Abstract: A ZR or ZR+ interface includes circuitry configured to receive one or more client signals; and circuitry configured to transmit the one or more client signals as an aggregate signal in a Flexible Ethernet (FlexE) format in one of a ZR format and a ZR+ format, including a mapping indicative of how the one or more client signals are one of multiplexed and subrated into the aggregate signal. The aggregate signal can have a rate that does not correspond to a standard Ethernet Physical Medium Dependent (PMD). The FlexE format can include a plurality of FlexE instances with at least one of the FlexE instances having calendar slots removed for a subrating application.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus, said apparatus comprising means for receiving, at a user equipment, a scheduling grant for a first number, M, of transport blocks, wherein the scheduling grant comprises an indication of a second number, N, of transport blocks to be transmitted or received before a time delay, wherein M is greater than 1 and N is less than or equal to M, causing transmission or reception of a first group of N transport blocks and, if N is less than M, after the time delay, causing transmission or reception of a further group of up to N transport blocks followed by the time delay, until M transport blocks are caused to be transmitted or received.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting the preamble of a wireless packet is disclosed. The system utilizes one or more received fragments as inputs to a correlator, forming correlator content inside the correlator memory. After every sample from the received fragment is provided to the correlator, the correlator then compares the correlator content to a known pattern pre-programmed as a set of correlation coefficients. The correlation coefficients may not align with the correlator content because the symbol boundaries are not known a-priori. By cyclic rotation of the correlation coefficients relative to the correlator content, or cyclic rotation of the correlator content relative to the known correlation coefficients, a match with one or more preamble symbols may be found. This technique may be used to reduce power during the preamble detection process. Alternatively, this technique can also be used for antenna diversity, multi PHY and multichannel applications.

Abstract: Method and device for tabular processing and execution of operation flow, and generation of an operation flow table by the same. The flow steps of the operation flow are sequentially acquired and the continuous flow steps in the operation flow are combined into a flow step sequence corresponding to the operation flow type according to the predetermined flow step sequence combination rule. Based on a predetermined row generation rule corresponding to the flow step sequence having the operation flow types, in the operation flow table, the operation flow table rows corresponding to the flow step sequence are sequentially generated until all the flow steps are processed and a final operation flow table is outputted. The operation flow table is executed by the aforesaid method and device. The editing, processing and execution of the complex operation flow can be made more concise and efficient by the aforesaid operation flow processing.

Abstract: A service mapping processing method for an optical transport network, an apparatus, and a system are provided, where the method includes: generating mapping adaptation indication information according to a mapping granularity of a to-be-carried LO ODU, where the mapping granularity is M×g bytes, M is a quantity of timeslots occupied by the to-be-carried LO ODU in an OPUCn, g is a size of a mapping granularity corresponding to each timeslot of the timeslots occupied by the LO ODU, and g is a positive integer greater than 1; mapping, according to the mapping adaptation indication information, the to-be-carried LO ODU to an ODTUCn.M payload area; encapsulating the mapping adaptation indication information into the ODTUCn.M overhead area; encapsulating the ODTUCn.M into an OTUCn; and sending the OTUCn to a receive end device. The method avoids that OTUCns that use different mapping granularities cannot interwork between a receive end and a transmit end.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to reference signal design methods and devices. In one example method, a first communication device obtains at least one sequence from a subset of sequences in a set of sequences and obtains at least one reference signal based on the obtained at least one sequence. The sequence is phase rotated during its generation, phase rotated in the frequency domain, or cyclically shifted in the time domain based on a constant value ?q. The first communication device transmits the reference signal to a second communication device.

Abstract: A data transmission method, apparatus, and system are applied to the field of communication technologies. The method includes: performing demultiplexing processing on obtained y first data streams to obtain x second data streams, where the y first data streams are obtained through bit multiplexing processing; mapping the x second data streams at a granularity of n bits to obtain z third data streams; and outputting the z third data streams over an output lane, where y, x, n, and z are all positive integers, and n?2. The method may be applied to an Ethernet high-speed interface.

