Abstract: This disclosure relates to techniques for performing radio resource control procedures for remote wireless devices in a wireless communication system. A remote wireless device may transmit a radio resource control message that includes information configured to be relayed to a cellular base station to a relay wireless device, which may relay the information to the cellular base station. The cellular base station may also transmit a radio resource control message that includes information configured to be relayed to the remote wireless device to the relay wireless device, which may relay the information to the remote wireless device.

Abstract: A reception apparatus includes: an interference estimation unit configured to estimate a frequency band of an interference signal in a reception signal on which the interference signal having a narrower frequency band than that of a transmission signal transmitted by a transmission apparatus is superimposed; a feedback unit configured to feed back the frequency band of the interference signal estimated by the interference estimation unit to the transmission apparatus; and a band synthesis unit configured to synthesize a plurality of sub-spectra in a frequency band corresponding to a plurality of sub-spectra decomposed by the transmission apparatus, and a transmission apparatus includes: a band division control unit configured to perform control for determining a band in which a transmission signal is divided based on the frequency band of the interference signal fed back from the reception apparatus; and a band division unit configured to band-divide the transmission signal into a plurality of sub-spectra so

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to connection revocation in overlay networks. An overlay network may be employed to provide secure tunnels between clients and resources. In response to a privilege evaluation event, performing further actions, including: determining sessions associated with the secure tunnels; determining users and a portion of the resources based on the sessions such that each determined user and each determined resource are associated with a same session; comparing privilege information associated with each determined user with privilege requirements associated with each determined resource. In response to determining one or more mismatches of the privilege information and the privilege requirements based on the comparison, performing further actions, including: determining revocable sessions based on the mismatches; providing revoke messages to agents such that the agents close connections associated with the revocable sessions.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to techniques for performing radio resource control procedures for remote wireless devices in a wireless communication system. A remote wireless device may transmit a radio resource control message that includes information configured to be relayed to a cellular base station to a relay wireless device, which may relay the information to the cellular base station. The cellular base station may also transmit a radio resource control message that includes information configured to be relayed to the remote wireless device to the relay wireless device, which may relay the information to the remote wireless device.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for efficiently routing data through a network having a plurality of switches configured in a fat-tree topology, including: receiving a data transmission comprising a plurality of packets at an edge port of the network, and routing the data transmission through the network with routing decisions based upon a routing table, wherein the routing table includes entries to effect routing decisions based upon a destination based hash function.

Abstract: A base station includes, in an aspect, a first reception unit, a first transmission unit, and a second transmission unit. The first reception unit receives information related to a communication processing state of another base station from the other base station. The first transmission unit transmits duplication of data to be transmitted to a terminal device to the other base station. The second transmission unit transmits the data to the terminal device by using radio communication. Furthermore, the first transmission unit transmits, after the transmission of the data performed by the second transmission unit has been completed, in accordance with the information related to the communication processing state of the other base station, a transmission completion notification that indicates that the transmission of the data has been completed to the other base station.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses example broadcast beam processing methods and apparatuses. One example method includes sending a first broadcast beam. A first measurement report is received from a first terminal after the first broadcast beam is sent, and a weak coverage area of the first broadcast beam is determined based on the first measurement report. A second broadcast beam is then sent, where the second broadcast beam is used to cover the weak coverage area of the first broadcast beam.

