Abstract: A digital broadcast receiver for processing a broadcast signal, includes a tuner configured to receive the broadcast signal including Physical Layer Pipes (PLPs), wherein the PLPs carry link layer packets; and a controller coupled to the tuner, wherein the controller is configured to select and decode a specific PLP, detect and acquire first signaling information for supporting a channel scan and second signaling information for a robust header compression, wherein the second signaling information for the robust header compression includes a PLP identifier, profile information for representing a range of multiple protocols used to compress at least one stream, and a maximum value of a context identifier, select and decode another PLP to receive the at least one stream based on the second signaling information for the robust header compression, and decompress the at least one stream.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus is provided. The transmitting apparatus includes: a packet generator generating a packet including a header and a payload from an input stream including a plurality of input packets; and a signal processor signal-processing the packet, wherein the header includes a base header which includes: a first field indicating a packet type of the input packets; wherein when the first field is set to a value indicating that the packet type of the input packets is a TS packet, the base header comprises a second field indicating a number of TS packets included in the payload and a third field set to a first value indicating that the header of the packet does not comprises an additional header or a second value indicating that the header of the packet further comprises the additional header, and wherein the third field is set to the second value when TS header compression to remove at least one header of the TS packets is applied to generate the packet.

Abstract: According to some embodiments, a method in a wireless transmitter comprises: receiving a plurality of bits for a wireless transmission; determining a maximum code block size for the transmission based on code rate, maximum code word size Nmax, and design parameters of the channel code; segmenting the plurality of bits into one or more code block segments such that no one of the one or more code block segments is larger than the determined maximum code block size; and transmitting the one or more code block segments to a wireless receiver. In particular embodiments, the design parameters of the channel code limit the maximum code block size to Kmax for any code rate. The determined maximum code block size may be limited by code rate and Nmax such that the maximum code block size does not exceed code rate times Nmax.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for managing memory allocations when coding video data according to multiple codec configurations. According to these techniques, devices may negotiate parameters of a coding session that include parameters of a plurality of different codec configurations that may be used during the coding session. A device may estimate sizes of decoded picture buffers for each of the negotiated codec configurations and allocate in its memory a portion of memory sized according to a largest size of the estimated decoded picture buffers. Thereafter, the devices may exchange coded video data. The exchange may involve decoding coded data of reference pictures and storing the decoded reference pictures in the allocated memory. During the coding session, the devices may toggle among the different negotiated codec configurations. As they do, reallocations of memory may be avoided.

Abstract: A wireless communication device includes a processor. The processor estimates a quality of a received signal that is transmitted from a source device. The processor determines a communication parameter for a next communication transaction based on an evaluation value that indicates a result of subtracting a second value from a first value, the first value being determined based on a coding rate and a data length of a data signal received from the source device, the second value being determined based on the data length, a modulation scheme and a quality of the data signal. The processor reports the communication parameter to the source device.

Abstract: An electronic circuit (200) includes one or more programmable control-plane engines (410, 460) operable to process packet header information and form at least one command, one or more programmable data-plane engines (310, 320, 370) selectively operable for at least one of a plurality of cryptographic processes selectable in response to the at least one command, and a programmable host processor (100) coupled to such a data-plane engine (310) and such a control-plane engine (410). Other processors, circuits, devices and systems and processes for their operation and manufacture are disclosed.

Abstract: This disclosure describes techniques that include storing, during parsing of a data unit or a network packet, information (i.e., “summary information”) that identifies how the network packet has been process and/or other aspects of the parsing process. In one example, this disclosure describes a method that includes parsing a packet header from a data unit, wherein parsing the packet header includes storing in result vector storage each of a plurality of data items derived from the packet header, the result vector storage having a result vector format defining fields within the result vector storage for storing each of the plurality of data items; storing in template storage, for each of the plurality of data items, summary information about the plurality of data items stored in the result vector storage; and processing, by the packet-processing integrated circuit and based on the summary information and the plurality of data items, the network packet.