Abstract: A method (400) for a website authentication is provided. The method includes receiving a reference uniform resource locator (URL) (130) at a browser (120) and determining whether the reference URL adheres to an authentication protocol (202) including a credential identifier (132c) and a web authentication host URL (132a). When the reference URL adheres to the authentication protocol, the method also includes extracting the credential identifier and the web authentication host URL from the reference URL. The method further includes obtaining credential data (160) from a remote service (150) using the credential identifier and sending web authentication instructions (170) to the browser. The web authentication instructions include the web authentication host URL and the credential data.

Abstract: An optical signal transmission method includes mapping a first optical data unit frame to a first flexible tributary unit frame, where the first flexible tributary unit frame includes a plurality of payload blocks; mapping the first flexible tributary unit frame to a first optical payload unit frame, where the plurality of payload blocks are distributed in a payload area of the first optical payload unit frame; mapping the first optical payload unit frame to a second optical data unit frame, where a bit rate of the second optical data unit frame is greater than a bit rate of the first optical data unit frame; mapping the second optical data unit frame to a first optical transport unit frame; and sending the first optical transport unit frame.

Abstract: An apparatus coupled to a single-wire serial bus through a line driver is configured to determine that a first sequence start condition (SSC) has been initiated when the single-wire serial bus transitions from first to second signaling states. The line driver drives the single-wire serial bus to the first signaling state after a first duration to complete the first SSC, and an arbitration window with plural timeslots is provided when the line driver presents a high impedance to the single-wire serial bus after the first SSC. The line driver drives the single-wire serial bus to the first signaling state in each timeslot of the plural timeslots in which the single-wire serial bus is driven to the second signaling state. After the arbitration window has expired, the apparatus transmits a second SSC and a Manchester encoded command addressed to at least one slave device.

Abstract: A data placement program causes a computer to execute a process of data placement in a main memory and a cache. When performing an operation using a first data groups and second data groups to generate pieces of operation result data representing operation results of the operation, based on a size of one piece of the operation result data and a size of an operation result area storing some of the plurality of pieces of operation result data in the cache memory, determining a number of the first data groups and a number of the second data groups, both corresponding to the some pieces of operation result data, and placing the plurality of first data groups and the plurality of second data groups in the main memory based on the determined number of the first data groups and the determined number of the second data groups.

Abstract: A semiconductor chip for implementing aggregated flow detection and management includes a number of pipes, where each pipe is coupled to a portion of ports on the semiconductor chip that are to receive data packets. A logic is coupled to the pipes and is used to detect and manage an elephant flow. The elephant flow-detection and management logic includes a flow table and a byte counter.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to data transfer device for receiving data from a host device and method therefor. The device comprise a plurality of input ports configured to receive input data comprising of a plurality of bytes, an output port configured to provide an output data byte and a plurality of buffer units, each buffer unit coupled to an input port of the plurality of input ports. Each of the plurality of buffer units receives a portion of the input data, wherein an enable bit is associated with the portion of data and each of the buffer devices provides the received portion of data as an output, if the enable bit indicates that the portion of data is not a garbage data.

Abstract: Various embodiments include methods and devices for compression and decompression of weight data sets. Some embodiments may include compressing weight data by receiving a weight data set of binary numbers representing weight values, generating a frame payload including a compressed first frame of a first subset of the weight values in the weight data set, and generating a block of compressed weight data having the frame payload. Some embodiments may include decompressing weight data by retrieving a block of compressed weight data, in which the block of compressed weight data includes a frame header associated with a frame payload, in which the frame header includes a normalization factor indicator, and in which the frame payload includes compressed weight values, and generating a first decompressed frame comprising decompressed weight values of the compressed weight values of the frame payload.

Abstract: Provided are an uplink information transmission method, terminal and network device. The method includes: receiving configuration signaling indicating a transmission periodicity of uplink information; and when the number of uplink symbols in a transmission unit for transmitting the uplink information is smaller than a first numerical value, not transmitting the uplink information, where the first numerical value is a positive integer.

Abstract: Two or more die are stacked together in a stacked integrated circuit device. Each of the processors on these die is able to communicate with other processors on its die by sending data over the switching fabric of its respective die. The mechanism for sending data between processors on the same die (i.e. intradie communication) is reused for sending data between processors on different die (i.e. interdie communication). The reuse of the mechanism is enabled by assigning each processor a vertical neighbour on its opposing die. Each processor has an interdie connection that connects it to the output exchange bus of its neighbour. A processor is able to borrow the output exchange bus of its neighbour by sending data along the output exchange bus of its neighbour.

