Abstract: Some embodiments include systems, methods, and devices for enabling communication between at least two internet protocol (IP)-only wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs), at least one of which is connected to an information centric network (ICN). The WTRU may send a generic attribute registration multicast registration protocol (GMRP) request on a local IP link to an information centric network (ICN) network attachment point (NAP). The NAP may receive and register the GMRP request with an internal data-base (DB) along with an IP multicast address entry matching the GMRP request. The WTRU may then send an IP multicast packet to the NAP for dissemination to an IP multicast group over an ICN by encapsulating the IP multicast packet in an ICN packet.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to securing access to resource and access rights using cryptography and the blockchain. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to systems and methods that enhance the security of resource access using hierarchical deterministic (HD) cryptography and the blockchain. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure relate to systems and methods that securely and anonymously represent the identity of a user and the user's access code data on a distributed ledger represented across the blockchain.

Abstract: This application provides a multicast service implementation method and apparatus. The method includes: receiving, by a first network device, a first unicast join message sent by a second network device, where the first unicast join message is used to request to join a multicast group, a source address of the first unicast join message is an address of the second network device, and a destination address of the first unicast join message is a multicast source address or a rendezvous point (RP) address; and establishing, by the first network device, a tunnel from the first network device to the second network device based on the first unicast join message. The multicast service implementation method and apparatus in embodiments of this application help improve availability of a multicast service.

Abstract: Provided are a packet sending methods and apparatus, a packet processing method and apparatus, a PE node and a node. The packet sending method includes: receiving a first packet from an AC, processing the first packet to obtain a second packet, the second packet including a first IP, where the first IP includes a second IP or an IP obtained by encrypting part bits of the second IP with an intrinsic entropy value of the first packet and the second IP is one of an ESI IP of an ESI corresponding to the AC, an IP obtained by modifying a designated bit of the ESI IP of the ESI corresponding to the AC according to a Root/Leaf attribute of the AC, an IP obtained by replacing part bits of the ESI IP of the ESI corresponding to the AC with a VLAN ID value corresponding to the AC, a third IP, or an IP obtained by modifying a designated bit of the third IP according to the Root/Leaf attribute of the AC; and sending the second packet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and device for transmitting or receiving a broadcast service including a packet, which is generated using an application layer forward error correction (AL-FEC) scheme, in a multimedia service system. An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for transmitting a broadcast service by a transmitter, the method comprising the steps of: determining one forward error correction (FEC) scheme for a broadcast service among multiple FEC schemes; configuring a signaling message so as to include an identifier indicating the determined FEC scheme; and transmitting the configured signaling message.

Abstract: A router is configured for deployment in a first domain of a network. The router includes a processor and a transmitter. The processor is configured to access addresses of egress routers for a multicast flow that are partitioned into local addresses of egress routers in the first domain and external addresses of egress routers in a second domain of the network. The processor is also configured to prepend an explicit multicast route (EMR) to a packet in the multicast flow to form a first EMR packet. The EMR includes information representing the external addresses. The transmitter is configured to unicast the first EMR packet to an advertising border router (ABR) that conveys the multicast flow from the first domain to the second domain. In some cases, the router includes a receiver configured to receive another EMR packet from another router in another domain via a tunnel between the routers.

Abstract: Provided are a method and apparatus for determining identification information about a cross-domain path, and a storage medium. The method includes: receiving a path computation request from a first child path computation element (PCE), wherein the path computation request carries a compression identifier for identifying compression of path segments and a path set-up type (PST); after identification information about a path from a source node to a destination node is acquired, instructing, according to the compression identifier and the PST, each of sub-PCEs corresponding to the one or more path segments to compress identification information about a respective one of the one or more path segments; and receiving the compressed identification information about each path segment.

Abstract: Systems and methods provide congruent bidirectional Segment Routing (SR) tunnels, namely congruent and fate-shared traffic forwarding for bidirectional SR tunnels. A bidirectional SR tunnel, as described herein, includes two unidirectional SR tunnels where the forward and reverse traffic directions follow the same path through the network when forwarded based on prefix and adjacency Segment Identifiers (SIDs). The term “congruent” is used herein to refer to the fact that the two unidirectional SR tunnels, i.e., the forward and reverse traffic directions, follow the same path through the network but in opposite directions. The guarantee of congruency is based on modification of the Segment Identifier (SID) configuration at the source nodes of each tunnel. Accordingly, the present disclosure maintains compatibility with existing Segment Routing configurations with the modifications solely at the source nodes.

