Abstract: The current disclosure relates to the design of an apparatus for enhancing the operation and reliability of high-power multi-chip modules, which are used in the design and implementation of power electronics converters. This apparatus is especially useful for modules containing recently commercialized, high-performance wide band-gap semiconductors such as Silicon Carbide (SiC), which commonly emit undesirable high-frequency ringing and oscillation in the “Near-RF” spectral band between 1-30 MHz. The disclosed apparatus provides near-complete elimination of this high frequency spectral content, while leaving the desired frequency range (1-100 kHz) of the module unaffected. In addition to the suppression of this undesirable high-frequency content, the disclosed apparatus also provides for accurate, galvanically-isolated, high-bandwidth, real-time current measurement, which is essential for some types of power electronics converters.

Abstract: A method for uplink closed loop power control in advanced wireless systems which adaptively adjusts target signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINRtarget) in order to achieve the best uplink throughput of data services is disclosed. To derive the desired target SINR, the system collects and evaluates various uplink parameters as inputs: real-time signal-to-interference noise ratio of data physical channel, terminal power headroom, and terminal buffer data status and data service requirements.

Abstract: In described examples of methods and control circuitry to control a multi-level power conversion system, the control circuitry generates PWM signals having a duty cycle to control an output signal. The duty cycle is adjustable in different switching cycles. States of the system's switches are adjustable in one or more intervals within the switching cycles. In response to a voltage across a capacitor of the system being outside a non-zero voltage range, the control circuitry adjusts states of the switches in two intervals to discharge or charge the capacitor in a given switching cycle.

Abstract: A switching converter is provided that includes a power MOSFET, a controller having a drive pin connected to a gate terminal of the power MOSFET, and a resistor connected to the gate terminal. A compensation time selection circuit is included that has compensation times stored therein. A compensation time is selected from the compensation times based on a value of the resistor and stored in the controller. The selected compensation time compensates for an inherent delay in switching the power MOSFET to an ON state after the power MOSFET receives a signal to switch to the ON state to allow the power MOSFET to switch to the ON state when a drain voltage of the power MOSFET's reaches its lowest value during a switching cycle.

Abstract: An isolated converter with high boost ration includes a transformer, a first bridge arm, a second bridge arm, and a boost circuit. The transformer includes a secondary side having a secondary side first node and a secondary side second node. The first bridge arm includes a first diode and a second diode. The second bridge arm includes a third diode and a fourth diode. The boost circuit includes at least one fifth diode coupled between the first bridge arm and the secondary side second node, at least one sixth diode coupled between the second bridge arm and the secondary side first node, and at least two capacitors coupled to the secondary side first node and the secondary side second node.

Abstract: An isolated boost converter includes a transformer, a first bridge arm, a second bridge arm, and a boost circuit. The transformer includes a secondary side having a secondary side first contact and a secondary side second contact. The boost circuit includes two diodes—anodes of the two diodes are mutually coupled to a first contact and cathodes of the two diodes are coupled to a first bridge arm upper contact and a second bridge arm upper contact, two diodes—cathodes of the two diodes are mutually coupled to a second contact and anodes of the two diodes are coupled to a first bridge arm lower contact and a second bridge arm lower contact, the second contact is coupled to the first contact, and at least two capacitors are coupled to the secondary side first contact and the secondary side second contact.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a charge pump circuit. The power receiving terminal receives a power voltage. The first energy storage capacitor is coupled between the positive output terminal and the ground terminal. The second energy storage capacitor is coupled between the negative output terminal and the ground terminal. The charge pump circuit controls the first and the second flying capacitors to have a first and a second connection relation with the power-receiving, the ground and the positive and the negative output terminals respectively within a first and a second operation time in a double voltage power supplying mode. The charge pump circuit is operated in the first and the second operation time in an interlaced manner, such that the positive and the negative output terminals respectively output a positive and a negative output voltages each having a voltage value that is a double of that of the power voltage.

