Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is disclosed. The transmitting apparatus includes an encoder to perform channel encoding with respect to bits and generate a codeword, an interleaver to interleave the codeword, and a modulator to map the interleaved codeword onto a non-uniform constellation according to a modulation scheme, and the constellation may include constellation points defined based on various tables according to the modulation scheme.

Abstract: An OFDM communication system is described that allows different values of D in a single domain where nodes are operating in different portions of frequency bands. For the power-line medium, G.9960 has defined two overlapped baseband bandplans, 50 MHz-PB and 100 MHz-PB. In this exemplary scenario, the level of frequency diversity is different depending on the bandplan, hence providing different header decodibility if D is fixed to 1. If D is fixed to 2, then it increases reliability for the narrowband devices, but may also unnecessarily increase overhead for the wide-band devices. An exemplary aspect is therefore directed to techniques to accommodate different repetitions schemes (D=1, . . . , DMAX and H=1, . . . , HMAX) in a single domain, and still allow devices to communicate with one another where DMAX and HMAX can be larger than 2.

Abstract: Methods, systems and device for achieving synchronization in an orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) signal receiver are described. An exemplary signal reception technique includes receiving an OTFS modulated wireless signal comprising pilot signal transmissions interspersed with data transmissions, calculating autocorrelation of the wireless signal using the wireless signal and a delayed version of the wireless signal that is delayed by a pre-determined delay, thereby generating an autocorrelation output, processing the autocorrelation filter through a moving average filter to produce a fine timing signal.

Abstract: Methods, systems and device for achieving synchronization in an orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) signal receiver are described. An exemplary signal reception technique includes receiving an OTFS modulated wireless signal comprising pilot signal transmissions interspersed with data transmissions, calculating autocorrelation of the wireless signal using the wireless signal and a delayed version of the wireless signal that is delayed by a pre-determined delay, thereby generating an autocorrelation output, processing the autocorrelation filter through a moving average filter to produce a fine timing signal.

Abstract: A receiver processes a data signal and provides an acknowledgement within a turnaround time through use of code block alignment, reduced complexity or increased processing time. In a first embodiment, a radio access network (RAN) node enables encoded information to be segmented into multiple code blocks and maps a group of code blocks to be aligned with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol boundaries such that efficient receiver processing can implement processing pipelining. In a second embodiment, the transmitter can provide more time or reduce the complexity of the packet, such as by repetition of bits of code blocks of the encoded information or by reserving resource elements (REs) such that the receiver has effectively more time (or less complexity) to process the last or last few code blocks of the packet.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is disclosed. The transmitting apparatus includes an encoder to perform channel encoding with respect to bits and generate a codeword, an interleaver to interleave the codeword, and a modulator to map the interleaved codeword onto a non-uniform constellation according to a modulation scheme, and the constellation may include constellation points defined based on various tables according to the modulation scheme.

Abstract: A method of acquiring information on a resource region for transmitting PHICH and a method of receiving PDCCH using the same are disclosed. The resource region for transmitting the PHICH can be specified by first information corresponding to the per-sub frame PHICH number and second information corresponding to a duration of the PHICH within the subframe. The first Information can be specified into a form resulting from multiplying a predetermined basic number by a specific constant. And, the specific constant can be transmitted via PBCH. Moreover, the second information can be acquired from the PBCH as well.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for binning TOF data from a scene, for increasing the accuracy of TOF measurements and reducing the noise therein, the TOF data comprising phase data and confidence data, the method comprising the steps of acquiring a plurality of TOF data by illuminating the scene with a plurality of modulated signals; associating each modulated signal with a vector defined by a phase and a confidence data, respectively; adding the plurality of vectors for obtaining a binned vector; determining the phase and confidence of the binned vector; processing the phase and confidence data of the binned vector for obtaining depth data of the scene.