Abstract: A system and method for supporting network isolation in a multi-tenant cluster environment. An exemplary method can support one or more tenants, and can associate each of the one or more tenants with a partition of a plurality of partitions, and can also associate each of the plurality of partitions with one or more nodes of a plurality of nodes, each of the plurality of nodes being associated with a leaf switch of a plurality of switches. The method can mark each of the plurality of partitions with a policy parameter. The method can assign each node of the plurality of nodes a partitioning order based on the marked on the partition associated with each node. Finally, the method can, based at least upon the marking of the partition of the plurality of partitions, generate one or more linear forwarding tables for use in the multi-tenant cluster environment.

Abstract: A network node, computer program, computer-readable medium and method for fail-safe data transmission in a network, in which data packets are transmitted from a sender to a receiver via redundant paths, upon which resources for the transmission are reserved at participating network nodes utilizing an identifier associated with the relevant path, wherein, if a new path is to be found for at least one of the paths involved, then the previous reservations on all redundant paths are maintained, a new redundant path is determined for the at least one path involved and an attempt is made to reserve resources for the transmission on this new redundant path at the participating network nodes, wherein a new identifier associated with the new path is utilized, and if the new reservations on the at least one new path are successful, then previous reservations on the at least one previous path involved are removed.

Abstract: A multicast frame directed to a plurality of devices coupled to a network can be received, where the plurality of devices comprising at least one intended recipient device and at least one unintended recipient device. A destination unicast address corresponding to an intended recipient device can be identified. The multicast frame can be converted into a unicast frame directed to the intended recipient device, the unicast frame configured with the destination unicast address. The unicast frame can be blocked from accessing the unintended recipient device. The unicast frame can be provided to the intended recipient device.

Abstract: Systems and methods for establishing call connection in response to user action, the method including receiving a first user action from a user associated with making a call connection, wherein the first user action comprises any of copying at least part of a phone number, pasting at least part of the phone number, or inputting at least part of the phone number. The method also includes determining one or more call recipients based on the first user action. The method also includes establishing one or more silent call connections based on the determined one or more call recipients, wherein each of the one or more silent call connections comprises a call connection with a predetermined parameter so that there are no incoming call indicators on one or more devices associated with the one or more call recipients.

Abstract: A method for file downloading by a computing device is described. The method includes sending a multicast representative message on a multicast channel in response to receiving file download instructions. The multicast representative message indicates that the computing device is a multicast representative. The method also includes downloading file data during a multicast delay. The method additionally includes sending the file data on the multicast channel upon expiration of the multicast delay. The method further includes sending a multicast complete message.

Abstract: A device connects to a standard channel of a multicast network based on entering a service area, and receives a service announcement (SA) file via the standard channel. The device parses the SA file to determine a list of services identified in the SA file, and receives a selection of a priority service from the list of services. The device updates a priority counter associated with the priority service based on the selection. The device receives, after the period of time, information indicating entry into the service area, and determines that the priority counter satisfies a threshold based on receiving the information indicating entry into the service area. The device automatically connects to a priority channel of the multicast network, associated with the priority service, based on the priority counter satisfying the threshold, and receives a priority SA file, associated with the priority service, via the priority channel.

Abstract: Methods, network devices and computer readable media are disclosed for replication and switching of Internet Protocol (IP) packets in professional media networks. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving, at a first node in a network configured for bit indexed explicit replication (BIER), and via a replication fabric within the network, a packet comprising a packet bit array. Each receiver of a plurality of non-BIER-enabled receivers reachable via the replication fabric is represented by a relative bit position in the packet bit array, and a respective IP address is assigned to each receiver. The method further includes determining that an intended non-BIER-enabled receiver of the packet is a local receiver of the first node, obtaining the IP address assigned to the local receiver, removing the packet bit array from the packet and forwarding the packet, without the packet bit array, to the local receiver via unicast IP forwarding.

Abstract: [Problem] A route information transfer device that transfers packets advertising route information between routers of different service types is provided. [Solution] The route reflector (route information transfer device) 1 includes: a packet reception unit 11 that receives packets from a PE (router) 2; an information update unit 120 that updates a parameter related to the service type included in the received packet according to the PE 2 and the virtual private network, and stores the updated parameter in the service-type information storage unit 13; an information conversion unit 14 that refers to the service-type information storage unit 13 and converts the parameter related to the service type of the source PE2 of the packet into a parameter related to a service-type of the destination PE 2 in an identical virtual private network; and a packet transmission unit 16 that transmits a packet including the converted parameter to the destination PE 2.