Abstract: Power converters, charge pumps and methods which are capable of regulating output voltage are presented. A power converter has a capacitive element, a first transistor, a second transistor, a third transistor, and a fourth transistor. The first transistor is coupled between an input terminal and a first terminal of the capacitve element. The second transistor is coupled between the first terminal of the capacitve element and an output terminal. The third transistor is coupled between the output terminal and a second terminal of the capacitive element. The fourth transistor is coupled between the second terminal of the capacitive element and a reference potential. The power converter has a control circuit to control, during a first time interval of a voltage regulation mode, one of the four transistors such that the one of the four transistors is operated as a controllable power source for regulating an output voltage.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an AC/DC converter includes a switching element that responds to a drive signal. The drive signal is generated from a three-level PWM signal that is generated from a two-level PWM signal generated from a voltage of an AC power supply and a reference signal. When a polarity of the voltage of the AC power supply is inverted, the AC/DC converter generates the drive signal by using a two-level PW signal obtained by inverting a duty ratio of a two-level PWM signal during a period just before an inversion of the polarity of the voltage of the AC power supply.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for a body diode conduction sensor configured for coupling to a switching element. In embodiments, the sensor comprises first and second voltage divider networks coupled to a voltage source and a diode coupled to the switching element and to the first voltage divider network, wherein the diode is conductive at times corresponding to body diode conduction of the switching element decreasing the DC average voltage at the output node of the first voltage divider network. A differential output voltage can be coupled to the first and second voltage divider networks with an output signal corresponding to a time of the body diode conduction of the switching element.

Abstract: A step-down circuit includes a first transistor of N-type having a channel between an input terminal and a first node, and a gate to which a reference voltage that is lower than a peak value of an AC voltage applied to the input terminal is applied, a second transistor of P-type having a channel between the input terminal and a second node, and a gate to which the reference voltage is applied, a third transistor of N-type having a channel between the first node and an output terminal, and a gate to which the AC voltage is applied, a fourth transistor of P-type having a channel between the second node and the output terminal, and a gate to which the AC voltage is applied, a first capacitor connected between the first node and the second node, and a second capacitor connected between the output terminal and a reference potential terminal.

Abstract: In one embodiment of the invention, a low frequency converter is described that includes a first electrochemical capacitor to charge to an input voltage and a second electrochemical capacitor that is coupled to the first electrochemical capacitor. The second electrochemical capacitor is associated with an output voltage of the low frequency converter. Each electrochemical capacitor may have a capacitance of at least one millifarad (mF) and a switching frequency that is less than one kilohertz.

Abstract: A switching-capacitor regulator with a charge injection mode for a high loading current is used to generate an output voltage at an output node, where the switching-capacitor regulator includes a storage capacitor, a switch module, a current source and a control unit. The switch module is coupled between the storage capacitor, a first supply voltage, a second supply voltage and the output node. The current source is coupled to the output node, and is used for selectively providing a current to the output node. The control unit is coupled to the switch module and the output node, and is used for controlling the switch module to selectively charge or discharge the storage capacitor, and for controlling the current source to selectively provide the current to the output node, to adjust a voltage level of the output voltage.

Abstract: An alternating current to direct current converter system includes an alternating current power supply, an external electronic load, a first MOS transistor, a first control module, a first switch and a second control module. The alternating current power supply includes a first output end and a second output end. The first control module controls the first MOS transistor to active when the first output end has a positive voltage and control the first MOS transistor to turn off when the second output end has a positive voltage. The first switch connects to a first end of the external electronic load and the second output end. The second control module connects to the first switch. The second control module controls the first switch to active when the second output end has a positive voltage and controls the switch to turn off when the first output end has a positive voltage.

Abstract: A method having a negative output voltage at a negative output terminal of a charge pump tracking a positive output voltage at a positive output terminal of the charge pump. The charge pump comprises a plurality of switches and each of the plurality of switches has a serially coupled resistance. The method comprises selecting the serially coupled resistance for at least one of the plurality of switches to be different to each of the other respective serially coupled resistances associated to the other switches.

Abstract: DC-DC converter, wherein in a case of positive voltage generation, the controlling circuit controls the first to fourth switch circuits with the first to fourth controlling signals, thereby permitting conduction between the first node and the first reference node and conduction between the eighth node and the fourth reference node, then permitting conduction between the fourth node and the second reference node and conduction between the sixth node and the third reference node, and then permitting conduction between the second node and the first reference node.

Abstract: A rectifying apparatus (power receiving apparatus) 100 is configured to receive electric power output from the power transmitting apparatus 101. The rectifying apparatus 100 is mobile equipment, such as a battery, a smartphone incorporating a battery and a tablet PC, or equipment for a battery charger connected to the equipment. The rectifying apparatus (power receiving apparatus) 100 may be any other equipment that receives electric power output from the associated power transmitting apparatus 101, including a rechargeable electric car, a household appliance and a product for underwater application.