Abstract: Various examples and techniques pertaining to audio output monitoring for failure detection of warning sound playback are described. In one aspect, audio data, which includes a plurality of bits of a first sound sample and one or more control bits for integrity check, is retrieved from a data storage. The audio data is processed by: (i) performing an integrity check on the first sound sample based on the one or more control bits, and (ii) playing back a first sound using the first sound sample. The first sound can be a warning sound in automobile applications.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for uplink transmission in a wireless communication system, and an apparatus therefor. Specifically, a method by which a terminal performs an uplink transmission using tail biting convolution coding (TBCC) in a wireless communication system comprises the steps of: encoding a coded bit using a plurality of bits; and transmitting the coded bit, which has been encoded, to a base station using an uplink control channel, wherein the plurality of bits are generated by repeating odd number of times at least one bit corresponding to uplink control information, and the number of the plurality of bits may be set to be equal to or larger than a predetermined threshold for the TBCC.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention discloses a buffer status reporting method, where the method including: triggering, by a terminal, reporting of a padding buffer status report (padding BSR); and determining, by the terminal, a reported BSR format according to a size of padding bits, a size of a first type of BSR format plus its media access control (MAC) subheader, and a quantity of logical channel groups currently having to-be-transmitted data being buffered, where a quantity of logical channel groups corresponding to the BSR format is greater than or equal to 1, and less than or equal to a maximum quantity of logical channel groups currently having to-be-transmitted data being buffered.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of a network element that processes changes to forwarding information is described. In an exemplary embodiment, the network element receives an indication of a change to a network topology of the network. The network element forwarding information includes a first plurality of prefixes and a plurality of adjacencies and each of the first plurality of prefixes references one of the plurality of adjacencies. In addition, in response to receiving the indication of the change to the network topology, the network element identifies a change to the plurality of adjacencies. Furthermore, the network element updates, in-place, the plurality of adjacencies in-place with the change to the plurality adjacencies.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a device in a network determines that a plurality of packets should be aggregated, each of the plurality of packets comprising a payload. The device generates, for each of the payloads, a sub-media access control (sub-MAC) header that comprises a sequence number and a frame check sequence (FCS). The device forms an aggregated packet that comprises a physical layer (PHY) header, a MAC header, the payloads, and the generated sub-MAC headers for the payloads. The device sends the aggregated packet to another device in the network.

Abstract: A method and system for providing sub-band whitening are herein provided. According to one embodiment, a method estimating an interference whitening (IW) factor based on a legacy-long training field (LLTF) signal, updating the estimated IW factor during transmission of a data symbol, and scaling the data symbol based on the updated IW factor and the estimated IW factor.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure provide for mechanisms for processing incoming packets for virtual machines in a computer system. A method of the disclosure includes: processing, by a hypervisor executed on a host machine, a packet to be routed via a virtual machine in view of a packet processing program running on the virtual machine; determining, by the hypervisor, whether the packet is to be passed to a network stack in view of the processing; and in response to determining that the packet is not to be passed to the network stack, placing the packet in a first receive queue of a plurality of receive queues associated with a network interface card associated with the virtual machine, wherein the first receive queue comprises one or more packets to be processed by a packet processing program running on the virtual machine.

Abstract: A system and method for managing the optical layer network data communications of an optical fiber data network by an optical transceiver module is disclosed. The management of the optical layer network data communications comprising data link layer functions or layer 2 functions in an OSI model. Benefits include reduction in reduced cost of network deployments from consolidation of network equipment, such as switches, and reduction in power consumed as well as enabling point-to-multipoint network connections from previously only point-to-point network connection.

Abstract: A low density parity check (LDPC) decoding device includes a data generator for generating information with a first precision; a data converter for converting the information into a message with a second precision greater than the first precision; and a decoding processor for performing a low density parity check (LDPC) decoding using the message to generate decoded data.

Abstract: In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a method of minimizing timing error in a precise timing protocol system includes receiving an input 1PPS signal and a clock signal; outputting an output 1PPS signal a number of clock edges after receipt of the input 1PPS signal; adjusting the clock signal until the output 1PPS signal as jumped a clock cycle; and adjusting an offset to bring the output 1PPS signal to within a half clock period. In some embodiments, further adjustments can be made to the timestamp.