Abstract: Embodiments of this application disclose a data processing method and an apparatus thereof.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for contention-based communication over a shared channel is provided. Devices wishing to communicate over the channel transmit channel usage requests to a controller. The controller determines current demand for the channel based on the number of requests received, and dynamically allocates communication resources to the shared channel based on the demand. The controller then transmits grant messages directing the devices to use the shared channel in an indicated manner. The shared channel can be subdivided into sub-channels, each of which is contention-based. The controller can also allocate devices to sub-channels based on the type of request. The requests are transmitted over an access indication channel which can also be subdivided into sub-channels.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is disclosed. The transmitting apparatus includes an encoder to perform channel encoding with respect to bits and generate a codeword, an interleaver to interleave the codeword, and a modulator to map the interleaved codeword onto a non-uniform constellation according to a modulation scheme, and the constellation may include constellation points defined based on various tables according to the modulation scheme.

Abstract: The disclosure provides for a compressed mode transmission gap in wireless communications. A user equipment (UE) may receiving a downlink dedicated physical channel (DPCH) having a slot-format and a spreading factor during a first compression interval. The downlink DPCH may not include a compressed-mode transmission gap during the first compression interval. The UE may receive the downlink DPCH having the same slot-format and the same spreading factor during a second compression interval. The UE may determine that the downlink DPCH includes a compressed-mode transmission gap during the second compression interval. A set of slots of the downlink DPCH during the transmission gap may be punctured. The UE may decode the downlink DPCH for the second compression interval based on a set of remaining slots received during the second compression interval. In an aspect, the UE may estimate a SIR based on a TPC command in a last slot of the transmission gap.

Abstract: A transmission method simultaneously transmitting a first modulated signal and a second modulated signal at a common frequency performs precoding on both signals using a fixed precoding matrix and regularly changes the phase of at least one of the signals, thereby improving received data signal quality for a reception device.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are described for wireless communication at a device. A transmitting device such as a base station may select some packets for direct transmission to a receiving device using data compression based on the reliability of the direct connection. The transmitting device may select other packets for indirect transmission via an unreliable connection using uncompressed packets or compressed packets that will not be used to update a compression buffer. In some cases, uncompressed packets may also be sent via the reliable connection. If a packet sent over the unreliable connection is lost, it may be transmitted over the reliable connection.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for use within a wireless OFDM network that receives a first packet type in a first channel bandwidth and a second packet type in a second channel bandwidth, the first channel bandwidth being at least two times wider than the second channel bandwidth. The first packet type has a header field with two parts with each part comprising a different set of header bits. The two parts of the header field are received using two OFDM symbols. The second packet type has a header field with four parts with the first and second parts comprising the same first set of header bits and the third and the fourth part comprising the same second set of header bits. The four parts of the header field are received using four OFDM symbols. The second packet type provides more reliable reception than the first packet type.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for use within a wireless OFDM network that transmits a first packet type in a first channel bandwidth and a second packet type in a second channel bandwidth, the first channel bandwidth being at least two times wider than the second channel bandwidth. The first packet type has a header field with two parts with each part comprising a different set of header bits. The two parts of the header field are transmitted using two OFDM symbols. The second packet type has a header field with four parts with the first and second parts comprising the same first set of header bits and the third and the fourth part comprising the same second set of header bits. The four parts of the header field are transmitted using four OFDM symbols. The second packet type provides more reliable transmission than the first packet type.

Abstract: A receiver recovers local service data symbols from first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) symbols in the presence of second OFDM symbols, the second OFDM symbols carry national broadcast data symbols and modulated on to the sub-carriers of the second OFDM symbols using a first modulation scheme, and the first OFDM symbols carry the national broadcast data symbols and the local service data symbols from a local insertion pipe and modulated on to the sub-carriers of the first OFDM symbols using a second modulation scheme.

Abstract: A wireless communication device (16A) is configured to receive user data from a radio network node (18) in a wireless communication system (10) that includes a data channel (26) over which user data is transmitted and a control channel (24) over which control data is transmitted. The device (16A) receives over the control channel (24) a hierarchically-modulated symbol (28) which conveys control data on a control-data modulation layer (30A) and conveys user data on a user-data modulation layer (30B). The control-data modulation layer (30A) is recoverable via demodulation at a lower order, and the user-data modulation layer (30B) is recoverable via demodulation at a higher order. The lower order is lower than the higher order and is generally predefined independent of conditions on the control channel (24). The device (16A) recovers the user data received over the control channel (24) by demodulating at least the user-data modulation layer (30B) at the higher order.