Abstract: This application provides an example delay measurement method and an example network device. The method includes receiving, by a first network device, a first service flow. The method also includes determining, by the first network device, a first delay value based on a first measurement code block in the first service flow. The first delay value is a time difference between a first moment at which the first measurement code block is detected in the first network device and a second moment at which the first measurement code block is detected in the first network device.

Abstract: A method for processing service data in an optical transport network includes receiving service data, where the service data is to be mapped to a plurality of consecutive data frames, determining a quantity of code blocks, occupied by the service data, of each of the plurality of consecutive data frames and locations of the code blocks, where the code block includes a payload area and an overhead area, the payload area of the code block is used to carry the service data, and the overhead area of the code block includes identification information of the service data, and mapping the service data to the plurality of consecutive data frames based on the quantity of code blocks and the locations of the code blocks.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments relate, generally, to improved data reception handling at a physical layer (PHY). Some embodiments relate to end of line systems that include legacy media access control (MAC) and PHY that implement improved data reception handling disclosed herein. The improved data reception handling improves the operation of the end of line systems, and the MAC more specifically, and in some cases to comply with media access tuning protocols implemented at the physical layer.

Abstract: Various systems, methods, and devices for adjusting window size based on QoE sensitivity are described. An example method includes receiving, from a first device, a data packet that indicates a window size and that is addressed to a second device. The example method further includes identifying a QoE priority associated with the second device and adjusting the window size based on the QoE priority. Further, the example method includes transmitting the data packet to the second device.

Abstract: A method of auto-detection of WLAN packets includes selecting a first Golay sequence from a first pair of Golay complementary sequences associated with first packet type, each Golay sequence of the first pair of Golay complementary sequences being zero correlation zone (ZCZ) sequences with each Golay sequence of a second pair of Golay complementary sequences associated with a second packet type, and transmitting a wireless packet carrying a short training field (STF) that includes one or more instances of the first Golay sequence.

Abstract: A data transmission system has a master circuit, a slave circuit, and a transmission control circuit. The slave circuit stores a plurality of data in a first format. The master circuit processes data in a second format to perform a corresponding function. The transmission control circuit is coupled to the master circuit and the slave circuit. The transmission control circuit accesses a first datum from the slave circuit according to a first access command of the master circuit, converts the first datum in the first format into a first application datum in the second format, and transmits the first application datum to the master circuit.

Abstract: Systems and methods for a wireless data protocol are disclosed. For example, a packet fragmentation scheme is determined and utilized to fragment high bit rate packets. A packet spacing scheme and a number of parity slots to utilize is determined, and then packet fragment representations are generated utilizing the packet spacing scheme and the number of parity slots. The packet fragment representations are appended to their corresponding packet fragments and sent to a receiving device. The receiving device may then utilize the packet fragment representations to reconstruct packets that are lost during transmission.

Abstract: Disclosed herein includes a system, a method, and a device for reducing latency and jitter by reserving a transmission duration for a transmit opportunity. A device can compress a first slice of a plurality of slices of a video frame to obtain a size of the first slice after compression. The device can estimate a size of the video frame after compression, according to the size of the first slice after compression. The device can generate a request to send (RTS) to reserve, a transmission channel for a transmission duration corresponding to the size of the video frame after compression. The device can broadcast the RTS to one or more other devices.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for base stations to indicate the start and end of a downlink message, by prepending and appending demarcations to the message in 5G or 6G. A user device can then readily locate the message by detecting the demarcations, greatly reducing the amount of computation required of the receiver processor. There may be no need for a DCI message alerting the user device of the coming message. Each demarcation may be a brief predetermined bit sequence such as a demodulation reference or an identification code of the intended recipient. The start and end demarcations may be different, and may include a gap of zero or low transmission, to further assist the receiver. The user device may transmit a request message to the base station, requesting that demarcations be applied to the user's downlink messages, and declining the redundant DCI alert messages, thereby saving further energy and network overhead.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of operating a radio node in a Radio Access Network, the method including communicating utilizing frequency resources based on allocation information received in a message, the message having an allocation information structure containing the allocation information.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a communication arrangement (110, 130) adapted for link aggregation of a plurality of communication links (120a, 12b, 120c). The communication arrangement (110, 130) is adapted to communicate via the plurality of communication links (120a, 120b, 120c) and comprises a traffic handling unit (112, 132) that is adapted to obtain data segments (414-417, 419-421, 423-425) to be transmitted, and to identify one or more data flows (401, 402, 403, 404) in said data segments. The traffic handling unit is adapted to attach sequence numbers, SEQ, to data segments associated with each identified data flow (401, 402, 403, 404), wherein sequence numbers are independent between data flows and to select a communication link for transmission of a data segment associated with a certain data flow (401, 402, 403, 404).