Abstract: A method for simultaneously communicating with multiple communication devices in a wireless local area network is described. Multiple uplink data units are received that are simultaneously transmitted by multiple second communication devices. The multiple uplink data units include a management data unit and a traffic data unit. An acknowledgment data unit is generated to acknowledge receipt of the multiple data units. The acknowledgment data unit includes (i) an indication that indicates that the acknowledgment data unit is intended for the multiple second communication devices, and (ii) respective acknowledgment information fields for the multiple second communication devices. The respective acknowledgment information fields include a first acknowledgment information field for the management data unit and a second acknowledgment information field for the traffic data unit.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes a receiver configured to receive a signal from a first line, a signal processing circuit configured to perform descrambling processing on the received signal, detect a control signal from the descrambled signal, generate a signal in which an idle signal in accordance with a difference amount between a communication capacity of a second line as a transmission destination and a communication capacity of the first line is inserted in a position where the control signal is detected, and perform scrambling processing on the generated signal, and a transmitter configured to output the scrambled signal to the second line.

Abstract: A neural network system includes an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer. The input layer receives a training set including a sequence of batches and provides to its following layer output activations associated with the sequence of batches respectively. A first hidden layer receives, from its preceding layer, a first input activation associated with a first batch, receive a first input gradient associated with a second batch preceding the first batch, and provide, to its following layer a first output activation associated with the first batch based on the first input activation and first input gradient. The first and second batches have a delay factor associated with at least two batches. The output layer receives, from its preceding layer, a second input activation, and provide, to its preceding layer, a first output gradient based on the second input activation and the first training set.

Abstract: A radio system supporting 2.4 GHz operation, 5 GHz operation, and dual simultaneous 2.4 GHz/5 GHz operation includes one or more radios; and a plurality of antenna systems connected to the one or more radios via a plurality of switches, wherein each of the plurality of antenna systems includes an antenna element including a first end and a second end; a terminating network connecting the first end to ground; and a matching network connecting the second end to an antenna port which is communicatively coupled to one or more radios, wherein the antenna element operates as one of a quarter wave, a half wave, based on first settings in the terminating network and the matching network, and wherein the one or more radios are selectively connected to the plurality of antenna systems based on second settings of the plurality of switches.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for generating a secret or key in a network having first and second subscribers and a transmission channel therebetween. The first and second subscribers generating first and second sequences of subscriber values to achieve synchronous transmission; and the first and second subscriber each generate a common secret, the first subscriber doing so based on information about the first sequence and a superposition of the second sequence onto the first sequence on the transmission channel, and the second subscriber doing so based on information about the second sequence and the superposition of the second sequence of subscriber values onto the first sequence of subscriber values. At certain intervals or in accordance with a detected sequence of superposed values, the first or second subscriber outputs at least one filler value onto the transmission channel such that an edge change or change in values occurs on the transmission channel.

Abstract: Various aspects and features related to wireless communication for high reliability and low latency are described. In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, a system, and an apparatus are provided. A method of wireless communication includes communicating with a network via one or more network nodes using separate wireless links for each UE in a set of UEs using a same RAT. The method includes either transmitting uplink data traffic from a common source to the network nodes using respective separate wireless links corresponding to the two or more UEs or receiving downlink data traffic destined for the common source from the network nodes using respective separate wireless links corresponding to the two or more UE.

Abstract: For routing Packet Data Converge Protocol (PDCP) Protocol Data Units (PDU), a processor detects a split bearer configuration for a mobile device. In response to detecting the split bearer configuration, the processor routes PDCP PDU in a Radio Link Control (RLC)/Medium Access Control (MAC) for the at least two cell groups.

Abstract: Assigning chromatic numbers based on a pre-assigned scheme to a stream of sensor data from sensors of Internet connected devices to “color” the message which can then be processed by chromatic number to obtain a pluralized stream of data.

Abstract: What is disclosed is a system and method to use discovery packets, such as in an LLDP message, for determining operational status of a rack system. A network device is connected to the port of a switch. Operational data may be sent or received via a discovery packet to the network device. The operational data may be determined by a management agent on the network device and sent to a management controller via the discovery packet. The operational data may be determined by the management controller and sent to the network device.

