cycle. In DCM, the controller circuit may encode digital information by modulating the period of time for each switching cycle, e.g. increased period, decreased period or no change to the period.

Abstract: A power supply circuit includes at least two input terminals that receive an input voltage, a transformer including a primary side electrically connected to the input voltage, a rectifier electrically connected to a secondary side of the transformer, and a boost switch electrically connected in parallel with the rectifier and a pair of output voltage terminals that include a first output voltage terminal and a second output voltage terminal. The input voltage is electrically connected to an AC source, and each of the at least two input terminals receives a different phase of the AC source.

Abstract: The invention relates to an insulated DC/DC converter comprising: a magnetic component having a primary part and a secondary part separated by an electrical insulation barrier; breakers linked to the primary part of the magnetic component allowing the magnetic component to transfer energy from the primary part to the secondary part and to store energy at the level of the primary part; and in which the secondary part of the magnetic component comprises a first arm and a second arm, each arm comprising a first breaker, a secondary and a second breaker in series; an intermediate point of the secondary of the first arm being connected to an intermediate point of the secondary of the second arm.

Abstract: A method provides current limitation in the event of transient voltage variations at an AC output of a multilevel inverter that includes a bridge circuit with a first DC input, a second DC input, a neutral terminal and a bridge output, as well as a line filter with a choke connected between the bridge output and the AC output, and a capacitor connected between the AC output and the neutral terminal. In the method, depending on the voltage at the capacitor, when a first current threshold is exceeded by the choke current, a regular operating mode is interrupted and measures for current limitation are initiated. A multilevel inverter is further disclosed including a control circuit that is configured to carry out such a method.

Abstract: Methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture for zero voltage switching of flyback converters are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a first driver to operate a first switch to direct a first current to flow to a first winding of a transformer, and a second driver to operate a second switch to direct a second current to flow to a second winding of the transformer and operate the second switch to cause the second current to discharge a voltage of the first switch.

Abstract: When providing alternating current (AC) power to operate AC powered devices such as power tools (such as drills, table saws, miter saws), equipment (such as lawn mowers), and consumer products (such as refrigerators, television, lights) without being tied to a fixed utility power supply typically requires a generator (such as an internal combustion engine based generator) or a battery powered inverter. In order to meet power and runtime needs for these devices, a battery powered inverter must be relatively large and expensive. This simple fact prohibits their use in many environments.

Abstract: A power conversion device suppresses voltage variation of a power supply bus. The device includes a variation compensation circuit and a control circuit. The variation compensation circuit includes: a first capacitor connected to the power supply bus; a second capacitor connected in series between the first capacitor and a ground; an auxiliary capacitor; and a converter including a switching element and having a voltage step-down function, the converter being connected to the second capacitor and the auxiliary capacitor. The control circuit includes an active power calculating section that calculates instantaneous active power ip in the variation compensation circuit. The control circuit controls the voltage Vc of the auxiliary capacitor using the instantaneous active power ip.

Abstract: A power conversion device suppresses voltage variation of a power supply bus. The device includes a variation compensation circuit and a control circuit. The variation compensation circuit includes: a first capacitor connected to the power supply bus; a second capacitor connected in series between the first capacitor and a ground; an auxiliary capacitor; and a converter including a switching element and having a voltage step-down function, the converter being connected to the second capacitor and the auxiliary capacitor. The control circuit includes a proportional resonant control section having a peak gain for variation with a frequency ?0 which is twice a frequency of the single-phase alternating current. The control circuit uses the proportional resonant control section to generate a signal for controlling the switching element.

Abstract: An adapter device, including an AC connection including first AC contact and second AC contact; a DC connection including first DC contact and second DC contact; a first bridge branch including first switching device and second switching device, the first switching device and second switching device connected in series at a first bridge point, the first bridge point connected to first AC contact; a second bridge branch including third switching device and fourth switching device, third switching device and fourth switching device connected in series at a second bridge point, the second bridge point connected to second AC contact; and mode-setting device configured to predetermine a direction of power flow between AC connection and/or DC connection, first bridge branch and second bridge branch connected in parallel to the first DC contact and second DC contact, and different types of switching devices used as switching devices of a bridge branch.