Abstract: A method and network device for overlay tunnel termination and mirroring spanning datacenters. Specifically, the method and network device disclosed herein entail the traversal of mirrored network traffic from datacenters lacking traffic analysis tools to other datacenters including the sought after traffic analysis tools. Further, the aforementioned traversal of mirrored network traffic may utilize virtual network layer overlay domain tunnels.

Abstract: Techniques for bridging communication between multiple networks to facilitate distribution of multicast data are described herein. For example, a node that is able to communicate with its network and an adjacent network may send a subscription message indicating that the node is a member of a multicast group. The subscription message may be forwarded up both networks. The node may then forward, between the networks, data that is destined for members of the multicast group.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method comprises causing, by an apparatus, establishment of first and second multicast trees within one or more underlay switching fabrics of one or more fat tree topologies, the first and second multicast trees comprising first and second multicast roots for multicast transmission to leaf network devices in the respective first and second multicast trees; causing, by the apparatus, establishment of an overlay tunnel between the first and second multicast roots, the overlay tunnel independent and distinct from the first and second multicast trees; causing the first multicast root to multicast transmit, via the first multicast tree, a data packet having been transmitted to the first multicast root; and causing the first multicast root to unicast transmit the data packet to the second multicast root via the overlay tunnel, for multicast transmission of the data packet by the second multicast root via the second multicast tree.

Abstract: A Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller controls multicast traffic in an SDN domain and one or more non-SDN domains imbedded in the SDN domain.

Abstract: A resource allocation method includes: receiving, by a first radio access network node in a first-type radio access network node, resource configuration information, where the resource configuration information includes at least two groups of resource information; and using, by the first radio access network node, the resource indicated by one group of resource information in the resource configuration information as the transmission resource used in the second link of the first radio access network node.

Abstract: Methods, computer program products, and systems are presented. The method computer program products, and systems can include, for instance: receiving, by a Network Virtualization Edge (NVE) of a first virtual network (VN), a multicast packet from a virtual machine (VM) of the first virtual network (VN); determining, by the NVE, whether the NVE currently supports forwarding the multicast packet to a second NVE of a second virtual network (VN), the second virtual network (VN) being logically separated from the first virtual network (VN); responsively to determining that the NVE currently supports forwarding the multicast packet to a second NVE of a second virtual network (VN) forwarding, by the NVE, the multicast packet to the second NVE.

Abstract: In an adaptive route wireless network and bi-directional protocol, each computing device along a route to a gateway appends the previous node's network address to downstream messages as they are transmitted along the route from an originating computing device to the gateway. The list of appended network addresses thus records the route taken by the downstream network message through the adaptive route network. A server computing device maintains a route table including the list of appended network addresses received with each downstream message. To send unsolicited upstream messages to any computing device on the wireless network, the server generates an upstream network message that includes the appended network address(es) from the portion of the route table corresponding to the destination computing device. The upstream route to the destination computing device is thus contained in the list of appended network addresses within the network message.

Abstract: The technology disclosed herein enables multicast network traffic to pass an RPF check in a logical router having separated packet handlers. In a particular embodiment, a method includes, in a north/south packet handler of a first logical router, receiving first network traffic from an east/west packet handler of the logical router. The first network traffic is multicast network traffic and the logical router is a first hop router for the first network traffic from a source of the first network traffic. The method further includes identifying an entry for the source in unicast routing information for unicast network traffic. Identifying the entry indicates that the first network traffic passes a reverse path forwarding (RPF) check. In response to the first network traffic passing the RPF check, the method includes transferring the first network traffic from the north/south packet handler to a next hop for the first network traffic indicated by first multicast routing information.

Abstract: Systems, methods, computing platforms, and storage media for administering a distributed edge computing system utilizing an adaptive edge engine based on a finite state machine behavioral model are disclosed. Exemplary implementations may: select a first workload from one or more workloads; access, for the selected workload, one or more location optimization strategies from a plurality of location optimization strategies; and optimize an objective function across a portion of the one or more endpoints; select one or more endpoints; deploy the workload on at least one selected endpoint; monitor the health of the endpoint-workload deployment; and direct network traffic to the appropriate endpoint.