Abstract: A programmable and reconfigurable frame processor comprises: a first data processing unit; a first state machine connected to the first data processing unit; a second data processing unit; a second state machine connected to the second data processing unit; and a master state machine respectively connected to the first and second state machines. The first and second data processing units each comprises a frame structure description table for storing a frame header address pointer, a frame tail address pointer and values of respective sections specified in a communication protocol. The first state machine, the second state machine and the master state machine each comprises a protocol state structure description table for storing a header address pointer, a tail address pointer and state transition values.

Abstract: In the present invention, the transmitting device attaches a sequence number (SN) for each of service data unit (SDU) elements to generate a protocol data unit (PDU) containing the SDU elements. Each of the SDU elements is a SDU or SDU segment. The PDU includes the SDU elements and respective SNs for the SDU elements. The PDU includes an indicator for each of the SDU elements, and the indicator indicating whether a corresponding SDU element is a SDU or SDU segment.

Abstract: Various aspects described herein relate to communicating a scheduling request (SR) in a wireless network. A frame structure that allows dynamic switching of transmission time intervals (TTI) between uplink and downlink communications may be used to communicate with a network entity. At least one SR mode can be selected for SR transmission to the network entity in one or more of the TTIs configured for uplink communications based at least in part on the frame structure. The SR can be transmitted to the network entity in at least one uplink TTI of the one or more TTIs configured for uplink communications based at least in part on the at least one SR mode.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present invention are a relay transmission method and device, enabling reduction of complexity of relay transmission and a decrease of transmission latency. The method comprises: a relay terminal apparatus receives a first lower-level data frame sent by a transmitting-end apparatus to a receiving-end apparatus, wherein the first lower-layer data frame is obtained by the transmitting-end apparatus by means of processing a MAC PDU carrying identifier information of a remote terminal apparatus; the relay terminal apparatus determines, at the lower layer, whether the first lower-layer data frame is required to be forwarded; and the relay terminal apparatus forwards, at the lower layer, the first lower-layer data frame, wherein the transmitting-end apparatus is the remote terminal apparatus, and the receiving-end apparatus is a network apparatus; alternatively, the transmitting-end apparatus is a network apparatus, and the receiving-end apparatus is the remote terminal apparatus.

Abstract: A data communication device communicating with other devices via multiple communication paths includes a transmission unit and a reception unit. The transmission unit is configured to receive a packet containing header information and data, to output the header information to each of the communication paths, to divide the data into multiple data pieces, and to output the data pieces to the respective communication paths. The reception unit is configured to receive header information and a data piece for each of the communication paths, and to reconstruct a packet from the header information and the data piece received from each of the communication paths. In reconstructing the packet, the reception unit adjusts, for each of the communication paths, output timing of the data piece, based on the header information.

Abstract: A BLE network includes a first piconet including a first master scanner and a first group of low-power slave/advertisers for transmitting wireless advertisements. Circuitry in the first master/scanner wirelessly scans to detect an advertisement transmitted by a first slave/advertiser of the first group and transmits a connection request in response to the detecting, and transmits a schedule for subsequent advertisements after an initial advertisement by the first slave/advertiser. Circuitry in the first slave/advertiser transmits the initial advertisement, receives an acceptance a resulting connection request, establishes association with the first master scanner, and then causes the first slave/advertiser to go to sleep, to wake up and transmit subsequent advertisements according to the schedule and accept resulting connection requests, and transmits available data to the first master/scanner, and goes back to sleep.

Abstract: A method for execution by a storage unit of a dispersed storage network includes updating a rebuilding task list based on detecting at least one storage error associated with storage of encoded data slices in a set of storage units that includes the storage unit. An encoded data slice is rebuilt based on the rebuilding task list and an affinity with the encoded data slice. The rebuilding task list is again updated based on detecting execution of at least one task of the rebuilding task list. The rebuilding task list is further updated based on detecting expiration of an execution time frame between sequential tasks of the rebuilding task list.

Abstract: A wireless access point transmits a protocol data unit (PDU) that includes data and signaling for a plurality of user devices. The PDU spans a channel in frequency and an interval in time, and includes a first signaling section, a second signaling section and a traffic action. For each of a plurality of subchannels of the channel: the first signaling section includes (within the subchannel) a corresponding redundant copy of common signaling information for the user devices associated with the access point; the second signaling section includes (within the subchannel) a corresponding set of user-specific signaling information for a corresponding group of one or more of the user devices; and the traffic section includes (within the subchannel) a corresponding set of traffic data for the corresponding group of one or more user devices. Subchannels sizes may be configurable. A signaling set CRC may be included per subchannel.