Abstract: Junction field effect transistors (JFETs) and related manufacturing methods are disclosed herein. A disclosed four terminal JFET includes an integrated high voltage capacitor (HVC). The JFET includes a first terminal coupled to a drain region, a second terminal coupled to the source region, a third terminal coupled to the base region, and an integrated HVC terminal coupled to an integrated HVC electrode which forms an HVC with the drain region. The JFET also includes a channel formed by a channel region. A bias on the base region fully depletes the channel of majority carriers. The channel has an unbiased concentration of majority carriers. The integrated HVC electrode is positioned relative to the channel region such that applying the bias to the integrated HVC terminal depletes the channel by at most ten percent of the unbiased concentration of majority carriers.

Abstract: Reduced computation time for model predictive control (MPC) of a five level dual T-type drive considering the DC link capacitor balancing, the common-mode voltage (CMV) along with torque control of an open-ends induction motor based on determining a reduced set of switching states for the MPC. The reduced set of switching states are determined by considering either CMV reduction (CMVR) or CMV elimination (CMVE). Cost function minimization generates a voltage vector, which is used to produce gating signals for the converter switches. The reduced switching state MPC significantly reduces computation time and improves MPC performance.

Abstract: When providing alternating current (AC) power to operate AC powered devices such as power tools (such as drills, table saws, miter saws), equipment (such as lawn mowers), and consumer products (such as refrigerators, television, lights) without being tied to a fixed utility power supply typically requires a generator (such as an internal combustion engine based generator) or a battery powered inverter. In order to meet power and runtime needs for these devices, a battery powered inverter must be relatively large and expensive. This simple fact prohibits their use in many environments.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a circuit assembly (1) for intermediate circuit balancing of an intermediate circuit voltage UZK of a DC intermediate circuit fed by an alternating mains voltage UN for supplying a voltage to one or more devices, the circuit having a voltage divider (SP) configurable in terms of the voltage divider ratio and including a plurality of electric two-terminal devices (R1, R2, . . . , R6) by which the intermediate circuit voltage UZK is divided into voltage portions at each two-terminal device, the circuit having at least one first intermediate circuit capacitor (C1) chargeable to a first portion UZK,1 of the intermediate circuit voltage UZK, and the circuit having at least one second intermediate circuit capacitor (C2) chargeable to a second portion UZK,2 of the intermediate circuit voltage UZK.

Abstract: A converter has a plurality of partial converters, each partial converter having three-phase converter-side supply connections for parallel connection to the same electrical three-phase supply system and three-phase converter-side output connections with a star point for making contact with a star point of a three-phase output system. The converter-side output connections of the three-phase partial converters are connected in parallel. The partial converters each have a converter module for each partial converter-side three-phase supply connection, and the converter modules each have two or more submodules having their outputs connected in series, and a transformer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an inverter circuit having a first switching element and a second switching element, a first control circuit, a second control circuit, and a limiting unit. The first switching element is supplied with a power supply voltage. The second switching element includes a first terminal connected to the first switching element, a second terminal connected to ground, and a control terminal. The first control circuit controls the first switching element. The second control circuit controls the second switching element. The limiting unit reduces fluctuation in voltage between the second terminal and the control terminal based on voltage fluctuation at the second terminal of the second switching element.

Abstract: A control method for a motor system, the motor system having a battery; a boost converter configured to increase DC voltage supplied by the battery; an inverter connected to the boost converter and configured to execute a conversion between DC power and AC power; and a motor generator connected to the inverter. The control method comprising: a limiting power determination step of determining a limiting power in response to an operating point of the motor generator such that an oscillation of a terminal voltage of the boost converter at a side of the inverter is suppressed; and a controlling step of controlling the operating point of the motor generator such that a passing power of the boost converter does not exceed the limiting power.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling a DC midpoint terminal voltage of a three level inverter is provided. The method includes receiving an input power signal at a three level motor control system that includes a three level inverter, the three level inverter powering an electric motor, determining, in the three level motor control system, a speed value of the electric motor, and adjusting a zero-sequence inverter output voltage to adjust a midpoint voltage at the DC midpoint based on the determined speed value.