Abstract: A method implemented by a network element (NE) in a network, comprising receiving, by the NE, preferred path route (PPR) information comprising a PPR identifier (PPR-ID) and a plurality of PPR-Path Description Elements (PPR-PDEs), wherein a PPR-PDE describing the egress NE comprises a destination flag, an anycast PPR-ID, and an anycast group PPR-ID associated with the egress NE, and updating, by the NE, a forwarding database to include a forwarding entry for the egress NE, wherein the forwarding entry includes the PPR-ID, the anycast PPR-ID, and the anycast group PPR-ID, and wherein the forwarding entry indicates a next element on the PPR graph by which to forward an anycast data packet comprising the anycast PPR-ID.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods and apparatuses for session management. A method implemented at a first network function (NF) may comprise detecting that a path between the first NF and a second NF is failed or the second NF is failed, wherein the second NF maintains one or more data network connections or sessions established between one or more user equipments (UEs) and one or more data networks; selecting an available second NF for the at least one of the one or more data network connections or sessions; sending at least one address or address range of at least one UE corresponding to the at least one of the one or more data network connections or sessions and respective priority metric of the at least one address or address range to the available second NF.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method comprises: generating, by a constrained low power and lossy network (LLN) device that is localized within a subregion of an LLN, a thin destination oriented directed acyclic graph (DODAG) having up to a prescribed limit of attached LLN devices at each hop of the thin DODAG based on generating a DODAG information object (DIO) message specifying an instruction for limiting attachment at each hop of the thin DODAG to the prescribed limit; and causing, by the constrained LLN device, multicast-only transmissions via the thin DODAG based on inserting into the DIO message a multicast-only transmission mode via the thin DODAG and outputting the DIO message, the DIO message causing each neighboring LLN device to selectively attach to the constrained LLN device as an attached child LLN device based on the instruction and execute the multicast-only transmissions via the thin DODAG.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method and an apparatus for beam failure recovery in a communication system. The method for beam failure recovery includes the steps of: searching for a plurality of candidate beams when a beam failure is detected; transmitting a beam failure recovery request signal to a base station by using beam #1 of the plurality of candidate beams; receiving a beam failure recovery response signal in response to the beam failure recovery request signal via beam #1 from the base station; and transmitting an SR requesting a resource for transmission of multi-beam setting information to the base station, wherein the multi-beam setting information includes indexes of one or more beams excluding beam #1 of the plurality of candidate beams. Therefore, performance of the communication system can be improved.

Abstract: Techniques are presented for evaluating Equal Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) performance in a network that includes a plurality of nodes. According to an example embodiment, a method is provided that includes obtaining information indicating equal cost multi-path (ECMP) paths in the network and a branch node in the network. For the branch node in the network, the method includes instantiating a virtual network function that simulates an ECMP hashing algorithm employed by the branch node to select one of multiple egress interface of the branch node; providing to the virtual network function for the branch node, a query containing entropy information as input to the ECMP hashing algorithm that returns interface selection results; and obtaining from the virtual network function a reply that includes the interface selection results. The method further includes evaluating ECMP performance in the network based on the interface selection results obtained for the branch node.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for disseminating network service-specific mapping information across administrative domains. In one example, a network device receives an indication of a route target and one or more underlay tunnels configured to support a service route. The service route is configured to transport network traffic associated with a first network service of a plurality of network services. The network device defines, based on the indication, a first transport class of a plurality of transport classes. The network device receives a service route for the first network service and stores a correspondence between the service route and the first transport class. The network device receives network traffic associated with the first network service and forwards, based on the correspondence, the network traffic along the underlay tunnels specified by the first transport class.

Abstract: There is provided a sensor system for use in a high voltage direct current network. The sensor system comprises a plurality of sensor devices, each sensor device configured to obtain a respective sensor measurement, wherein the plurality of sensor devices are configured to generate a serial data unit for transmission to a recipient system, the serial data unit configured to include the plurality of sensor measurements (S1, S2, Sn), the serial data unit further configured to include a plurality of validity indicators (FCS1, FCS2, FCSn), each validity indicator (FCS1, FCS2, FCSn) configured to provide an individual validity status of a respective one of the plurality of sensor measurements (S1, S2, Sn).

Abstract: In accordance with particular embodiments, there is disclosed herein a method performed by a wireless device for handover. The method comprises receiving a first handover message from a source network node associated with a source cell. The first handover message comprises an identification of a target cell and access information associated with the target cell. The target cell is different than the source cell and comprises one or more beams. The method also includes identifying at least one beam from among the one or more beams of the target cell. The at least one beam is identified based on the identification of the target cell and the access information from the first handover message. The method further includes accessing the target cell using the identified at least one beam.

Abstract: A method and device for detecting a NETCONF session state are provided. According to an example of the method, detection of a NETCONF connection is caused by a change of an OpenFlow connection. In the case that a NETCONF session is established between a controller and a switching device, when detecting that an OpenFlow connection between the controller and the switching device changes in state, the controller sends a packet for obtaining session information of the NETCONF session to the switching device. The NETCONF session is determined to be abnormal if no session information is obtained within a preset time period; and the NETCONF session is determined to be normal if the session information is obtained within the preset time period.