Abstract: A distributed policy proxy system offloads network policy processing from an overloaded network element to policy proxy network elements. A network controller detects that policy resources are overloaded at a network element, and selects a group of policy proxy network elements. The network controller assigns an exclusive range of endpoint groups to each policy proxy network element. Each policy proxy network element is assigned to handle policy processing for its assigned range of endpoint groups. The network controller provides instructions to the policy proxy network elements to enable each policy proxy network element to apply the network policy for its assigned range of endpoint groups. The network controller also provides instructions to the overloaded network element to redirect a packet from the first endpoint group to a first policy proxy network element based on a destination of the packet.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for providing backup protection. A first subnet is established for replication in a first cluster that includes a plurality of host devices. Each of the host devices includes a respective controller virtual machine, which together form a virtual local area network for replication. Each of the controller virtual machines is assigned an Ethernet interface. A replication Internet Protocol address is assigned to each of the Ethernet interfaces of the controller virtual machines. Route tables and firewall rules of the controller virtual machines are modified to allow communications between nodes of the first subnet. The first subnet is configured with information related to a second subnet for replication in a second cluster. A dedicated communication channel is generated for replication between the first cluster and the second cluster based on the configuring.

Abstract: Key encryption methods, apparatuses and systems are disclosed in the embodiments of the present disclosure. A client does not store an encryption algorithm used for encrypting a key, but only stores an information header encrypted by the encryption algorithm, so that an attacker cannot directly obtain the encryption algorithm that is used for decrypting the information header even if the client is attacked, thus improving the security of the key in the client. When the key is needed to be used to encrypt obtained data, the client can use the stored first information header to request the key from the server, and the server having a higher security restores the key based on a stored first encryption algorithm. The client can encrypt the data using the key obtained from the server, so that the client can ensure the security of the obtained data without storing the encryption algorithm.

Abstract: A multicast forwarding method applied to a BIER multicast network includes establishing, by a head node device, a first tunnel; generating a first entry; obtaining bit string information of a first multicast stream, where the bit string information includes an identifier of a tail node device that the first multicast stream is expected to reach; determining whether first bit string map information includes the identifier, in the bit string information, of the tail node device that the first multicast stream is expected to reach; and forwarding, by the head node device, the first multicast stream to a first intermediate node device through the first tunnel when the head node device determines that the first bit string map information includes the identifier in the bit string information, of the tail node device that the first multicast stream is expected to reach.

Abstract: A method for performing data-accessing management in a storage server and associated apparatus such as a host device, a storage device, etc. are provided. The method includes: in response to a client request of writing a first set of data into the storage server, utilizing the host device within the storage server to trigger broadcasting an internal request corresponding to the client request toward each storage device of a plurality of storage devices within the storage server; and in response to the internal request corresponding to the client request, utilizing said each storage device of the plurality of storage devices to search for the first set of data in said each storage device to determine whether the first set of data has been stored in any storage device, for controlling the storage server completing the client request without duplication of the first set of data within the storage server.

Abstract: A system for coordinated management of Internet of Things (IoT) devices to minimize power consumption and network congestion is provided. A mobile device designated as local group management device (LGMD) identifies a group of IoT devices that are configured to access a network. The mobile device receives information regarding an upcoming event involving the group of IoT devices. The mobile device generates usage knowledge specifying the group of IoT devices, a location, and a time associated with the upcoming event. The mobile device receives configuration update data that are generated based on the usage knowledge for scheduling operations of the group IoT devices. The mobile device delivers the configuration update data to the group of IoT devices.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and systems are provided for improving utilization of the satellite communications system through various “deltacasting” techniques for handling content sets (e.g., feeds or websites). Embodiments operate in a client-server context, including a server optimizer, a client optimizer, and, in some embodiments, a pre-positioning client. Within this client-server context, content sets are multicast (e.g., anticipatorily pre-positioned in a local dictionary) to end users of the communications system and are handled at the content set level, according to set-level metadata and/or user preferences. In some embodiments, when locally stored information from the content sets is requested by a user, deltacasting techniques are used to generate fingerprints for use in identifying and exploit multicasting and/or other opportunities for increased utilization of links of the communications system.

Abstract: A computer network includes a server computer having communication ports that are wired to switch ports of two separate network switches. The network switches receive link aggregation control packets from the server computer, and automatically aggregate corresponding switch ports into a single logical port channel based on contents of the control packets.