Abstract: A radio communication system includes: a plurality of base stations; and a relay station, which relays communication between any one of the plurality of base stations and a terminal, wherein the plurality of base stations include a master station, which communicates with the relay station, and a peripheral base station, which does not communicate with the relay station, and wherein when a signal of a control channel of the master station is not able to be received, the relay station transmits a communication unavailable signal to the master station and the peripheral base station.

Abstract: A method of acquiring information on a resource region for transmitting PHICH and a method of receiving PDCCH using the same are disclosed. The resource region for transmitting the PHICH can be specified by first information corresponding to the per-sub frame PHICH number and second information corresponding to a duration of the PHICH within the subframe. The first Information can be specified into a form resulting from multiplying a predetermined basic number by a specific constant. And, the specific constant can be transmitted via PBCH. Moreover, the second information can be acquired from the PBCH as well.

Abstract: A bit allocation method and apparatus for a multicarrier modulation signal and a system where the method includes: determining a signal to noise ratio margin according to a predefined probability of a maximum clipping noise that can be allowed by the system; and allocating the number of modulating bits and power in each subcarrier for a multicarrier modulation signal according to the signal to noise ratio margin. By presetting a signal to noise ratio margin for a clipping noise, tolerance of the signal for the clipping noise is increased, and bit error rate is efficiently lowered.

Abstract: A bit allocation method and apparatus for a multicarrier modulation signal and a system where the method includes: determining a signal to noise ratio margin according to a predefined probability of a maximum clipping noise that can be allowed by the system; and allocating the number of modulating bits and power in each subcarrier for a multicarrier modulation signal according to the signal to noise ratio margin. By presetting a signal to noise ratio margin for a clipping noise, tolerance of the signal for the clipping noise is increased, and bit error rate is efficiently lowered.

Abstract: The application pertains to a method for communicating downlink control information. A base station maps an enhanced physical downlink control channel (E-PDCCH) sequentially to resource elements for transmitting the E-PDCCH in each orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol according to an order of OFDM symbols used by the E-PDCCH of a user equipment (UE). The E-PDCCH is sent to the UE from the base station by using the resource elements, where the E-PDCCH and a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) invoked by the E-PDCCH are frequency-division multiplexed. Because the E-PDCCH is mapped sequentially to resource elements for transmitting the E-PDCCH in each OFDM symbol according to an order of OFDM symbols used by the E-PDCCH of the UE, different control channel elements of E-PDCCHs at different aggregation levels will not include a same E-PDCCH modulation symbol, thereby ensuring that the UE judges a start position of the E-PDCCH correctly.

Abstract: Provided is a transmission method that contributes to an increase in data reception quality when iterative detection is performed at a receive apparatus side. A transmit apparatus alternates between two types of modulation scheme that each shift amplitude and phase, performs mapping to constellation points according to a selected modulation scheme, and transmits a modulated signal obtained by mapping.

Abstract: Wireless communication wherein channel estimation accuracy is improved while keeping the position of each bit in a frame, even when a modulation system having a large modulation multiple value is used for a data symbol. An encoding operation encodes and outputs transmitting data (bit string) and a bit converting operation converts at least one bit of a plurality of bits constituting a data symbol to be used for channel estimation, among the encoded bit strings, into ‘1’ or ‘0’. A modulating operation modulates the bit string inputted from the bit converting operation by using a single modulation mapper and a plurality of data symbols are generated.

Abstract: A digital television system performing modulation/demodulation by VSB (vestigial side band) is provided. The invention includes a VSB transmitter including an additional error correction encoder designed such that a signal mapping of a TCM encoder is considered, a multiplexer (MUX), a TCM encoder operating in correspondence with state transition processes of the additional error correction encoder, and a signal transmission part including an RF converter. The invention further includes a VSB receiver including a signal receiver part receiving a signal transmitted from the transmitter, a TCM decoder, a signal processing part including a derandomizer, and an additional error correction decoder part.

Abstract: A two-dimensional interleaving method is provided. The two-dimensional interleaving method includes dividing a first page having N2×N2 pixels, N being a natural number, into a plurality of blocks, wherein each of the plurality of blocks includes N×N pixels, rearranging each of the plurality of the blocks of the first page into a second page, wherein each of two index located at same position in two adjacent block of the first page, respectively, is rearranged to have at least a dispersion distance D in the second page, and relocating an index pixel located at same position of each of the plurality of the blocks of the first page into a k-th block of the second page.