Abstract: An information transmission method includes: A terminal device sends first information to a network device, where the first information includes information indicating that a radio link failure occurs between the terminal device and a first cell, or the first information includes information indicating that beam failure recovery occurs between the terminal device and the first cell; and the first information further includes information about a resource; and the network device performs mobility robustness optimization based on the first information.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for disseminating network service-specific mapping information across administrative domains. In one example, a network device receives an indication of a route target and one or more underlay tunnels configured to support a service route. The service route is configured to transport network traffic associated with a first network service of a plurality of network services. The network device defines, based on the indication, a first transport class of a plurality of transport classes. The network device receives a service route for the first network service and stores a correspondence between the service route and the first transport class. The network device receives network traffic associated with the first network service and forwards, based on the correspondence, the network traffic along the underlay tunnels specified by the first transport class.

Abstract: A computing device, including a processor configured to perform data transfer scheduling for a hardware accelerator including a plurality of processing areas. Performing data transfer scheduling may include receiving a plurality of data transfer instructions that encode requests to transfer data to respective processing areas. Performing data transfer scheduling may further include identifying a plurality of transfer path conflicts between the data transfer instructions. Performing data transfer scheduling may further include sorting the data transfer instructions into a plurality of transfer instruction subsets. Within each transfer instruction subset, none of the data transfer instructions have transfer path conflicts. For each transfer instruction subset, performing data transfer scheduling may further include conveying the data transfer instructions included in that transfer instruction subset to the hardware accelerator.

Abstract: A method for sending a BIERv6 (bit index explicit replication version 6) packet includes: determining, by a first network device, that an active next-hop device for reaching a second network device is faulty, where the first network device belongs to a first area in a BIER domain, the second network device and the active next-hop device belong to a second area in the BIER domain, the active next-hop device is a border device in the second area and is configured to connect to the first area, and the first area and the second area have different protocols; and sending, by the first network device, a BIERv6 packet to a backup next-hop device for reaching the second network device, where the backup next-hop device is a border device in the second area and is configured to connect to the first area.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to connection revocation in overlay networks. An overlay network may be employed to provide secure tunnels between clients and resources. In response to a privilege evaluation event, performing further actions, including: determining sessions associated with the secure tunnels; determining users and a portion of the resources based on the sessions such that each determined user and each determined resource are associated with a same session; comparing privilege information associated with each determined user with privilege requirements associated with each determined resource. In response to determining one or more mismatches of the privilege information and the privilege requirements based on the comparison, performing further actions, including: determining revocable sessions based on the mismatches; providing revoke messages to agents such that the agents close connections associated with the revocable sessions.

Abstract: A method for handling a radio link failure (RLF) is described. The method includes sending, by a terminal device, duplicated data packets to a network device on a first carrier and a second carrier. Thereafter, upon determining that an RLF occurred on one of the first carrier and the second carrier, the terminal device sends RLF indication information to the network device. The RLF indication information indicates that the RLF event occurs on the first carrier, the second carrier, or the first carrier and the second carrier.

Abstract: Embodiments include methods for a gateway device to selectively forward messages in a wireless mesh network. Such methods include receiving, over one of a plurality of network interfaces of the gateway device, a message published to a group address or a virtual address and retrieving, from a database accessible by the gateway device, unicast addresses of all communication devices identified by the group address or the virtual address. Such methods include, based on determining that all communication devices addressed by the retrieved unicast addresses are serviced by the gateway device, sending the received message on all network interfaces that correspond to the communication devices addressed by the retrieved unicast addresses; and based on determining that not all communication devices addressed by the retrieved unicast addresses are serviced by the gateway device, sending the received message on all network interfaces except for the network interface over which the message was received.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a hot standby method, apparatus, and system. The method includes: saving, by an active device, first user information of the active device into a local cache module of the active device and sending, by the active device, the first user information to a remote cache module of a first standby device based on preset correlation information. In response to detecting that the active device becomes faulty, the first standby device obtains the first user information from the remote cache module of the first standby device and restores the first user information.