Abstract: A first device transmits to a second device a first data unit which indicates a maximum number of long training field (LTF) symbols that the first device transmits and receives for a multiple input multiple output communication. The first device receives, from the second device, a second data unit which comprises a plurality of LTF symbols up to the maximum number of LTF symbols the first device receives indicated by the first data unit. A channel estimation is performed based on the plurality of LTF symbols of the second data unit up to the maximum number of LTF symbols indicated by the first data unit to recover information in one or more fields of the second data unit. For the case when the second data unit is a trigger frame, the first device generates the third data unit with a plurality of LTF symbols up to the maximum number of LTF symbols the first device transmits indicated by the first data unit and transmits the third data unit.

Abstract: This application provides a data transmission method and apparatus, and relates to the field of communications technologies. The method includes: obtaining a plurality of code block streams; distributing, based on a preset multiplexing sequence, code blocks in the plurality of code block streams by slots, to form a single, interleaved code block stream from the plurality of code block streams; and segmenting and encapsulating the single, interleaved code block stream, to generate at least one frame. By utilizing time division duplexing techniques, a data transmission delay of the code block streams can be reduced.

Abstract: Antenna elements support RF communication over a communication link using frequency channels, RF processing circuits, and configuration circuitry to apply a selected configuration. Each configuration identifies processing circuit to antenna element couplings, and which frequency channel is allocated to each RF processing circuit. A reinforcement learning process is applied to dynamically alter which configuration to apply as a currently selected configuration. The reinforcement learning process maintains a future rewards record having entries that maintain, for an associated combination of link state and configuration, an estimated future rewards indication determined using a discounted rewards mechanism. A selection policy selects a configuration for a current link state, and then a new reward is observed that is dependent on how the selected configuration alters a chosen performance metric for the communication link.

Abstract: A service mapping processing method for an optical transport network, an apparatus, and a system are provided, where the method includes: generating mapping adaptation indication information according to a mapping granularity of a to-be-carried LO ODU, where the mapping granularity is M×g bytes, M is a quantity of timeslots occupied by the to-be-carried LO ODU in an OPUCn, g is a size of a mapping granularity corresponding to each timeslot of the timeslots occupied by the LO ODU, and g is a positive integer greater than 1; mapping, according to the mapping adaptation indication information, the to-be-carried LO ODU to an ODTUCn.M payload area; encapsulating the mapping adaptation indication information into the ODTUCn.M overhead area; encapsulating the ODTUCn.M into an OTUCn; and sending the OTUCn to a receive end device. The method avoids that OTUCns that use different mapping granularities cannot interwork between a receive end and a transmit end.

Abstract: A network switch is capable of supporting cut-through switching and interface channelization with enhanced system performance. The network switch includes a plurality of ingress tiles, each tile including a virtual output queue (VOQ) scheduler operable to submit schedule requests to a fabric scheduler. Data is requested in unit of quantum, which may aggregate multiple packets, and which reduces schedule latency. Each request is associated with a start-of-quantum (SoR) state or a middle-of-quantum (MoR) state to support cut-through. The fabric scheduler performs a multi-stage scheduling process to progressively narrow the selection of requests, including stages of arbitration in virtual output port level, virtual output port group level, tile level, egress port level, and port group level. Each tile receives the grants for its requests and accordingly sends request data to a switch fabric for transmission to the destination egress ports.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for transcoding a video. An input attribute of a video is obtained and a target attribute is obtained. A segment transcoding speed of the video is determined based on the input attribute and the target attribute. The segment transcoding speed indicates a transcoding speed of a video segment. The number of video segments of the video is determined based on a preset target transcoding speed and the segment transcoding speed. The video is segmented based on a video length of the video and the number of video segments to obtain the video segments. The video segments are transcoded based on the segment transcoding speed.