Abstract: A terminal device for use in a software rewriting system configured to rewrite a software package of a control device, including a storage unit configured to store one or more pieces of source code in a text format for generating one or more pieces of object code in a binary format executable by the control device. The terminal device retrieves a piece of difference source code which is a difference in a piece of source code corresponding to a current piece of object code stored in the storage unit, generates a latest piece of source code based on the piece of difference source code retrieved and the one or more pieces of source code stored in the storage unit, converts the latest piece of source code into a latest piece of object code, and transmits the latest piece of object code obtained from the conversion to the control device.

Abstract: A data sending method is provided. The method includes: receiving, by a MAC entity of a sending device, a MAC SDU sent by a PDCP entity of the sending device by using a logical channel; multiplexing, by the MAC entity of the sending device, the MAC SDU to generate a first MAC data packet; segmenting or concatenating, by the MAC entity of the sending device, the first MAC data packet to generate a second MAC data packet; adding, by the MAC entity of the sending device, a MAC header to the second MAC data packet to generate a MAC PDU; and sending, by the MAC entity of the sending device, the MAC PDU to a MAC entity of a receiving device by using a physical entity of the sending device and a physical entity of the receiving device.

Abstract: A transmitting apparatus, a receiving apparatus, and a data processing method that enable efficient transmission of periodically transmitting information. The transmitting apparatus arranges, in a physical layer frame including a preamble and a data portion, periodically transmitting transmission information in an area that is extractable temporally before other information arranged in the data portion, and transmits the physical layer frame as a digital broadcast signal. The apparatuses and method are applicable to, for example, digital broadcasting using an IP transmission method.

Abstract: A method and technique for communications over multiple protocol interfaces in a computing environment includes identifying a first communications protocol of a network interface for ingress data packet communications. Responsive to the identified first communications protocol of the network interface differing from a second communications protocol used for the data packet communications, fragmentation data according to a data packet fragmentation protocol corresponding to the second communications protocol is derived from an application layer header of the data packet communications. A logical packet is re-assembled from the data packet communications using the data packet fragmentation protocol and the fragmentation data.

Abstract: A method for transmitting a broadcast signal includes generating a packet carrying a broadcast service and service signaling information, and a packet carrying fast information for supporting rapid service scans and service acquisition, the fast information including identification information for identifying the broadcast service, service category information representing a category of the broadcast service and hidden information representing whether or not the broadcast service is related to a test service; generating a robust header compression (RoHC) packet by compressing a header of each packet, and signaling information including context information generated from the compressing the header of each packet; and transmitting a RoHC packet stream comprising the RoHC packet through a first Physical Layer Pipe (PLP), and the signaling information through a second PLP which is separate from the first PLP.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of transmitting a broadcast signal. The method includes encoding broadcast data based on a delivery protocol, line-layer processing the broadcast data, and physical-layer processing the broadcast data. Line-layer processing the broadcast data may include compressing the header of at least one IP packet when the broadcast data comprises the IP packet and encapsulating the IP packet into link layer packets.

Abstract: A predictive model utilizes a set of coefficients for processing received input data. To reduce memory usage storing the coefficients, a compression circuit compresses the set of coefficients prior to storage by generating a cumulative count distribution of the coefficient values, and identifying a distribution function approximating the cumulative count distribution. Function parameters for the determined function are stored in a memory and used by a decompression circuit to apply the function the compressed coefficients to determine the decompressed component values. Storing the function parameters may consume less memory in comparison to storing a look-up table for decompression, and may reduce an amount of memory look-ups required during decompression.

Abstract: The present specification proposes a method for transmitting and receiving a signal, and an apparatus therefor, and more specifically, a method for transmitting, by a first station (STA), a signal to a second STA in a wireless LAN (WLAN) system, the method comprising the steps of: generating a training field including a basic training subfield for each spatial-temporal stream and a training subfield for each spatial-temporal stream on the basis of the total number of spatial-temporal streams, wherein the basic training subfield for each spatial-temporal stream is composed of M (M is a natural number) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols on the basis of the information indicated by a header field; and transmitting a signal including the header field and the training field to the second STA through a corresponding spatial-temporal stream.