Abstract: A machine automation system for controlling and operating an automated machine. The system includes a controller and sensor bus including a central processing core and a multi-medium transmission intranet for implementing a dynamic burst to broadcast transmission scheme where messages are burst from nodes to the central processing core and broadcast from the central processing core to all of the nodes.

Abstract: Configuration of a communication network can include obtaining a graph representing the communication network, generation of a the preplan assignment for the communication network, and configuration of the communication network according to the preplan assignment. The graph can be associated with shared risk link groups (SRLGs) and demands. Generation of the preplan assignment can include obtaining a headend assignment between each one of the demands and a headend vertex on the graph. Generation of the preplan assignment can further include obtaining a SRLG-distinguishing assignment between each headend and a corresponding reporting edge set. The reporting edge set for a headend can include sufficient edges to distinguish among SRLGs affecting the headend. Generation of the preplan assignment can further include obtaining a notification path assignment between each headend and each reporting edge in the corresponding reporting edge set for the headend.

Abstract: A network may include an International Serials Data System (ISDS) that is configured to register and determine an identity of a receiving or originating user equipment (UE) that has a home network that operates using a different format or standard than the current network. The ISDS may be configured to generate transmissions on behalf of the UE for registration and identification for outgoing and incoming voice or text messages using the format of both networks.

Abstract: A computing device, including a processor configured to perform data transfer scheduling for a hardware accelerator including a plurality of processing areas. Performing data transfer scheduling may include receiving a plurality of data transfer instructions that encode requests to transfer data to respective processing areas. Performing data transfer scheduling may further include identifying a plurality of transfer path conflicts between the data transfer instructions. Performing data transfer scheduling may further include sorting the data transfer instructions into a plurality of transfer instruction subsets. Within each transfer instruction subset, none of the data transfer instructions have transfer path conflicts. For each transfer instruction subset, performing data transfer scheduling may further include conveying the data transfer instructions included in that transfer instruction subset to the hardware accelerator.

Abstract: A port configuration migration system includes a primary I/O module connected to a server device via a secondary I/O module. A fabric manager system maps a virtual interface to a first downlink port on the primary I/O module that is connected to the secondary I/O module, with the virtual interface providing a virtual direct connection to the server device. The fabric manager system then configures the virtual interface with communication configuration information for the server device such that communications received via the first downlink port are transmitted using the virtual interface. The fabric manager system then receives a discovery communication from the server device via a second downlink port on the primary I/O module that is connected to the secondary I/O module, and remaps the virtual interface to the second downlink port such that communications received via the second downlink port are transmitted using the virtual interface.

Abstract: A system (100) for controlling a plurality of lines (10), with each line (10) being at least one of a production line and a distribution line, comprises: a first subsystem (30), hereinafter referred to as “master room subsystem”, comprising a first control device (40) hosting an OPC UA server (45); and, for each line (10), a second subsystem (50), hereinafter referred to as “line control subsystem”, comprising: (a) a second control device (60) on which an operating system is running, the second control device (60) hosting an OPC UA client (65); (b) at least one field device (70); and (c) a connection device (80) arranged for allowing communication between the field device(s) (70) and the second control device (60). The field device(s) (70) is connected to the second control device (60) through a point-to-point digital communication interface, the second control device (60) having one port per field device (70).

Abstract: A communication device is provided that makes a single or a plurality of functions desired by a service user act on a packet desired by the service user in a service for transferring a packet in a network. A communication device is provided that includes a communication unit that communicates with another node and a control unit that controls the communication by the communication unit, in which the control unit generates path information with a target node, and in the path information with the target node, at least information regarding communication with at least a single relay node that exists between the communication device and the target node, information regarding a function to be performed by the relay node, and content of processing according to the function execution result by the relay node are written.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer-readable media are disclosed herein that monitor and improve network performance and reliability of a plurality of devices and nodes. In aspects, alert types are categorized based on the role, model, and operating system of a device or node within the network for which the alert was generated. A command set that is responsive to the alert and that is specially configured for the role, model, and operating system of the device or node is automatically selected to address the alert. The command set can be executed against the device or node (or neighboring device/node) in order to investigate the cause or source of the alert. Based on the results returned by the command set's execution, remediation actions can be selected and implemented to improve the technological performance (e.g., memory, CPU, connectivity) of the device or node in the network.