Abstract: A byte stuffing circuit and a byte stuffing method are provided. The byte stuffing method includes: receiving a first data stream and generating a second data stream according to the first data stream, where a first size of the first data stream is N bytes, and a second size of the second data stream is 2N bytes; in response to an Xth byte of the second data stream matching a first flag byte, overwriting the Xth byte with a first stuffing byte, and inserting a second stuffing byte into an (X+1)th byte of the second data stream, where X is a positive integer between 1 and 2N?1; combining a remnant data stream and a first part of the second data stream to generate a third data stream, and configuring a second part of the second data stream as the remnant data stream; and outputting the third data stream.

Abstract: A method of processing control signals using a plurality of ports of a robot control device is provided. The method may include determining a logic signal of each of the plurality of ports corresponding to an N-bit signal frame; generating a port setting bit for determining whether to use each of the plurality of ports corresponding to the N-bit signal frame based on an order of the plurality of ports; generating a result bit by performing a bit operation on the logic signal of each of the plurality of ports and the port setting bit; and processing a first signal based on the result bit.

Abstract: A method of transmitting data in a media stream in accordance with a media streaming protocol includes generating data of a first type associated with a first type identifier in accordance with the protocol, encapsulating the generated data in a data structure defined by the protocol, the data structure including a type identifier field for specifying a type of data contained within the data structure, setting the type identifier field to a second type identifier different than the first type identifier, forming a packet comprising the first data structure, and transmitting the packet in the media stream.

Abstract: Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a wireless receiver may receive, from a radio bearer configured to use header compression and at a lower layer of the wireless receiver, a plurality of packets based at least in part on the header compression, wherein the lower layer receives the plurality of packets in an out-of-order sequence. The wireless receiver may deliver, from the lower layer of the wireless receiver to a higher layer of the wireless receiver, the plurality of packets, after header decompression according to the out-of-order sequence, based at least in part on at least one threshold. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method, which comprises: receiving an input message comprising N-bit input segments, N being an integer greater than one; converting the N-bit input segments into corresponding N-bit output segments using a 2N-by-2N one-to-one mapping stored in a non-transitory storage medium; and generating an output message comprising the N-bit output segments. Also, a computer-implemented method for a recipient to validate a message received from a sender, the message including a first part and a second part. This method comprises receiving a token from a witnessing entity; obtaining a first data element by joint processing of the first part of the message and the token; obtaining a second data element by joint processing of the second part of the message using a key associated with the sender; and validating the message by comparing the first and second data elements.

Abstract: A measurement system and method, which increases a degree of freedom for setting a measurement period and a transmission period of measurement values and has a high accuracy, are provided. The measurement system includes a control device and a measurement device that measures a measurement object in a first period and transmits measurement values obtained from the measurement device to the control device. The measurement device transmits the measurement values waiting to be transmitted and additional information including information of the number of the measurement values waiting to be transmitted to the control device using frames transmitted in a second period that is longer than the first period. The control device generates time series data in which the measurement values are arranged in time series using the additional information.

Abstract: A bit interleaver, a bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) device and a bit interleaving method are disclosed herein. The bit interleaver includes a first memory, a processor, and a second memory. The first memory stores a low-density parity check (LDPC) codeword having a length of 64800 and a code rate of 3/15. The processor generates an interleaved codeword by interleaving the LDPC codeword on a bit group basis. The size of the bit group corresponds to a parallel factor of the LDPC codeword. The second memory provides the interleaved codeword to a modulator for 1024-symbol mapping.

Abstract: A method and a device are provided for deriving audio parameter values from an AES67-compatible audio information signal, which AES67-compatible audio information signal is generated from a serial data stream of successive IP packets (IP(i)), the IP packets containing an IP header (IP HDR), a UDP header (UDP HDR), an RTP header (RTP HDR) and a data field (DATA), and wherein audio parameter values such as sampling frequency and number of channels are derived from information stored in the headers.

Abstract: An FEC coder in a transmission device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure performs BCH coding and LDPC coding based on whether a code length of the LDPC coding is a 16k mode or a 64k mode. A mapper performs mapping in an I-Q coordinate to perform conversion into an FEC block, and outputs pieces of mapping data (cells). The mapper defines different non-uniform mapping patterns with respect to different code lengths even an identical coding rate is used by the FEC coder. This configuration improves a shaping gain for different error correction code lengths in a transmission technology in which modulation of the non-uniform mapping pattern is used.