Abstract: According to one aspect, embodiments of the invention provide a power supply system comprising an input line configured to receive input AC power, a first capacitor coupled to the input line, a second capacitor, a controller, a rectifier having an input coupled to the first capacitor and an output coupled to the second capacitor, the second capacitor further coupled to the controller, and a switch selectively coupled across the first capacitor, and configured to selectively bypass the first capacitor, wherein the controller is configured to detect a voltage across the second capacitor, operate the switch to charge the second capacitor at a first rate if the voltage is above a predetermined threshold, and operate the switch to charge the second capacitor at a second rate if the voltage is below a predetermined threshold.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device, for a power supply that is connected to an AC power source via an input circuit having a capacitor, is able to reliably discharge the capacitor when the AC power source is interrupted. The integrated circuit device includes a first discharge circuit that operates in response to an internal supply voltage and discharges the capacitor via a first switch element that is turned on when the input voltage provided via the input circuit falls below a set voltage, and a second discharge circuit having a second switch element that is turned off when receiving the internal supply voltage but is turned on in response to the input voltage when the supply of internal supply voltage is interrupted.

Abstract: A standby power reduction device is provided, including a capacitor connected in parallel to a main switch controlling a switching mode power supply, without the necessity of providing a starting circuit, thereby reducing the cost and enabling miniaturization of product.

Abstract: A rectifier circuit with a semiconductor element is disclosed. The semiconductor element includes at least one field effect transistor with a control electrode, and at least one driver. The driver cooperates with a voltage sensor, and controls the field effect transistor to a conducting state. The semiconductor element includes the voltage sensor insulated from the at least one field effect transistor. The voltage sensor includes a separate sensor electrode, and a sensor capacitance of the voltage sensor forms a non-linear voltage divider with a reference capacitance.

Abstract: A photovoltaic module-mounted AC inverter circuit uses one or more integrated circuits, several switches, solid dielectric capacitors for filtering and energy storage, inductors for power conversion and ancillary components to support the above elements in operation. The integrated circuit includes all monitoring, control, and communications circuitry needed to operate the inverter. The integrated circuit controls the switches in both an input boost converter and a single-phase or multi-phase output buck converter. The integrated circuit also monitors all power processing voltages and currents of the inverter and can take appropriate action to limit power dissipation in the inverter, maximize the available power from the associated PV module and shut down the inverter output if the grid conditions so warrant.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments of a power supply can be provided. The exemplary power supply can include a voltage source which supplies a supply voltage; and a charge pump circuit supplied by the voltage source and configured to generate an output voltage at an output. The charge pump can include alternating first and second clock states. In the first clock state, a first charge pump capacitor can be disposed between the supply voltage and ground and can be charged to the supply voltage by the voltage source, and a second charge pump capacitor can be coupled in series between the voltage source and the output. In the second clock state, the first charge pump capacitor and the second charge pump capacitor can be connected in series such that the charged connection of the first charge pump capacitor the first clock state can be grounded and the second charge pump capacitor can be charged by the voltage source.

Abstract: A power converter including a charge pump employable in a power adapter. In one embodiment, the charge pump includes a voltage divider with a first diode having a terminal coupled to a terminal of a first capacitor and a second diode having a terminal coupled to a terminal of a second capacitor and another terminal coupled to another terminal of the first capacitor. The charge pump also includes a third diode coupled across the second diode and the second capacitor, and a charge pump power switch coupled across the first capacitor and the second diode.

Abstract: A semiconductor integrated circuit has a rectifying circuit, a switched capacitor, a switched-capacitor drive circuit, a demodulator, and an internal circuit. The switched capacitor executes series charging and parallel discharging to/from a plurality of capacitors using an output rectified voltage. When the current driving performance at the time of supplying a power source voltage is set to a high state, so that a receiving operation in a card is executed reliably even at a long communication distance. Transmission signal data from a card is supplied to a switched-capacitor current driving performance increase disable circuit, and the current driving performance at the time of supplying the power source voltage in the switched capacitor is changed to be low. The change is detected as a magnetic field change in an antenna by an apparatus.