Abstract: A device for eliminating a channel effect is provided. A time-domain channel estimating unit generates a channel estimation result according to a first reference signal. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) unit performs FFT on the channel estimation result to generate a plurality of channel frequency responses corresponding to a plurality of frequency indices. An adjusting unit receives a plurality of input signals, and determines whether to adjust the input signal of each of the frequency indices according to the amplitude of the channel frequency response of each of the frequency indices to generate a set of adjusted signals. An inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) unit performs IFFT on a set of output signals associated with the set of adjusted signals to generate a feedback signal. The time-domain channel estimating unit further generates another channel estimation result according to a second reference signal and the feedback signal.

Abstract: A method and transmitter for generating a multicarrier signal, to be transmitted to a receiver, are provided. The method comprises dividing symbols to be transmitted into protected symbols and non-protected symbols; precoding non-protected symbols in a first precoder; precoding protected symbols in a second precoder; creating a modified non-protected symbol vector, based on the precoded non-protected symbols and the precoded protected symbols; and modulating the modified non-protected symbol vector and the protected symbols, thereby generating the multicarrier signal. Also, a method and receiver are disclosed.

Abstract: A peak suppression apparatus includes an acquiring unit that acquires a first signal represented by an amplitude waveform of a multicarrier signal, a generator that generates a second signal represented by a waveform sequentially connecting a plurality of peak points adjacent to one another in the first signal as a peak detection signal for the multicarrier signal, a detector that detects a peak value and a peak timing of the multicarrier signal by using the peak detection signal, and a suppressing unit that suppresses a peak of the multicarrier signal based on the peak value and the peak timing.

Abstract: An adjusting method for reducing local oscillation leakage or I/Q mismatch in a transmitter includes the steps of: (a) detecting a current extent of local oscillation leakage or I/Q mismatch; (b) determining if an adjusting direction is correct with reference to the current extent of local oscillation leakage or I/Q mismatch thus detected, maintaining the adjusting direction if correct, and reversing the adjusting direction upon determining that the adjusting direction is incorrect; and (c) adjusting a control signal according to the adjusting direction.

Abstract: A base station is described herein which implements a method that uses different aspects of reported channel quality information (CQI) measurements to help select the “best” transmit antenna(s) on which to transmit control channel information to mobile terminal(s). The base station can also transmit a format indicator to communicate the assigned control channel transmit antenna(s) and the assigned data transmit antenna(s) to the mobile terminal(s).

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to optical flow algorithms. Section 1 of the present disclosure describes an optical flow algorithm with real-time performance and adequate accuracy for embedded vision applications. This optical flow algorithm is based on a ridge estimator. Sections 2 and 3 describe an obstacle detection algorithm that utilizes the motion field that is output from the optical flow algorithm. Section 2 is focused on unmanned ground vehicles, whereas section 3 is focused on unmanned aerial vehicles.

Abstract: Systems and methods for implementing coexistence by requesting access to a channel in power line communications (PLC) are described. In an illustrative embodiment, a method performed by a PLC device, such as a PLC meter, may include detecting a communication from foreign PLC device on a PLC network in response to a foreign preamble received by the PLC device, determining whether a threshold back-off duration has been reached, and transmitting a channel access request in response to a determination that the threshold back-off duration has been reached.

Abstract: Embodiments of a hybrid unit that supports a configurable number of radio units for a base station in a cellular communications network and embodiments of Distributed Digitally Convertible Radio Units (DDCRUs) for use with the hybrid unit are disclosed. In one embodiment, a hybrid unit for a base station in a cellular communications network is provided. The hybrid unit includes an analog hybrid matrix. The analog hybrid matrix includes a number of feeder ports operative to connect to at least one radio unit and up to a number of radio units that are external to and separate from the hybrid unit. In one preferred embodiment, the radio unit(s) is(are) DDCRU(s). The analog hybrid matrix also includes a number of antenna ports operative to connect to at least one and up to a corresponding number of antennas of the base station.