Abstract: Provided is a beam recovery method in a wireless communication system. A beam recovery method performed by a user terminal (UE) may include receiving a beam reference signal (BRS) used for beam management from an enhanced Node B (eNB), when a beam failure event is detected, transmitting a control signal for a beam failure recovery request to the eNB; and, when beam reporting is triggered, reporting a beam measurement result to the eNB in a specific resource.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for beam failure recovery in a communication system. The method for beam failure recovery includes the steps of: searching for a plurality of candidate beams when a beam failure is detected; transmitting a beam failure recovery request signal to a base station by using beam #1 of the plurality of candidate beams; receiving a beam failure recovery response signal in response to the beam failure recovery request signal via beam #1 from the base station; and transmitting an SR requesting a resource for transmission of multi-beam setting information to the base station, where the multi-beam setting information includes indexes of one or more beams excluding beam #1 of the plurality of candidate beams.

Abstract: Various techniques for dynamic path selection and data flow forwarding are disclosed. For example, various systems, processes, and computer program products for dynamic path selection and data flow forwarding are disclosed for providing dynamic path selection and data flow forwarding that can facilitate preserving/enforcing symmetry in data flows as disclosed with respect to various embodiments.

Abstract: In response to a radio link failure between given user equipment and a source access node of a communication system during a data transfer operation over a control plane, a method is provided for recovering the radio link for the given user equipment through a target access node of the communication system. The radio link recovery is enabled via a mobility management node of the communication system using a non-access stratum security context previously established between the given user equipment and the mobility management node.

Abstract: A method for enabling a calling User Equipment, UE, to retry a Session Initiation Protocol, SIP, call attempt to a called UE, over a Circuit Switched domain, in a telecommunication network, wherein said called UE has a SIP session established towards said telecommunication network, wherein said method comprises the steps of receiving, by a Proxy Call Session Control Function, P-CSCF, node, an indication that a signalling bearer between said called UE and said telecommunication network is released, wherein said signalling bearer is associated with said SIP session, transmitting, by said P-CSCF node, to a Serving Call Session Control Function, S-CSCF, node triggered by said received indication, a subscribe message for informing said S-CSCF node that said P-CSCF unsubscribes to registration events pertaining to said called UE due to the released signalling bearer such that said S-CSCF node is able to initiate a CS retry when said telecommunication network receives a SIP call attempt from said calling UE to said

Abstract: Global Internet of things (IoT) quality of service (QoS) is provided through self-forming, self-healing, and/or collaborative edge IoT gateways. Moreover, global IoT services are provided by logically extending cellular networks with roaming partners to backhaul, track, and/or manage the globally deployed edge IoT gateways. In one aspect, real-time QoS and/or monitoring capabilities for the global IoT services can be provided through a communication between the edge IoT gateways and an edge gateway controller deployed within a cloud. The edge IoT gateways form a structured mesh network to coordinate workload execution under control of the edge gateway controller, which can facilitate a highly efficient QoS and/or SLA management for mobile IoT sensors, to provide a secure monitoring and/or diagnostic capability for the global IoT services.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide a method of beam failure handling. The method can include performing beam quality measurement of one or more beams transmitted from a base station (BS) at a user equipment (UE) in a beamformed wireless communication system, determining a beam failure occurs based on the beam quality measurement, and performing a beam recovery process that includes at least one of a contention-free beam recovery process or a contention-based beam recovery process. The one or more beams are used for transmitting physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs).