Abstract: Switched capacitor networks for power delivery to packaged integrated circuits. In certain embodiments, the switched capacitor network is employed in place of at least one stage of a cascaded buck converter for power delivery. In accordance with particular embodiments of the present invention, a two-stage power delivery network comprising both switched capacitor stage and a buck regulator stage deliver power to a microprocessor or other packaged integrated circuit (IC). In further embodiments, a switched capacitor stage is implemented with a series switch module comprising low voltage MOS transistors that is then integrated onto a package of at least one IC to be powered. In certain embodiments, a switched capacitor stage is implemented with capacitors formed on a motherboard, embedded into an IC package or integrated into a series switch module.

Abstract: A DC-DC converter, which is configured to step down a direct current voltage and then outputs to a load, the DC-DC converter comprising: a switching device that converts the direct current voltage into an alternating current voltage; a rectification unit that rectifies the alternating current voltage; an output capacitor that is connected in parallel with the load, and a smoothing inductor comprising a plurality of divided inductors connected in series, wherein at least one of the number of windings and the number of layers of respective windings of the divided inductors of the smoothing inductor is adjusted so that a sum total of inductances of the divided inductors become a desired inductance and so that a sum total of floating capacitances of the plurality of the divided inductors is smaller than a floating capacitance of single inductor having an equivalent inductance.

Abstract: In a voltage converter, a mode configuration is selected in response to a mode control signal using a switch matrix having two or more mode configurations. Each mode configuration corresponds to one of two or more output signal voltages. The output signal is compared with a reference signal to produce a direction comparison signal. The direction comparison signal is used to produce the mode control signal.

Abstract: A direct current (DC) to DC converter, including: input ports for receiving an input DC voltage; output ports for outputting an output DC voltage; a first matrix of capacitors and switches; a second matrix of capacitors and switches; and a control circuit, coupled to the switches of the first and second matrices, configure d to repetitively: (i) configure the first matrix to a charge configuration and couple the first matrix to the input ports while configuring the second matrix to a discharge configuration and coupling the second matrix to the output ports; (ii) maintain the charge and discharge configurations for a first period of time; (iii) configure the second matrix to the charge configuration and couple the second matrix to the input ports while configuring the first matrix to the discharge configuration and couple the first matrix to the output ports; and (iv) maintain the charge and discharge configurations for a second period of time; (a) wherein the charge configuration and the discharge configurat

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus and methodology for providing a capacitive voltage divider configured to reduce a relatively high level alternating current (AC) to a lower level direct current (DC). The apparatus provides a series of capacitors and diodes configured for series charging of the capacitors and parallel discharge thereof by way of a single switching element. In operation, the capacitor series is charged during the negative half cycle of the AC source and then discharged during the positive half cycle thereof.

Abstract: A charge pump circuit, and associated method and apparatuses, for providing a split-rail voltage supply, the circuit having a network of switches that is operable in a number of different states and a controller for operating the switches in a sequence of said states so as to generate positive and negative output voltages together spanning a voltage approximately equal to the input voltage and centered on the voltage at the common terminal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a configurable trench multi-capacitor device comprising a trench in a semiconductor substrate. The trench has a lateral extension exceeding 10 micrometer and a trench filling includes a number of at least four electrically conductive capacitor-electrode layers. A switching unit is provided that comprises a plurality of switching elements electrically interconnected between different capacitor-electrode layers of the trench filling. A control unit is connected with the switching unit and configured to generate and provide to the switching unit respective control signals for forming a respective one of a plurality of multi-capacitor configurations using the capacitor-electrode layers of the trench filling.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure may provide a charge redistribution DAC with an on-chip reservoir capacitor to provide charges to the DAC in lieu of traditional external reference voltages. The DAC may include the on-chip reservoir capacitor having a first plate and a second plate, an array of DAC capacitors to generate a DAC output, and an array of switches controlled by a DAC input word to couple the DAC capacitors to the reservoir capacitor. The charge redistribution DAC may further comprise a first switch connecting the first plate to an external terminal for a first external reference voltage, and a second switch connecting the second plate to an external terminal for a second external reference voltage. One embodiment may provide an ADC that includes the charge redistribution DAC.