Abstract: According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, timing and frequency offset estimation is divided into two or more stages. In each stage, a different subset of the available reference symbols is selected to perform timing synchronization, frequency synchronization, or joint timing and frequency synchronization. In each non-final stage, a respective set of the reference symbols is used to perform timing synchronization or frequency synchronization in order to narrow the uncertainty window for the timing or frequency offset, and thus reduce the search space for the final stage. In the final stage, a different set of reference symbols may be used to perform joint timing and frequency synchronization over the reduced search space.

Abstract: A plurality of training fields of a preamble of a physical layer data unit are generated, and training fields of the plurality of training fields are mapped to respective signal streams of a plurality of streams using a mapping matrix. A signal field of the preamble of the data unit is generated, and the signal field is mapped to the plurality of signal streams using a column of the mapping matrix. The plurality of signal streams are mapped to a plurality of spatial streams, and at least i) the plurality of training fields and ii) the signal field are transmitted via the plurality of spatial streams.

Abstract: When a UE (12) is configured with MF-HSDPA and HARQ-ACK information associated with cells (14, 16) (characterized by potentially different downlink timing) is jointly encoded, only part of the existing Rel-9 HARQ-ACK codebook is reused. In one embodiment, only the codebook conflict arising from reuse of encodings is resolved. This is achieved by introducing a new codeword for at least one of the HARQ-ACK code words that are used multiple times in the existing Rel-9 codebook. In another embodiment, all codewords in the Rel-9 HARQ-ACK codebook having a Hamming distance smaller than a predetermined value (but not all codewords) are replaced. In yet another embodiment, all codewords in the Rel-9 HARQ-ACK codebook having a Hamming distance smaller than a predetermined value (but not all codewords) that would cause ambiguity at the NodeB receiver (i.e. where the interpretation of the HARQ-ACK information for one cell (14) depends on the number of streams transmitted at the other cell (16)) are replaced.

Abstract: A method of inserting downlink demodulation Reference Signals into Resource Blocks of slots within Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) frames at an OFDM transmitter forming part of an OFDM system, the transmitter having at least one antenna and the system having at least one transmission layer, includes the steps of: for each antenna, inserting cell-specific Reference Signals at sub-carriers indices evenly spaced by a fixed sub-carrier spacing; and selectively inserting UE-specific Reference Signals into nodes of a rectangular lattice formed from unused Resource Elements in a group of Resource Blocks of two consecutive slots, the nodes being located at the same sub-carrier indices as the cell-specific Reference Signals and further being equally spaced by a fixed number of symbol indices within the group of Resource Blocks.

Abstract: Data may be transmitted from a RAN node to a wireless terminal using a MIMO antenna array. A plurality of unmapped symbol blocks may be generated. Symbols of a first one of the plurality of unmapped symbol blocks may be mapped to first and second mapped symbol blocks so that the first mapped symbol block includes symbols of the first unmapped symbol block and so that the second mapped symbol block includes symbols of the first unmapped symbol block. The symbols of the first and second mapped symbol blocks may be precoded to provide precoded symbols of respective first and second MIMO precoding layers using a MIMO precoding vector. Each of the precoded symbols of the first and second MIMO precoding layers may be transmitted through the MIMO antenna array to the wireless terminal using a same TFRE. Related devices and terminals are also discussed.

Abstract: A system including a first receiver that generates a first set of decoded codewords; and a first canceller that cancels, in response to any decoded codeword of the first set of decoded codewords failing CRC and a first decoded codeword from the first set of decoded codewords passing CRC, interference of a first codeword on a second set of codewords which includes the plurality of codewords and excludes the first codeword. The system further includes a second receiver that generates a third set of decoded codewords by decoding the second set of codewords; and a second canceller that cancels, in response to any decoded codeword of the third set of decoded codewords failing CRC and a second decoded codeword from the third set of decoded codewords passing CRC, interference of a second codeword on a fourth set of codewords.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a transmitting device may determine a first data frame to a first destination and a second data frame to a second destination, and may assign subcarriers in a non-overlapping arrangement to the first and second data frames. Once assigned, the transmitting device may augment a transmission physical (PHY) header with a destination and tone map tuple for each of the first and second destinations, and transmits the transmission with the first and second data frames simultaneously on the assigned subcarriers.