Abstract: A method, system, network node and wireless device for beam selection priority in a wireless communication system are disclosed. According to one aspect of the disclosure, a wireless device is provided. The wireless device is provided with different beam indications for reception of at least a first signal and a second signal. The wireless device includes processing circuitry configured to receive the first signal of a first signal type on a beam indicated by one of the beam indications, the first signal type having a higher priority than a second signal type of the second signal.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide various techniques for beam recovery. For example, a method for wireless communication by a network entity may include providing configuration information to a user equipment (UE) indicating a sequence of target beams and timing information to try each target beam in the sequence, and attempting to communicate with the UE using one or more of the target beams according to the timing information, in response to a beam failure.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods and devices for wireless communication including an apparatus, e.g., a UE and/or base station. The apparatus can determine a first orthogonal matrix and a second orthogonal matrix, the first orthogonal matrix including a size of M×N1 with M×N1 rows and M×N1 columns, the second orthogonal matrix including a size of M×N2 with M×N2 rows and M×N2 columns. The apparatus can also determine a first codebook based on the first orthogonal matrix and a second codebook based on the second orthogonal matrix, the first codebook and the second codebook including a plurality of codepoints. Also, the apparatus can transmit a first signal and a second signal, the first signal including a first codepoint of the plurality of codepoints in the first codebook, the second signal including a second codepoint of the plurality of codepoints in the second codebook.

Abstract: According to some aspects, disclosed methods and systems may include receiving a message indicating a loss of connectivity to a network of a distressed device associated with a location. The method may include connecting, via one or more network devices, to the distressed device associated with the location. The method may also include transmitting information between the distressed device and the network.

Abstract: Techniques described herein provide for expediting routing convergence in EVPN with multihomed ethernet segment when one of the redundant devices loses connection to the ethernet segment. When a first redundant device receives EVPN auto discovery (AD) route advertising an ethernet segment from a second redundant device, it creates an entry for a forwarding table. The entry has, for an advertised MAC address, a local identifier of the ethernet segment (marked as active next hop) and the identifier of the second network device (marked as backup next hop). When a packet for that MAC address is received, the first redundant device routes the data using data from the entry. In particular, the first redundant device uses the local identifier of the ethernet segment as next hop when the ethernet segment link is active; and uses the identifier of the second network device as next hop when the ethernet segment is down.

Abstract: The present patent application discloses a handover method, a base station, and a terminal device. The handover method includes: sending, by a source base station, a handover request to a target base station, where the handover request includes information about a first service of a terminal device; receiving, by the source base station, a handover response sent by the target base station, where if the first service is supported by the target base station, the handover response includes information about a handover instruction for the first service, and the handover instruction is used to instruct the terminal device to hand over the first service from the source base station to the target base station; and sending, by the source base station, a handover response to the terminal device.

Abstract: A communication apparatus comprises a rollback control unit to create a second process to roll back a currently working first process thereto; a storage to store states shared by the first and the second processes, the second process taking over a state(s) stored in the storage unit; a buffer; and a timing control unit that controls of timing of rollback. The rollback control unit starts event buffering to store in the buffer all of an event(s) received during when the first process is processing and destined to the first process, and upon completion of the processing of the event by the first process, the rollback control unit performs switching of a working process from the first process to the second process, sends the event(s) stored therein from start of the event buffering to the second process and stop event buffering.

Abstract: The invention discloses a cross-layer network fault recovery system and method based on configuration migration.

Abstract: This application provides a downstream packet sending method, a downstream packet forwarding method, a downstream packet sending apparatus, and a downstream packet forwarding apparatus. The downstream packet sending method in this application includes: configuring a downstream forwarding path of a downstream packet for a terminal device; generating a source MAC address based on the downstream forwarding path, where the source MAC address is used to indicate the downstream forwarding path; and sending the downstream packet to a forwarding switch, where the downstream packet includes the source MAC address. This application can reduce costs, improve efficiency, and simplify network traffic.

Abstract: An access control method and a user equipment are provided in the present invention. The access control method in a user equipment includes: determining, according to a status of the user equipment, a corresponding access control parameter to execute access control; if a result of the access control is access barring, then starting different access barring timers corresponding to different user equipment states, or starting the same access barring timer in the different user equipment states; and determining a duration of the started access barring timer according to the corresponding access control parameter.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a first port coupled to a first apparatus through a ring line, a second port coupled to a second apparatus through a second line, the second apparatus disposed external to the ring line, the second line configured redundantly with a first line between the first apparatus and the second apparatus, a third port coupled to the first apparatus through a control line for a control signal concerning the first line, and circuitry that detects a fault in the control line, wherein the circuitry detects a fault in the second line, switches the second line from an active line to a standby line in accordance with the detection of the fault in the second line, and while the fault in the control line is detected, shuts down the first port in accordance with the detection of the fault in the second line.