Abstract: A method for constructing a direct-current to direct current (DC-DC) converter from an input voltage to an output voltage. The DC-DC converter has multiple capacitors and multiple switches connectible the capacitors. A target voltage ratio is obtained based on the input voltage and the output voltage. The target voltage is expressed as a radix number. The radix number is spawned into a code of the target voltage ratio. The code is translated into a switched-capacitor converter (SCC) configuration including the switches and the capacitors. The code may be an extended binary representation code or a Generic Fractional Numbers code. The switched-capacitor converter (SCC) configuration is preferably modified to obtain charge balance.

Abstract: Methods and systems related to capacitive voltage converters are disclosed. Such voltage converters may use a plurality of capacitors each having a first terminal and a second terminal. By periodically switching each first terminal between an input/supply voltage line and an output voltage line while also periodically switching each second terminal between the output voltage line and a reference voltage line, an output voltage having little ripple may be efficiently produced.

Abstract: In one or more embodiments described herein, there is provided an apparatus comprising an input, an output, one or more voltage regulator circuit components, and one or more graphene capacitors. The voltage regulator circuit components are configured to provide for a change in the voltage level of signalling between the input and the output. The one or more graphene capacitors are configured to provide for smoothing of the signalling provided to the output.

Abstract: A switched capacitor array having a plurality of capacitors arranged in a plurality of branches having different numbers of capacitors, and a plurality of switches connected to selectively couple the capacitors across the input or the output may be used for powering a variety of loads. A switched LED array may be dynamically configured based on a voltage supplied thereto, which may be supplied by a switched capacitor array. A lighting apparatus may be provided with first and second blocks, each block comprising a switched capacitor array, a switched LED array, and a control system.

Abstract: A switchable inductor-capacitor-inductor (L-C-L) network, which includes an integrated T/R switch, can advantageously bridge a PA and an LNA of a wireless device. The first inductor can function as an RF choke that provides power to the PA. In one embodiment, the first inductor can be advantageously implemented using the bond wires already attached to the PA, thereby requiring no additional inductors to provide the integrated T/R switch and minimizing use of valuable silicon area. The second inductor can function as a source inductor for and cancel an input parasitic capacitance of the LNA. A set of capacitors can act as blocking capacitors to provide DC isolation between the LNA and the PA, thereby protecting the LNA from high voltages. The L-C-L network can also advantageously function as an impedance matching network for at least one of the PA and the LNA.

Abstract: A multilevel inverter includes an inverter arm. The inverter arm is provided between a highest electric potential point and a lowest electric potential point, and includes (i) a second switching element group to which switching elements that are connected in series belong, the switching elements being connected to respective diodes which are connected in an opposite polarity and in parallel and (ii) a diode for each power supply connection point. One of connection points at which the switching elements belonging to the second switching element group are connected to each other and a U phase output terminal are connected, the one connection point being located such that at least one of the switching elements provided between the one connection point and the highest electric potential point is equal in number to the other switching elements which belong to the second switching element group and are provided between the one connection point and the lowest electric potential point.

Abstract: A voltage converter comprises a first, a second and a third capacitor (11, 12, 13) which are switched in series in at least one operating state, an input (1) for supplying an input voltage (VIN), an output (2) for providing an output voltage (VOUT), and a compensation circuit (5). The input (1) of the voltage converter is coupled to a capacitor from a group comprising the first, the second and the third capacitor (11, 12, 13). The output (2) of the voltage converter is coupled to a capacitor from the group comprising the first, the second and the third capacitor (11, 12, 13). The compensation circuit (5) is coupled to the first, the second and the third capacitor (11, 12, 13) and adapts a first voltage (V1) of the first capacitor (11), a second voltage (V2) of the second capacitor (12) and a third voltage (V3) of the third capacitor (13) to one another.

Abstract: The disclosure describes techniques for converting an input voltage level to two or more output voltage levels using only two pump capacitors and three switching phases. The disclosure also describes techniques for selectively controlling a dc-dc converter to operate in different conversion modes. One mode may use only two pump capacitors and three switching phases to produce output voltage levels with a first set of conversion ratios. Another mode may use two pump capacitors and two switching phases to produce output voltage levels with a second set of conversion ratios. The first mode may use three different subcircuit arrangements of the pump capacitors. The second mode may use two different subcircuit arrangements of the pump capacitors. A converter may include switches and pump capacitors that can be selectively configured to transition between two or three different subcircuits, thereby producing output voltages according to different conversion ratios on a selective basis.