Abstract: An optical local area network includes a passive optical distribution fabric interconnecting a plurality of nodes including a first node and a plurality of remaining nodes, a hub that includes the first node and a control module, and a client network adapter coupled to each of the remaining nodes fir responding to the control module. The control module controls timing for each of the client network adapters to transmit signals over the passive optical distribution fabric and distribution of signals to each of the nodes.

Abstract: Novel tools and techniques are provided for implementing media content delivery. In some embodiments, a globally unique identifier (“GUID”) associated with a particular media content might be embedded in headers of packets of a transport stream of the media content. When the transport stream is received by a user device, the GUID might enable retrieval of the necessary metadata (and/or updates of metadata) for enabling presentation of the media content. Alternatively or additionally, ratings or similar information can likewise be embedded in the headers of packets or I-frames of the transport stream, which enables a user (e.g., parent) to easily block or skip objectionable content from children who may be present. Alternatively or additionally, the transport stream may be combined with auxiliary data streams containing metadata and other associated auxiliary content to create a combined transport stream, to ensure no lost or corrupted media content during transmission.

Abstract: Transmitting apparatus and receiving apparatus for communication systems using coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed (COFDM) dual-subcarrier modulation (DCM) signals. The same coded data is mapped both to COFDM subcarriers located in the lower-frequency half spectrum of the DCM signal and to COFDM subcarriers located in its upper-frequency half spectrum. The mapping of COFDM subcarriers in those half spectra employ labeling diversity preferred for reception of DCM with less error when accompanied by interfering additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). In preferred forms of COFDM DCM signal, the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) of COFDM subcarriers is Gray mapped to position palindromic lattice-point labels along one of the diagonals of each square QAM constellation.

Abstract: The present technology relates to a signal processing apparatus and a signal processing method that enable to accurately specify a boundary between packets. A signal processing apparatus includes a block information acquisition unit which specifies a block length from a transmission parameter, attached to a block, of a multiplexed stream including the series of blocks, a packet information acquisition unit which analyzes the block and acquires a packet parameter, a pattern information acquisition unit which analyzes the block and acquires specific pattern position information, and a packet division unit which specifies a boundary between the packets included in the block on the basis of the block length, the packet parameter, and the specific pattern position information. The present technology is capable of being applied to, for example, a signal processing apparatus that processes a broadcast wave.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for determining a correction signal on the basis of at least one bit error of a binary word is specified, including a plurality of subcircuits (ST), wherein a respective subcircuit is provided for a bit position to be corrected of the binary word, wherein each of the subcircuits provides at least two locator polynomial values, and comprising a selection unit, which determines a correction signal depending on the locator polynomial values and depending on an error signal (err, E). A method for driving such a circuit arrangement is furthermore proposed.

Abstract: A packet forwarding device and a system using same are provided. The packet forwarding device includes a datapath forwarding hardware unit for processing a first set of packets matching a first set of rules of a rules table. The packet forwarding device further includes a datapath forwarding software unit for generating or modifying the rules table and for processing a second set of packets matching a second set of rules of the rules table and applying a service to the second set of packets.

Abstract: Systems and methods for managing congestion in a network are disclosed. One method can comprise receiving a service tag at a first node, the service tag representing congestion information of at least a portion of the network. If the first node is a boundary node, the method comprises modifying a downstream data rate based upon the congestion information, and if the first node is not a boundary node, the method comprises transmitting the congestion information to a second node.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided. A method includes managing, by a software defined network (SDN) controller, OpenFlow rules stored on an OpenFlow network device having a ternary content addressable memory (TCAM). The OpenFlow rules include unreachable OpenFlow rules and reachable OpenFlow rules. The managing step includes querying at least one OpenFlow rule from among the unreachable OpenFlow rules and the reachable OpenFlow rules on the at least one OpenFlow network device. The managing step further includes determining whether any of the OpenFlow rules are reachable or unreachable from indicia used to mark the OpenFlow rules as reachable or unreachable. The managing step also includes causing a removal of the unreachable OpenFlow rules from the OpenFlow network device.