Abstract: Grafting segments of a network together to mitigate service disruptions associated with impairments, maintenance, etc., is contemplated. The grafting may include instantiating a wired and/or wireless graft to facilitate connecting an impaired portion of a network to an unimpaired portion, such as to reestablish services at the impaired portion via the graft to the unimpaired portion.

Abstract: Techniques are described for class-based traffic engineering in an IP network. For example, routers of an IP network may establish one or more constrained traffic engineered paths using a link-state protocol (e.g., IGP) without using signaling protocols, such as RSVP or SPRING, or encapsulating packets over MPLS. For example, an egress router of the IP network may receive a capability message specifying the capability of routers to compute a constrained path to the egress router, wherein the capability message comprises path computation information including an identifier of a path computation algorithm to be used by the one or more of the plurality of network devices to reach the egress network device. The egress router may advertise a reachability message including a destination IP prefix and the identifier of the path computation algorithm to cause routers in the IP network to compute the constrained path to reach the egress router.

Abstract: Disclosed are examples of systems, apparatus, devices, computer program products, and methods implementing aspects of digital content retrieval using a decentralized content fabric. In some implementations, fabric nodes of an overlay network are provided. A first fabric node is configured to: determine, responsive to a client request for a content object part, that the content object part is not stored locally at the first fabric node; identify a second one or more fabric nodes as a best match; send a network request for the content object part to the second one or more fabric nodes; obtain the content object part from the second one or more fabric nodes; and process the content object part with further content object parts to produce the digital content for the client.

Abstract: In embodiments, Internet of Things (IoT) devices may be organized according to an IoT device hierarchy, which may include parent and/or child associations between resources associated with IoT devices and/or with groupings of IoT devices. IoT devices wishing to support an IoT device hierarchy may utilize an extended IoT device resource model which provides for IoT device hierarchy information and interfaces to be provided by supporting IoT devices. A supporting resource may have one or more parent properties and/or child properties which may identify, respectively, parent or child resources which are associated with the resource. In various embodiments, these parent properties and/or child properties may include uniform resource identifiers (URI). A supporting resource may also identify an interface type for a hierarchical access interface, through which one or more descendant resources may be accessed through a single command. Other embodiments may be descried and/or claimed.

Abstract: Techniques for providing cooperative communication via multicast communications are disclosed. An example apparatus comprises a memory and processing circuitry coupled to the memory. The processing circuitry is configured to generate a multicast group address based, at least in part, on a geographical region of the apparatus, and broadcast the multicast group address to allow cooperative communication enabled devices to join a multicast group corresponding to the multicast group address. The apparatus is also configured to receive requests from the cooperative communication enabled devices to join the multicast group. The apparatus is also configured to transmit messages to the multicast group via multicast communications.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosed technology address limitations relating to packet replication for multi-destination traffic, by providing methods for performing hardware-based replication in network infrastructure devices, such as switches. In some aspects, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) resident in physical devices can be used to perform packet replication. Depending on implementation, a hardware-based replication process can include steps for receiving a first packet that includes a first outer header containing first address information, receiving a second packet including a second outer header containing a hardware replication flag, forwarding the first packet to all virtual tunnel endpoints (VTEPs) connected with the TOR switch, and performing hardware replication for the second packet based on the hardware replication flag to generate one or more unicast packets. Systems and machine readable media are also provided.

Abstract: To enable fast startup of an audio/video receiver device and quick receipt of a first audio/video stream, is provided a method in an intermediate device in between a router device and the receiver device. The intermediate device snoops the communication between the audio/video receiver device and the router device to determine the protocol version of the router device to subscribe to a transmission of an audio/video stream and to determine that the receiver device is starting up. If the protocol version is a version not supporting Source Specific Multicast and the receiver device is booting, a message indicating the protocol version is transmitted to the receiver device during starting up of the receiver device so that the latter can switch to a protocol version supported by the IP multicast router device without further delay.

Abstract: A quantum attack-resistant system for processes of cryptography key exchange comprises a linear space computing module, a manifold computing module, and a Banach space computing module. The system implements the technologies of homotopy morphing and key cloaking for facilitating the processes of key exchange to perform quantum attack-resistant operations in a mathematics space which is different from the spaces that generic quantum attacks work on, and then retrieve the original key in a Hilbert space after the processes of key exchange. The system not only avoids quantum attacks on key exchange processes, but also avoids the defects of current PQC solutions, the vulnerability of the main streamed symmetric & asymmetric encryption systems, and the limitation of quantum key operation in a Hilbert space. Both legacy key solution and quantum key solution are provided and implemented without requiring expensive devices.