Abstract: A frequency adaptive harmonic current generator, including a microcontroller board (15) used for controlling the generation of harmonic currents and frequency adaptive operating function; an electronic relay (11) controlled and switched over the digital output of the microcontroller (21), the resistor (23) and the transistor (24); a data collection unit (13) to which the voltage divider (5), the buffer (6) and the current shunt (8) are connected for the measurement of voltage and current harmonics and which reads the current and voltage values and transfers such values to the panel type computer (14); and a panel type computer (14) which includes software for making, presenting and recording the measurements, the external connections of which are ensured by USB connectors (18) and a LAN connector (19), which displays the measurement values to the user, and which has push-button (20) for switching on/off operations.

Abstract: A converter assembly has a converter with multiple converter valves, each with a plurality of semiconductor switches, and with a stored energy source branch which is connected in parallel with at least one of the converter valves. The stored energy source branch has voltage converter modules and stored energy source modules. The voltage converter modules are connected to one another in a series circuit on the input side and to the respectively associated stored energy source module on the output side. There is also described an assembly having the stored energy source branch and a method for stabilizing an alternating current system by way of the converter assembly.

Abstract: A power converter can include: an input circuit, including a primary winding and a primary power switch which are coupled in series between an input terminal and a first ground; at least one constant voltage output circuit, including a first secondary winding coupled with said primary winding; and at least one constant current output circuit, including a second secondary winding coupled with said primary winding, a secondary power switch, a current output port, a second rectifier circuit and a current sampling circuit. The second rectifier circuit can be coupled between the current output port and the second secondary winding, the current output port can be coupled to an LED as a load, the LED may be coupled between one end of the second secondary winding and a second ground, and the secondary power switch and the current sampling circuit can connect in series.

Abstract: A semiconductor module includes: an upper arm module including a semiconductor chip; and a lower arm module including a semiconductor chip. The lower arm module is provided with: a facing section in which a lead frame and a lead frame each having a strip shape are disposed such that a main surface of the lead frame and a main surface of the lead frame face each other; and a non-facing section in which the lead frame and the lead frame are disposed such that the main surface of the lead frame and the main surface of the lead frame do not face each other.

Abstract: A power converter circuit includes an input configured to receive an input voltage and an output configured to provide an output voltage; a main converter coupled between a main converter input and the output and comprising a first winding and a second winding that are inductively coupled; and an auxiliary converter comprising an auxiliary converter input coupled to a third winding and an auxiliary converter output, wherein the third winding is inductively coupled with the first winding and the second winding. The auxiliary converter output is coupled between the input and the main converter input.

Abstract: A DC voltage-pulse voltage converter comprises connected in series a high DC voltage source, a first controllable switch, an inductive load, a second controllable switch, an electronically controlled resistor (ECR), and a limiting resistor, as well as a controllable square wave generator, and the first and the second control voltage drivers. Providing the second control voltage driver and the ECR allows regulating the value (amplitude) of the current flowing through the inductive load. As the amplitude of the current decreases, so does the level of EMI.

Abstract: A power conversion device according to an embodiment includes an element unit and a capacitor unit. The element unit includes a first positive electrode bus, a first negative electrode bus, and a first outer frame member. The capacitor unit includes a second positive electrode bus, a second negative electrode bus, and a second outer frame member. The first outer frame member and the second outer frame member are separable from each other. The first positive electrode bus and the second positive electrode bus are removably connected to each other. The first negative electrode bus and the second negative electrode bus are removably connected to each other.

Abstract: A vehicle controller is configured to execute a duty cycle control process of alternately repeating an electric power generation execution period and an electric power generation stop period of an electric generator and controlling a duty cycle, which is a ratio of the electric power generation execution period to a single cycle of repeated cycles, when determining that an anomaly has occurred in a driving circuit. The duty cycle control process includes at least one of two processes, a process of setting the duty cycle to be larger when a member in an overheatable region, in which overheating is possibly performed by the heater, has a low temperature than when the member has a high temperature and a process of setting the duty cycle to be larger when an internal combustion engine has a large intake air amount than when the engine has a small intake air amount.

Abstract: A control system for an electric motor comprises a controller which receives as an input a demanded motor current and produces at an output an intermediate voltage demand signal, a voltage demand signal correction means arranged to generate a voltage demand correction signal, and a combining means arranged to combine the intermediate voltage demand signal and the voltage demand correction signal to produce an actual voltage demand signal that is applied to the motor by pulse width modulation of the switches of a motor bridge driver. The correction signal compensates for unwanted non-linearities caused by interlock delays in the switching of the motor bridge switches.