Abstract: An apparatus for data transmission in a multi-antenna system is provided. The apparatus includes: a modulation mapper for modulating codewords into modulation symbols that express a position on a signal constellation; a layer permutator for mapping the modulation symbols to different layers; a transform precoder for generating a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) symbol of a frequency domain by performing DFT on the modulation symbol mapped to the layer; a resource element mapper for mapping the DFT symbol to a physical resource element; and a signal generator for generating a single carrier-frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) signal from the DFT symbol mapped to the resource element, wherein a modulation order of the modulation symbols is determined depending on the layer mapped by the layer permutator.

Abstract: The present invention relates to digital data communication and provides an efficient method for generating multi-dimensional constellations for digital data modulation with a high degree of modulation diversity, a method for transmitting and receiving data on the basis of such constellations, and a corresponding apparatus. This is achieved by considering only multi-dimensional rotation matrices with all elements on the diagonal having the same first absolute value and all other elements having the same second absolute value. In this manner, multi-dimensional rotation matrices can be generated having only a single independent parameter and a structure that is as regular as possible. The independent parameter can be configured in order to minimize the error probability for various constellation sizes.

Abstract: A digital processing unit for use in a spread spectrum signal receiver, the digital processing unit being adapted to receive an incoming stream of data samples and in response thereto produce a decoded signal, the digital processing unit comprising a correlation module adapted to correlate data blocks formed from the incoming stream of data samples with a local code replica segment to produce a first number of intermediate accumulation results and an aggregation module adapted to receive the first number of intermediate accumulation results and to combine the first number of consecutive ones of said intermediate accumulation results to form a target number of aggregated accumulation results, said target number being less than or equal to the first number.

Abstract: Systems and methods for concatenating messages in MoCA devices that are connected via a coax network are provided. One embodiment of a system according to the invention includes a home network having a plurality of nodes. The network is implemented over coaxial cable. The network includes a plurality of networked nodes. A transmitter of at least one of the networked nodes is configurable to transmit a concatenated burst. The concatenated burst includes a preamble, a first payload frame and a second payload frame. The first payload frame and the second payload frame are separated by a cyclic prefix of a first symbol of the second payload frame.

Abstract: A system includes a mapping device. The mapping device groups encoded bits of OFDM symbols into first groups. For each of the first groups, the mapping device maps adjacent bits onto non-adjacent subcarriers of multiple subcarriers and in an alternating manner onto bits of a signal constellation such that: every other one of the adjacent bits are mapped to first bits on the signal constellation; and bits other than the every other one of the adjacent bits are mapped to second bits on the signal constellation. Each of the first groups has a corresponding complex number. The mapping device: groups predetermined numbers of the first groups into second groups, where each of the second groups corresponds to one of the OFDM symbols; and maps each of the second groups to one of the multiple subcarriers such that the multiple subcarriers are modulated based on the complex numbers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to digital data communication and provides an efficient method for generating multi-dimensional constellations for digital data modulation with a high degree of modulation diversity, a method for transmitting and receiving data on the basis of such constellations, and a corresponding apparatus. This is achieved by considering only multi-dimensional rotation matrices with all elements on the diagonal having the same first absolute value and all other elements having the same non-zero second absolute value. In this manner, multi-dimensional rotation matrices can be generated having only a single independent parameter and a structure that is as regular as possible. The independent parameter can be configured in order to minimize the error probability for various constellation sizes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reconfiguring a user equipment configured for multi-carrier operation from a first downlink control information set to a second downlink control information set while carrier aggregation is being used, including receiving a physical downlink control channel with downlink control information formats containing a carrier indicator field.

Abstract: A method of mapping symbols of a physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) is described. A start position of a resource element to map the symbols for the PCFICH is determined by flooring a value, obtained by multiplying the number of resource blocks by a variable proportional to a symbol index for the PCFICH and then dividing the multiplied result by 2, wherein the resource blocks are transmitted in downlink. The symbols are mapped in the start position. Therefore, a problem of wasting resource elements or not being able to implement mapping can be solved by applying a simple mapping rule while mapping symbols of the PCFICH.