Abstract: In general, in one aspect, the disclosure describes a switched capacitor voltage regulator to generate a regulated output voltage based on varying input voltages. The regulator is capable of operating at one of a plurality of voltage conversion ratios and selection of the one of a plurality of voltage conversion ratios is based on an input voltage received. The switched capacitor voltage regulator provides a lossless (or substantially lossless) voltage conversion at the selected ratio. The ratio selected provides a down converted voltage closest to the regulated output voltage without going below the regulated output voltage. The down converted voltage is adjusted to the regulated output voltage using a resistive mechanism to dissipate excess power (lossy). Selection of an appropriate conversion ratio limits the resistive regulation and losses associated therewith and increases the efficiency of the switched capacitor voltage regulator.

Abstract: Occurrence of power supply noise arising in connection with a step-down action at the time of turning on power supply is to be restrained. A step-down unit is provided with a switched capacitor type step-down circuit and a series regulator type step-down circuit, and stepped-down voltage output terminals of the step-down circuits are connected in common. The common connection of the stepped-down voltage output terminals of both step-down circuits makes possible parallel driving of both, selective driving of either or consecutive driving of the two. In the consecutive driving, even if the switched capacitor type step-down circuit is driven after driving the series regulator type step-down circuit first to supply a stepped-down voltage to loads, the switched capacitor type step-down circuit will need only to be compensated for a discharge due to the loads, and a peak of a charge current for capacitors can be kept low.

Abstract: A convertible charge-pump circuit includes: a charging circuit having a plurality of charging capacitors and a pumping circuit having an output port coupled to a pumping capacitor. The charging circuit is configured for charging the charging capacitors to store a plurality of potential differences, respectively, when the convertible charge-pump circuit is in a charging phase. The pumping circuit is configured for selecting at least one charging capacitor from the charging capacitors charged in the charging phase to generate an output voltage level at the output port according to a potential difference stored in the selected charging capacitor when the convertible charge-pump circuit is in a pumping phase.

Abstract: In some aspects of the invention, a power semiconductor module is applied to a multi-level converter circuit with three or more levels of voltage waveform. A first IGBT, a diode whose cathode is connected to the emitter of the first IGBT, and a second IGBT having reverse blocking voltage whose emitter is connected to the emitter of the first IGBT, are housed in one package, and each of the collector of the first IGBT, the collector of the second IGBT, the connection point of the emitter of the first IGBT and the emitter of the second IGBT, and the anode of the diode, is an external terminal.

Abstract: A charge pump circuit, and associated method and apparatuses, for providing a split-rail voltage supply, the circuit having a network of switches that is operable in a number of different states and a controller for operating the switches in a sequence of said states so as to generate positive and negative output voltages together spanning a voltage approximately equal to the input voltage and centered on the voltage at the common terminal.

Abstract: In a voltage converter, a mode configuration is selected in response to a mode control signal using a switch matrix having two or more mode configurations. Each mode configuration corresponds to one of two or more output signal voltages. The output signal is compared with a reference signal to produce a direction comparison signal. The direction comparison signal is used to produce the mode control signal.

Abstract: A voltage converter is switched among two or more modes to produce an output voltage matching a reference voltage that can be of an intermediate level between discrete levels corresponding to the modes. The output voltage is compared with the reference voltage to determine whether to adjust the mode.

Abstract: A switched capacitor DC-DC voltage converter comprising: a first circuit (21) having a plurality of switches (M1-M4); and a second circuit (22) having a plurality of capacitors (C1, C2, C3), each capacitor connected to one or more of the plurality of switches, wherein the first and second circuits are provided on respective first and second dies on a common substrate.

Abstract: A direct current (DC) to DC converter, including: input ports for receiving an input DC voltage; output ports for outputting an output DC voltage; a first matrix of capacitors and switches; a second matrix of capacitors and switches; and a control circuit, coupled to the switches of the first and second matrices, configure d to repetitively: (i) configure the first matrix to a charge configuration and couple the first matrix to the input ports while configuring the second matrix to a discharge configuration and coupling the second matrix to the output ports; (ii) maintain the charge and discharge configurations for a first period of time; (iii) configure the second matrix to the charge configuration and couple the second matrix to the input ports while configuring the first matrix to the discharge configuration and couple the first matrix to the output ports; and (iv) maintain the charge and discharge configurations for a second period of time; (a) wherein the charge configuration and the discharge configurat