Abstract: Methods, devices and computer readable storage media for performing bit indexed explicit replication (BIER) are disclosed. One embodiment of a method includes obtaining, at an egress node of a network, a bit position assigned to the egress node. This embodiment also includes sending an outgoing advertisement to other nodes in the network, where the outgoing advertisement identifies the egress node and the assigned bit position. The bit position is within a bit mask comprising bits in a plurality of bit positions, and each bit position corresponds to a respective egress node of the network.

Abstract: Managed multicast communications may be implemented across isolated networks. A virtual traffic hub may be implemented that connects different isolated networks. A control plane for the virtual traffic hub may accept requests to enable a multicast group between different isolated networks connected to the virtual traffic hub. The multicast group may then be enabled at the virtual traffic hub so that requests to add members to the multicast group and data packets directed to the multicast group can be handled according to multicast protocols by the virtual traffic hub.

Abstract: A reliable high-throughput data transmission may be accomplished using a multi-path message distribution and a message reassembly with a forward error correction protection. An incoming flow of data from a source is received at an input parser. The incoming flow of data is divided into a plurality of packets by the input parser. The plurality of the packets is encoded with a FEC and transmitted over a network with a plurality of transmission links. The transmitted plurality of FEC encoded packets are decoded. The decoded plurality of packets is merged to an outgoing flow of data with an output multiplexor and the outgoing flow of data is sent to a destination.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer program products are disclosed for facilitating on-demand delivery of unknown qubits. An example method includes determining a private set of quantum bases. The example method further includes generating a set of qubits based on the private set of quantum bases. The example method further includes transmitting the set of qubits over a quantum line to a remote device without transmitting the private set of quantum bases.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a first computer networking device executes an election algorithm to determine whether at least the first computer networking device or a second computer networking device is responsible for forwarding, to at least one receiving device, communications addressed to a specified group of computing devices. The first computer networking device may further store first data indicating that the first computer networking device is responsible for forwarding the communications. However, in response to the first computer networking device determining that it is no longer receiving the communications, it may store second data indicating that the first computer networking device is no longer responsible for forwarding the communications and may send, to the second computer networking device, third data indicating that the first computer networking device is not receiving the communications.

Abstract: Described herein are systems and methods for supporting multicast for virtual networks. In some embodiments, a native multicast approach can utilized in which packet replication is performed on a host node of a virtual machine (VM) with a multicast data packet encapsulated in uniquely address unicast packets. In some embodiments, a network virtual appliance can be utilized. A multicast packet sent from the VM can be unicasted to the network virtual appliance. The multicast appliance can then replicate the packet into multiple copies and send the packets to the receivers in the virtual network as unicast data packets encapsulating the multicast packet.

Abstract: The disclosed technology is generally directed to communications in an IoT environment. In one example of the technology, a virtual IoT device is maintained and controlled to act as a representation of a connected device. Communications are received from an IoT support service. The received communications from the IoT support service are acted in response to, including sending communications to the IoT support service in response to the received communications, and changing the virtual IoT device as if the virtual IoT device were the connected device. The connected device is communicated with based on changes in the virtual IoT device.

Abstract: Systems and methods for playing adaptive bitrate streaming content by multicast in accordance with embodiments of the invention are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method of receiving and playing back adaptive bitrate streaming content using a playback device includes receiving an adaptive streaming session description including information about a piece of adaptive streaming content and information for accessing a multicast session of the piece of adaptive streaming content using a playback device, receiving portions of a first alternative stream of the piece of adaptive streaming content sent to a first multicast group that includes the playback device using the playback device, computing a bandwidth measurement using the playback device, and switching to a second alternative stream of the piece of adaptive streaming content based upon the computed bandwidth measurement using the playback device.

Abstract: A terminal device comprises a transmitter, a receiver and a controller. The transmitter is configured to transmit a first radio signal to infrastructure equipment of a wireless telecommunications system, the first radio signal being repeatedly transmitted a predetermined number of times during each of a plurality of consecutive time periods, each of the consecutive time periods being separated by a separation time period. The receiver is configured to receive, from the infrastructure equipment during one of the separation time periods, a second radio signal that comprises an indicator indicating that transmission of the first radio signal should continue or that transmission of the first radio signal should be terminated and the second radio signal having a measurable characteristic on the basis of which the terminal device reduces an offset of a reference radio frequency of the terminal device relative to a transmission radio frequency of the infrastructure equipment.