Abstract: The present invention provides a data transmission method, comprising: sending scheduling information to a terminal on a downlink subframe, wherein the scheduling information is used for scheduling the terminal to transmit uplink data on one or more uplink subframes of an unlicensed carrier; and receiving the uplink data transmitted by the terminal. The present invention provides a technical solution of multi-subframe scheduling in the unlicensed carrier which does not exist in the prior art. The present invention also provides a data transmission device and a storage medium.

Abstract: A method includes determining, by an NFCC of a first NFC device, whether the NFCC is responsible for determining a maximum length value of data packets transmitted in subsequent communication. The method further includes sending a first request comprising a first length value to a second NFC device when the NFCC is responsible for determining the maximum length value. The first request further includes a first DID. The method further includes receiving a first response that is returned by the second NFC device for the first request and that comprises a second DID. The method further includes using the first length value as the maximum length value of the data packets transmitted in the subsequent communication when the first DID is the same as the second DID.

Abstract: Technologies for applying a redundancy encoding scheme to segmented portions of a data block include an endpoint computing device communicatively coupled to a destination computing device. The endpoint computing device is configured to divide a block of data into a plurality of data segments as a function of a transmit window size and a redundancy encoding scheme, and generate redundant data usable to reconstruct each of the plurality of data segments. The endpoint computing device is additionally configured to format a series of network packets that each includes a data segment of the plurality of data segments and generated redundant data for at least one other data segment of the plurality of data segments. Further, the endpoint computing device is configured to transport each of the series of network packets to a destination computing device. Other embodiments are described herein.

Abstract: Provided are a periodic uplink information/signal transmission method, apparatus and system. The method includes that: a terminal receives configuration signaling transmitted by an access network device, the configuration signaling containing a configuration parameter of periodic uplink information/signal; and the terminal determines a target transmission unit according to the configuration parameter, and transmits or cancels target periodic uplink information/signal according to the number of an uplink symbol in the target transmission unit.

Abstract: A method for processing and transmitting multimedia signals received from a plurality of channels are provided. The method may include receiving at least two multimedia signals from a plurality of channels, and generating a composite multimedia digital signal by coding the multimedia signals in a frame format. At least one of the multimedia signals may include a video signal. The frame format may include an active zone and a blanking zone, the active zone may be configured to encode at least part of the multimedia signals, and the blanking zone may be configured to encode format information. The method may further include converting at least part of the encoded multimedia signals in the active zone into analog signals to generate a composite multimedia signal. The method may further include transmitting the composite multimedia signal to a receiving device via a transmission medium.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for mapping processing and de-mapping processing in an optical transport network are provided. A Low Order Optical Channel Data Unit (LO ODU) signal is mapped into a payload area of an Optical Channel Data Tributary (ODTU) signal in units of M bytes. M is equal to the number of time slots of a High Order Optical Channel Payload Unit (HO OPU) that are to be occupied by the ODTU signal, and M is an integer larger than 1. Overhead information is encapsulated to an overhead area of the ODTU signal. Thereafter, the ODTU signal is multiplexed into the HO OPU. According to the application, an efficient and universal mode for mapping the LO ODU to the HO OPU is provided.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for communicating in a wireless network. In one aspect, a first wireless communication device may generate a first frame that includes at least a first aggregated media access control protocol data unit (A-MPDU). The first A-MPDU may include one or more media access control protocol data units (MPDUs). The first wireless communication device may set a first recipient address (RA) field to a first value in a first MPDU, and set a first field in the first MPDU to a second value that represents an identifier of a second wireless communication device. In one aspect, the first wireless communication device may set a second field in the first MPDU to a third value that represents an identifier of a third wireless communication device. The wireless communication device may output the first frame for transmission to at least the second and third wireless communication devices.

Abstract: A method of using a proxy network to normalize online connections uses a global proxy network (GPN) to manage connections between a plurality of local proxy clients and a destination server. First, an optimization process is executed for the overall network connection between each local proxy client and the destination server. The latency of each optimized connection are then examined to determine a normalization point, which corresponds to the highest latency among the optimized connections. The rest of the connections are then adjusted to conform to the normalization point by adding latency to the connections to match the latency of the normalization point.